• Elastomers and Composites
• /
• 제52권3호
• /
• pp.167-172
• /
• 2017

Ultra-high performance (UHP) tires, for which demand has recently surged, are subject to severe strain conditions due to the low aspect ratio of their sidewalls. It is important to ensure sidewall material durability, since a sudden tire sidewall breakage during vehicle operation is likely to cause a major accident. In the automotive application of rubber parts, cracking is defined as a failure because when cracks occur, the mechanical properties of rubber change. According to Mars, Andre et al., strain and strain energy density (SED) are mainly used as a failure parameters and the SED is generally used as a fatigue damage parameter. In this study, the fatigue life curves of sidewall rubber of tires were determined by using the SED as fatigue damage parameter while the effect of aging on fatigue life was evaluated after obtaining the SED-Nf curves according to aging condition.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.253-261
• /
• 2018

This article details a bridge-specific fragility method developed to enhance the seismic design and resilience of bridges. Current seismic design processes provide guidance for the design of a bridge that will not collapse during a design hazard event. However, they do not provide performance information of the bridge at different hazard levels or due to design changes. Therefore, there is a need for a supplement to this design process that will provide statistical information on the performance of a bridge, beyond traditional emphases on collapse prevention. This article proposes a bridge-specific parameterized fragility method to enable efficient estimation of various levels of damage probability for alternative bridge design parameters. A multi-parameter demand model is developed to incorporate bridge design details directly in the fragility estimation. Monte Carlo simulation and Logistic regression are used to determine the fragility of the bridge or bridge component. The resulting parameterized fragility model offers a basis for a bridge-specific design tool to explore the influence of design parameter variation on the expected performance of a bridge. When used as part of the design process, these tools can help to transform a prescriptive approach into a more performance-based approach, efficiently providing probabilistic performance information about a new bridge design. An example of the method and resulting fragility estimation is presented.

• 대한공간정보학회지
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.43-50
• /
• 2004

본 연구에서 교통수요 예측기법 중 통행량 분포기법의 이론적 배경에 대하여 광주광역시를 중심으로 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통하여 분석 평가하고 모형에 내재되어 있는 매개변수의 특성변화를 연구하여 통행량 분포모형의 적용 타당성을 찾고자 하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 본 연구에서는 통행분포모형의 정립을 목적으로 광주시의 20개 대존 중에서 도심지역에 해당되는 9개 존을 중심으로 한 통행목적별, 수단별, 출발 도착통행량 모형을 정립하였다. 여기에서는 기준 년도를 1996년으로 하고 2001년까지의 통행량을 분석하고 2008년도까지의 통행분포량을 예측하였다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전기물성,응용부문
• /
• pp.164-166
• /
• 2004

In Recent, it became necessary to develope the technology about electrodeless fluorescent lamp according to demand of the electodeless fluorescent lamp system that used higher efficiency and advantage of long-lifetime. Especially, in the electordeless fluorescent lamp which used H-mode, efficiency of lamp is decided from matching parameter of antena and inverter, so it is of the utmost importance to design antena and inverter. Therefore, this paper used a transformer principle for an efficiency rising of electrodeless fluorescent lamp and interpreted an equivalent circuit, and confirmed a luminance characteristic by ferrite change of antenna and change of coil turns. Also, this paper used the thermoelectric element which can let you cool ferrite and antenna and confirmed the luminance characteristic along a change of ferrite and an antenna temperature.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제69권2호
• /
• pp.155-162
• /
• 2019

