• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2018년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.212-213
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• 2018

The cementitious composites have been developed to satisfy various demands of the construction market. The conductive concrete, which is a carbon-based cementitious composite, was used for the deicing or the detecting the internal crack. The cement-based battery is a technology that applies the basic concept of the alkaline battery to these conductive concretes. The cementitious composites could have a function as batteries, through a mixing of anode and cathode, which were consist of the zinc and manganese dioxide powder. The carbon-based materials, which have a significant effect on electrical properties, could be considered as the main variable in cement-based batteries. Therefore, in this study, the effects of carbon-based materials were investigated. Two types of materials, including the Carbon black and Multi-walled carbon nanotube(MWCNT), were considered as the main variables. From the experiment results, the electrical characteristics such as resistance, voltage, and current were compared according to the age.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2005년도 봄학술 발표회 논문집(II)
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• pp.177-180
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• 2005

Decing agent with chloride promote frost damage of concrete structure in winter period. From the safetyside, however, it is difficult to stop using chloride. Therefore, the durable concrete is required from now on. In this paper, long-term freezing and thawing test was carried out using the freezing water containing $CaCl_{2}$ to consider the concrete scaling according to the kind of binders, such as OPC, Flyash, Slag+Fa. and Slag As a result, it was found that the degree of scaling is different with containing slag being considered to prevent the penetration chloride ion and according to each binders.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회B
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• pp.2256-2261
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• 2008

The electric snow melting and deicing system by electric heating cable which is adopted in this study is a part of road facilities to keep surface temperature of the road higher than freezing point of water for melting the snow or ice accumulated on it. The electric heating cables are buried under paved road at a certain depth and a certain pitch and operated automatically and manually. Design theory, amount of heating, and installation standard vary according to economic situation, weather condition, and installation place. A main purpose of this study is figuring out the appropriate range of required heat capacity and installation depth and pitches for solving snowdrifts and freezing problems with minimum electric power consumption. This study was performed under the ambient air temperature($-2^{\circ}C$, $-5^{\circ}C$), the pitches of the electric heating cables (200 mm, 300 mm), heating value ($250\;W/m^2$, $300\;W/m^2$, $350\;W/m^2$).

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.31-31
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• 2008

복합 싸이클 시험 모니터링을 통해 NaCl, $CaCl_2$ 제설염 환경에서 11 % Cr, 17 % Cr 페라이트 스테인리스강의 외면부식특성을 조사하고자 하였다. 용액 내 NaCl 및 $CaCl_2$의 농도가 증가함에 따라 용액의 pH가 떨어졌으며, $CaCl_2$의 농도증가에 따른 산성화도가 NaCl에 비해 크게 나타났다. 염수분무-건조-습윤 과정의 반복으로 구성되어 있는 복합싸이클 시험 중 소재의 표면상태 변화를 모니터링 한 결과, 건조 과정 중에 공식이 시작되며, NaCl 환경의 경우엔 습윤과정 중에 $CaCl_2$ 환경의 경우엔 건조 중에 공식성장이 주로 이루어지는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2008

