• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.57-79
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• 2010

In a virtual community, one can possess multiple identities and pretend to be different by creating self-identity in contrast with his or her actual self. Does false identity undermine the qualitative growth of a virtual community by reducing members' accountability? Or does it stimulate their contributive behaviors by ensuring freedom of speech? It is imperative to understand the effects of multi-identity considering the distinct properties of a virtual community in which people easily change their identities at little or no cost. To answer these questions, we adopted the concept of self-discrepancy from the social psychology theory rooted in the concept of the self and developed a theoretical model to predict quality of contribution of the individual member in virtual communities. Based on the self-discrepancy theory, we first identified two different domains of the self: (1) an "actual self" that consists of attributes that the person believes he or she currently possesses in real life and (2) a "cyber self" that consists of attributes the person believes he or she possesses in a virtual community. Next, we derived an index for two different types of self-discrepancy by using the differences between the actual and the cyber identities: Personal Self-discrepancy and Social Self-discrepancy. Personal Self-discrepancy reflects the degree of discrepancy between actual and cyber identity regarding a person's intelligence, education, and expertise. Social Self-discrepancy reflects the degree of discrepancy between actual and cyber identity regarding a person's morality, sociability, and accordance with social norms. Finally, we linked them with sense of virtual community, perceived privacy rights, and quality of contribution to examine how having a multi-identity influences an individual's psychological state and contributive behaviors in a virtual community. The results of the analysis based on 266 respondents showed that Social Self-discrepancy negatively influenced both the Sense of Virtual Community and Perceived Privacy Rights, while Personal Self-discrepancy negatively influenced only Perceived Privacy Rights, thereby resulting in reduced quality of contribution in virtual communities. Based on the results of this analysis, we can explain the dysfunctions of multi-identity in virtual communities. First, people who pretend to be different by engaging in socially undesirable behaviors under their alternative identities are more likely to suffer lower levels of psychological wellbeing and thus experience lower levels of sense of virtual community than others. Second, people do not perceive a high level of privacy rights reflecting catharsis, recovery, or autonomy, even though they create different selves and engage in socially undesirable behaviors in a virtual community. Third, people who pretend to be different persons in terms of their intelligence, education, or expertise also indirectly debase the quality of contribution by decreasing perceived privacy rights. The results suggest that virtual community managers should pay more attention to the negative influences exercised by multi-identity on the quality of contribution, thereby controlling the need to create alternative identities in virtual communities. We hope that more research will be conducted on this underexplored area of multi-identity and that our theoretical framework will serve as a useful conceptual tool for all endeavors.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.603-608
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• 2009

In this study, "Hongro" apples for test samples were selected from a market for aroma analysis. Analysis was done after 1 hr, in a forming headspace while maintaining a temperature of $25^{\circ}C$. First, the complex aroma of the apples was assessed by a Direct Sensory Method. Secondly, the complex aroma was analyzed under individual aroma conditions separated by GC/FID/Olfactometry. Finally, aroma component analysis by GC/MS was performed. Degrees of contribution of aroma components were evaluated by an aroma value calculation considering aroma duration time, frequency, and intensity. The contribution rate (%) of the aroma induction component influencing apple aroma was determined by aroma component analysis and aroma contribution degree. As a result, it was found that the top four components were as follows, by contribution rate (%): acetic acid (23%), 1-hexanol (16%), butyl ethanoate (13%), 4-methoxy-2-methylbutane (9%). These four components constitute the complex aroma tested by the direct sensory method, and was largely recognized by the apple aroma test panel. Consequently, it was found that these components are the key factors in apple aroma. If the mechanism of formation of these components can be found, it could have a significant influence on consumers' acceptance of new varieties of apples.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.61-85
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• 2004

It is tried that evaluation areas and items of information system in public sector are derived ration-ally and its weight value call be applied differently to type of information system to enhance validity and objectiveness of measurement in evaluating IS in this research. To obtain the goal of this research, firstly, five sectors - system sector, user sector, organization and management sector, the degree of strategic contribution to IS, and the degree of optimizing re-source in IS - are categorized based on broadly reviewing previous theoretical and practical research. Secondly, IS type in public sector is divided into internal operation one and customer oriented one that is object of the IS, and divided into application oriented and IT infrastructure oriented which are influence by IS. Thirdly, evaluation areas and its items are measured by 5 point scales (Likert summated scales) in addition to analysis of validity and reliability to improve objectiveness of establishing evaluation areas and its items. Fourthly, the weight values in the evaluation areas and its items are derived by using analytic hierarchy process. According to the results of analysis of weight value through AHP, it were found to be 30.4% to organization and management sector. 25.5% to degree of strategic contribution, 21.0% to user sector, 13.5% to degree of optimization of resource management, and 9.6% to system sector. and. different weight values each of the four IS type are proposed which establishing in this research. The main implications of this study is that the criteria by which IS in public sector can be categorized 4 ones is suggested and The weighted evaluation for four types of IS based on the AHP analysis enables proposing an objective evaluation method of IS in public sector for considering individual IS characterics.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.178-187
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• 2018