It is very common to find an empirical formulation in an earthquake design code to calculate fundamental vibration period of a structural system. Fundamental vibration period or frequency is a key parameter to provide adequate information pertinent to dynamic characteristics and performance assessment of a structure. This parameter enables to assess seismic demand of a structure. It is possible to find an empirical formulation related to reinforced concrete structures, masonry towers and slender masonry structures. Calculated natural vibration frequencies suggested by empirical formulation in the literatures has not suits in a high accuracy to the case of rest of the historical masonry bridges due to different construction techniques and wide variety of material properties. For the listed reasons, estimation of fundamental frequency gets harder. This paper aims to present an empirical formulation through Mean Square Error study to find ambient vibration frequency of historical masonry bridges by using a non-linear regression model. For this purpose, a series of data collected from literature especially focused on the finite element models of historical masonry bridges modelled in a full scale to get first global natural frequency, unit weight and elasticity modulus of used dominant material based on homogenization approach, length, height and width of the masonry bridge and main span length were considered to predict natural vibration frequency. An empirical formulation is proposed with 81% accuracy. Also, this study draw attention that this accuracy decreases to 35%, if the modulus of elasticity and unit weight are ignored.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제43권5호
• /
• pp.625-637
• /
• 2022

Axial compression capacity (P_u) is a significant yet complex parameter of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns. This study offers a novel ensemble tool, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) supervised by equilibrium optimization (EO), for accurately predicting this parameter. Moreover, grey wolf optimization (GWO) and Harris hawk optimizer (HHO) are considered as comparative supervisors. The used data is taken from earlier literature provided by finite element analysis. ANFIS is trained by several population sizes of the EO, GWO, and HHO to detect the best configurations. At a glance, the results showed the competency of such ensembles for learning and reproducing the P_u behavior. In details, respective mean absolute errors along with correlation values of 4.1809% and 0.99564, 10.5947% and 0.98006, and 4.8947% and 0.99462 obtained for the EO-ANFIS, GWO-ANFIS, and HHO-ANFIS, respectively, indicated that the proposed EO-ANFIS can analyze and predict the behavior of CFST columns with the highest accuracy. Considering both time and accuracy, the EO provides the most efficient optimization of ANFIS and can be a nice substitute for experimental approaches.

• 대한교통학회지
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.97-106
• /
• 2011

수단선택모형은 신설중이거나 계획중인 새로운 교통수단의 수요를 추정하기 위하여 필수적인 요소이다. 현재 교통수요분석시 수단분담모형구축을 위해 지역별로 공통된 효용함수의 파라미터를 사용하고 있으며, 이로 인해 수단선택 행태 예측시 오류가 발생하는 경우가 존재한다. 권역별 자료를 집계하여 공통된 파라미터를 사용함으로써 발생하는 문제점은 다음과 같다. 수단선택모형으로 인한 수단전환 효과를 측정하기 위하여 집계모형(aggregate model)을 사용할 경우 분석권역에 따라 수단분담모형에서는 통행시간이나 통행비용에 대한 계수의 분포가 다름(분석권역별로 서로 다른 모집단 분포를 하고 있음)에도 불구하고 하나의 파라메타로 모집단을 설명하고자 할 경우 모집단을 적절히 설명하지 못하게 된다. 따라서 통행비용 및 통행시간과 같은 정책변수의 변화에 민감하게 반응하지 못하는 경우가 발생한다. 특히 수단선택 모형에 사용되는 로짓모형과 같이 비선형함수의 경우에 집합화자료를 사용함으로써 집합화에 의한 오차(aggregation error) 또한 문제가 된다. 본 논문의 목적은 수단선택 행태에 영향을 미치는 지역적 특성을 고려하고, 지역단위별로 공통된 파라미터를 사용하면서 나타나는 집합화 오차를 줄일 수 있도록 분석대상 규모(zone size)별 수단분담모형 파라미터값을 추정하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 2006년 가구통행실태조사 자료를 이용하여 각 분석단위(zone)의 수단별 파라미터를 추정하였다. 추정된 결과의 경우 파라미터값의 부호와 한계대체율에 의한 시간가치가 상식적으로 적정한지를 판단하고, 통계적으로 적합한지에 대하여 검증을 실시하였다. 또한 구축된 모형의 실제 사례에 적용가능성을 보기 위하여 서울지하철 9호선의 개통 전 후를 비교하여 현실에서 관측된 수단분담율 변화와 모형상의 예측치를 비교하여 정확성 및 신뢰성을 검토하였다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.333-347
• /
• 2017