This study examined the de-icing agents' stresses on Pinus strobus and Pinus thunbergii by chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. The assumption of this study was that photosynthetic efficiency was changed by de-icing agents applied onto highways in winter by altering the concentration of the de-icier, types of de-icer and leaf surface coating liquid application. The practical purpose of this study was to investigate the de-icing gents stresses on Pinus strobus by the highway area where de-icing agents were used frequently and to discover out minimizing stratages to prevent further damages. or this simulation study, a sample plot was established in Bogae-myeon, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do and Pinus strobus and Pinus thunbergii were planted for the examination in April, 2005. Five types of de-icing agents - NaCl, $CaCl_2$, T product(NS40:low cWoride de-icer type), NaCl+$CaCl_2$ and T product+$CaCl_2$ - were selected and the their concentration was altered to 0%, 5%, and 9%. Five types of de-icing agents were applied to both trees treated by a leaf surface coating liquid and trees not treated by leaf surface coating liquid. For the fluorescence analysis, the leaf surface coating liquid, which was diluted by 10 times, was sprkinkled onto the two tree species three days prior to gathering samples. Sample leaves from the two tree species were gathered at 10 o'clock in the morning of mid-August, 2006 and brought to the laboratory within three hours to be dipped in different concentrations (0%, 5%, or 9%) of the five de-icing agents for two minutes. Then the eaves were placed on the filter paper dipped in each solution on a petri dish, sealed with polyethylene film and kept in a growth chamber at $22^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours. Out of the growth chamber, the leaves were treated with a chorophyll fluorescence reaction analyzer for 30 minutes to measure the initial light acceptance rate(Fo), maximum light acceptance ate(Fv/Fm), light acceptance usage(F' q/F' m) and optical electron delivery coefficient(qP). As a result, Pinus strobus' initial light acceptance rate(Fo) decreased as T product and NaCl increased in concentration, and $Cal_2$ did not reduce much with the eaf surface coating liquid application. Maximum light acceptance rate(Fv/Fm) and light acceptance usage(F' q/F' m) decreased sharply as T product and NaCl increased in concentration and NaCl+$CaCl_2$ and T product+$CaCl_2$ did not reduce much with leaf surface coating liquid application. Optical electrons delivery coefficient (qP) decreased as T product increased in concentration on trees without the leaf surface coating liquid application and all other de-icing agents did not show much reduction. As for Pinus thunbergii, the initial light acceptance rate(Fo) decreased as T product increased in concentration, but the maximum light acceptance rate(Fv/Fm) was not reduced much by changes in concentration. light acceptance usage(F' q/F' m) decreased as NaCl increased in concentration and optical electron delivery coefficient(qP) decreased as NaCl increased in concentration in both with and without leaf surface coating liquid application. In conclusion, it was possible to plant Pinus strobus if spraying leaf surface coating liquid or cleaning deicing salt to prevent the damage caused by deicing agents was more economical than replacing the trees. If not, it was better to plant Pinus thunbergii. Another way to decrease the deicing gents stresses of landscape plants would be planting the trees further away from the roads even though it might take longer period to display its planting functions.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.5-17
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• 2012

최근 지구온난화로 인한 기후변화로 제설재의 사용량이 증가될 것으로 예상되어 제설재의 효율적인 관리가 필요하다. 우선 현실적으로 국내의 동절기 기온을 살펴볼 때 빙점강하의 역할을 30%, 염화칼슘 용액의 빙점인 $-52^{\circ}C$ 이하까지로 기준을 잡을 필요는 없다. 비용측면에서도 염화칼슘은 소금에 비해 2~3배 가량 가격이 비싸고 수급상황에서는 더 이상 국내에서는 생산이 되지 않고 전량 수입해야 하는 여건이므로 이에 따른 제설재의 활용방안을 다각적인 방향으로 고려해야 하는 상황이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 현재 제설작업에서 습염살포방식에서 사용하는 염화칼슘용액을 소금용액으로 대체하기 위한 기초적 연구로 융빙량 시험, 강재부식 시험, 콘크리트 동결융해 시험 등의 제설재의 품질시험을 통하여 기존의 제설효과에 비해 효과가 저하되지 않는 공법을 개발하고자 하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제105권3호
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• pp.303-308
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• 2016

겨울철 제설제로 사용하는 염화칼슘에 의한 3년생 벚나무 잎의 가스교환 및 기공반응에 대해 알아보기 위해 개엽 전 염화칼슘 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0% 수용액을 2회(1 L) 근권부에 처리하였다. 염화칼슘 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 벚나무의 기공전도도($g_s$), 광합성율($P_n$), 증산율($T_r$), 그리고 수분이용효율(WUE)은 감소하였다. 염화칼슘 처리에 의해 기공전도도와 광합성율이 감소하였음에도 불구하고 엽육세포 내 $CO_2$ 농도($C_i$)가 대조구와 비슷하거나 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 기공제한 뿐만 아니라 비기공제한 요인도 함께 광합성율의 감소를 야기하였다는 것을 의미한다. 한편, 벚나무의 개엽 전 염화칼슘 처리는 잎의 형태적 특징에도 영향을 주었다. 염분농도가 증가할수록 기공의 길이가 작아지고 기공밀도가 높게 나타났으며 잎의 크기가 작아졌는데, 이는 식물체 내 수분손실을 줄이기 위한 적응기작으로 판단된다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