Objectives: This study evaluated the odor emission characteristics from a sewage treatment plant near an industrial complex area in Daegu City. Methods: Odor samples were collected from March 2017 to December 2017 and analyzed for specified offensive odor substances. The odor quotient and the odor contribution were calculated. Results: Ammonia, methyl mercaptane, hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, acetaldehyde, propionylaldehyde, toluene, xylene, and methylethylketone were detected in all samples for monitoring the specified odor compounds. The result of contribution analysis is that hydrogen sulfide made the highest contribution in all processes, followed by acetaldehyde. Conclusion: The major components of odor can be determined by evaluating their degree of contribution to the odor intensity and the concentration of the individual odor component. To increase the effectiveness of odor reduction, rather than addressing high-concentration odor compounds, policies focused on materials with a high odor contribution are necessary.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.314-323
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• 2017

Objectives: This study evaluated the odor emission characteristics from a wastewater treatment plant in an industrial complex area in Daegu City. Methods: Odor samples were collected from March 2016 to December 2016 and were analyzed for specified offensive odor substances. The odor quotient and the odor contribution was calculated. Results: Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, acetaldehyde, and toluene were detected in all samples for monitoring specified odor compounds. The result of contribution analysis is that hydrogen sulfide had the highest contribution in all processes, followed by acetaldehyde. Conclusion: The major components of odor can be determined by evaluating the degree of contribution to the odor intensity and the concentration of the individual odor component. To increase the effectiveness of odor reduction, rather than addressing high-concentration odor compounds, policies focused on materials with a high odor contribution are necessary.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.246-254
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• 2016

Objectives: This study evaluated the odor emission characteristics from fundamental environmental facilities at an industrial complex area in Daegu City. Methods: The odor samples were collected from May 2015 to January 2016 and were analyzed for specified offensive odor substances. The odor quotient and the odor contribution was calculated. Results: Ammonia was detected in all samples monitoring specified odor compounds, followed by hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde. According to contribution analysis, hydrogen sulfide shows the highest contribution in all facilities. At wastewater treatment plants A and B and sewage treatment plant F, it was followed by acetaldehyde. At wastewater treatment plant C, it was followed by imethyl sulfide. Conclusion: The major component of odor can be determined by evaluating the degree of contribution to the odor intensity rather than the concentration of the individual odor components. To increase the effectiveness of odor reduction, policies focused on materials with a high odor contribution are needed rather than focusing on high-concentration odor compounds.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.204-205
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• 2012

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.18 no.3 s.47
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• pp.1-14
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• 2000

This study was to find out the status of labor division between rural husband and wife by measuring the labor time for tasks, the ratio of relative contribution toward work, and work segregation. Data used in this study were collected fro 424 persons of 212 farm households mainly cultivating rice and barley. The results of this study were as follows : 1) In the case of work directly related to farming, working hours of husband were significantly longer than those of wife during the farming and off-farming season. In contrast working hours of wife for housekeeping were significantly longer than those of husband during both seasons. 2) The ratio of relative contribution toward farming work of husband was a little higher than that of wife during farming and off-farming season. But this toward housekeeping work was less than that of wife. 3) The degree of gender segregation in farming was 0.33 during the farming season and 0.01 during the off-farming season. The kinds of work and time distribution were relatively same. The degree of gender segregation in housekeeping was 0.79 during the farming season and 0.72 during the off-farming season. These values showed inequality of work segregation in the kind of work and time distribution.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.391-413
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• 1994

The northernmost type of the monogolian oak forests in the Russian Far East was studied in terma of syntaxonomy and synchorology. Hand-sorting method, computer program TWIN-SPAN, CANOCO and SYN-TAX III were engaged for the classification and data analysis. Correlation between plant communitie and environmental factors was analyzed by DCA (Detrended Correspondence Analysis) using NeCD (Net Contribution Degree) of species. Three plant communities were recognized: the Abieti holophyllae-Quercetum mongolicae, the Lespedezo-quercetum mongolicas and the Rosa ussuriensis-Quercus mongolica communit. They were included into the alliance Jeffersonio-Quercion monogolicae which is representative to the cool-Temperate forests mixed by conierous and broadleaved trees in southern Sikhote Alin. Human impact was signified as the most important factor to interpret the disjunction of plant communities of which DCA ordination yielded sharp contrasting objects (i.e. stands and species). In the amhi-Tonghae region, alaogous vegetation types such as the Jeffersonio-Quercion monogolicae of Russian Far East, the Quercion grosseserratae of Japanese Hokkaido and the Pino koraiensis-Quercion monogolicae of Koream peninusula were reviewed in terms of similarity of species composition and stratum structure. It is signified that the Jeffersonio-Quercion monogolicae was one of the continental types more similar to Korean alliance that to Japanese one.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.107-123
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to find the continuance intention to use for reCAPTCHA technology which has information security and social contributions (decrypting archives) according to the user's pro-social level. In this research, reCAPTCHA technique generally gives users to information security and decrypting archives. However, as a result of preliminary survey, most users were not even aware of information security and social contributions (decrypting archives) functions. Therefore, in this research, we will measure with two kinds of focus. The first is the assumption that there will be also a difference in the continuance use depending pro-social level of the user of information technology, second we explain only the function of information security to the first group as well as decrypting archives to the second group. Generally, pro-social means that degree of understanding and supporting to the other people's interest, actions, needs, help, and care. In this research, we assume that if users have a low level of others care, they might evaluate that reCAPTCHA technology's social contributions is low. While they have a high level of others care, they recognize reCAPTCHA technology's social contribution is high and then they tend to use this technology continuously. Through this research, we finally find the most efficient way to increase the degree of continuance use of information technology.