Masonry infill walls are unavoidable parts of any building to create a separation between internal space and external environment. In general, there are some prevalent openings in the infill wall due to functional needs, architectural considerations or aesthetic concerns. In current design practice, the strength and stiffness contribution of infill walls is not considered. However, the presence of infill walls may decisively influence the seismic response of structures subjected to earthquake loads and cause a different behavior from that predicted for a bare frame. Furthermore, partial openings in the masonry infill wall are significant parameter affecting the seismic behavior of infilled frames thereby decreasing the lateral stiffness and strength. The possible effects of openings in the infill wall on seismic behavior of RC frames is analytically studied by means of pushover analysis of several bare, partially and fully infilled frames having different bay and story numbers. The stiffness loss due to partial opening is introduced by the stiffness reduction factors which are developed from finite element analysis of frames considering frame-infill interaction. Pushover curves of frames are plotted and the maximum base shear forces, the yield displacement, the yield base shear force coefficient, the displacement demand, interstory drift ratios and the distribution of story shear forces are determined. The comparison of parameters both in terms of seismic demand and capacity indicates that partial openings decisively influences the nonlinear behavior of RC frames and cause a different behavior from that predicted for a bare frame or fully infilled frame.

• 한국생산제조학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.575-581
• /
• 2012

The electrochemical oxygen demand (ECOD) is an additional sum parameter, which has not yet found the attention it deserves. It is defined as the oxygen equivalent of the charge consumed during an electrochemical oxidation of the solution. Only one company has yet developed an instrument to determine the ECOD. This instrument uses $PbO_2$-electrodes for the oxidation and has been successfully implemented in an automatic on-line monitor. A general problem of the ECOD determination is the high overpotential of electrochemical oxidations of most organic compounds at conventional electrodes. Here we present a new approach for the ECOD determination, which is based on the use of a solid composite electrodes with highly efficient electro-catalysts for the oxidation of a broad spectrum of different organic compounds. Lead dioxide as an anode material has found commercial application in processes such as the manufacture of sodium per chlorate and chromium regeneration where adsorbed hydroxyl radicals from the electro-oxidation of water are believed to serve as the oxidizing agent. The ECOD sensors based on the Au/$PbO_2$ electrode were operated at an optimized applied potential, +1.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl/sat. KCl, in 0.01 M $Na_2SO_4$ solution, and reduced the effect of interference ($Cl^-$ and $Fe^{2-}$) and an expended lifetime (more than 6 months). The ECOD sensors were installed in on-line auto-analyzers, and used to analyze real samples.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.485-510
• /
• 2014

In performance-based seismic design procedures Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and pseudo-Spectral acceleration ($S_a$) are commonly used to predict the response of structures to earthquake. Recently, research has been carried out to evaluate the predictive capability of these standard Intensity Measures (IMs) with respect to different types of structures and Engineering Demand Parameter (EDP) commonly used to measure damage. Efforts have been also spent to propose alternative IMs that are able to improve the results of the response predictions. However, most of these IMs are not usually employed in probabilistic seismic demand analyses because of the lack of reliable Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs). In order to define seismic hazard and thus to calculate demand hazard curves it is essential, in fact, to establish a GMPE for the earthquake intensity. In the light of this need, new GMPEs are proposed here for the elastic input energy spectra, energy-based intensity measures that have been shown to be good predictors of both structural and non-structural damage for many types of structures. The proposed GMPEs are developed using mixed-effects models by empirical regressions on a large number of strong-motions selected from the NGA database. Parametric analyses are carried out to show the effect of some properties variation, such as fault mechanism, type of soil, earthquake magnitude and distance, on the considered IMs. Results of comparisons between the proposed GMPEs and other from the literature are finally shown.