이 연구는 염화칼슘이 스트로브잣나무(Pinus strobus)의 생장 및 생리반응에 미치는 영향과 그 중 염화칼슘에 민감하게 반응하는 변수를 알아보고자 실시되었다. 이를 위해 염화칼슘에 처리에 대한 스트로브잣나무의 가시적 피해, 근원경 생장, 식물체 내 수분함수량, 엽록소함량과 구성, 광계 II의 최대 활성, 전자전달율의 변화를 분석하였다. 염화칼슘 처리는 개엽하기 전에 염화칼슘 0.5, 1.0, 3.0% 수용액을 근권부에 관수하였다. 염화칼슘 처리에 의한 가시적 피해로 잎의 갈변과 탈락, 잎 마름이 나타났으며, 이러한 피해 양상은 염화칼슘 농도가 높고, 처리 기간이 길어질수록 가중되어 나타났다. 근원경(밑둥지름) 생장량 그리고 잎의 수분함수량의 감소는 염화칼슘 1.0%와 3.0% 처리에서 유의하게 나타났다. 광색소인 총엽록소함량, 광계 II의 최대 활성, 전자전달율은 염화칼슘 3.0% 처리에서 대조구 대비 유의한 감소를 보였다. 결론적으로 염화칼슘 처리는 엽 내 수분상태에 영향을 주었고, 광수확 능력과 광화학반응 능력의 감소를 초래하였다. 또한, 염화칼슘 농도와 생장 및 생리반응 변수들 간의 상호 연관성을 분석한 결과, 잎의 수분함수량과 엽록소 a와 b의 비율의 회귀식 결정계수가 상대적으로 높아, 스트로브잣나무의 염화칼슘 피해 수준에 민감하게 반응하는 변수로 나타났다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2009

겨울철 도로의 안전을 위해서 사용되고 있는 제설제가 가로변의 식생에 축적이 되면 식물에 피해를 가져올 수 있는데, 특히 이른 봄의 제설제 사용은 식물이 다량의 수분을 요구하게 되는 개엽 시기와 맞물리게 되면서 그 피해가 가속화 될 수 있다. 우리나라에서 주로 사용하고 있는 제설제인 $CaCl_2$ 으로 산딸나무(C.kousa) 3년생 유묘를 대상으로 개엽 전 대조구를 포함해 각 처리구당 3본씩 선정하여 배치하고 각각 $CaCl_2$ 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0% 를 2회 근권부에 처리하였다. 먼저, 가시적 피해 현상으로 잎눈에서 개엽이 어려워지며, 잎의 전개 후에도 시들음 현상과 잎끝마름 현상 등이 나타났다. $CaCl_2$ 의 농도가 높아짐에 따라 산딸나무의 피해가 가중되었는데, $CaCl_2$ 처리에 따른 생리적 반응은 총엽록소함량, 엽록소 a:b, 광합성속도, 양자수율, 기공전도도, $F_V/F_M$, NPQ의 감소를 가져왔다. 반면 광보상점과 암호흡속도의 증가를 나타냈다. 기공의 닫힘으로 인한 엽육내 $CO_2$ 농도 저하와 이로 인한 광합성속도의 감소가 1차적으로 일어나고 이후 물질대사량의 감소, 광화학계의 피해가 동반되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 모든 $CaCl_2$ 처리농도에서 산딸나무의 생리적 활동이 급격히 저하되는 경향으로 볼 때 $CaCl_2$ 에 민감한 수종으로 판단된다.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.445-453
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• 2020

Background and objective: Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and sodium chloride (NaCl) are commonly used as a deicing agent in South Korea and penetrate the soil on the roadside, causing damage to plants. This study was conducted to investigate the salinity reduction effect of Pennisetum alopecuroides and the chemical characteristics of soil leachate. Methods: The plants were treated with five different concentrations of CaCl₂ (0, 1, 2, 5, and 10g·L^-1) and were grouped into the Cont., C1, C2, C5, and C10 groups. CaCl₂ of 200 m·L^-1 was sprayed to each plant once every two weeks. The growth of P. alopecuroides (plant height, leaf length, leaf width and the number of leaves) was measured. The level of EC and pH, and exchangeable cations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺) in the leachate of soil was monitored. Results: The pH of soil leachate decreased as the CaCl₂ concentration increased, and the EC increased significantly. The content of K⁺ did not change significantly until the concentration of CaCl₂ reached 5 g·L^-1, but the content of Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺ significantly increased. The plant height, leaf length, and leaf width of P. alopecuroides showed the highest value in CaCl₂ 1 g·L^-1 followed by CaCl₂ 2 g·L^-1 and the control group. Root fresh weight was the highest in CaCl₂ 2 g·L^-1. On the other hand, there was no change in the shoot fresh weight, dry weight and root dry weight, and P. alopecuroides growth inhibition at the concentration of 5 g·L^-1 or higher in the plant height and leaf length. Conclusion: P. alopecuroides is relatively highly salt-tolerant and can improve the salt damaged soil by lowering the content of the salt-based exchangeable K⁺ ions.