• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2017

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to investigate the fundamental behaviors such as stresses and deflections of the middle slab in a double-deck tunnel for the development of a middle slab design guide. METHODS : The middle slab has been divided into the following three different sections as according to its structural differences: the normal section, expansion joint section, and emergency passageway section. The normal section of middle slab represents the slab supported by brackets installed continuously along the longitudinal direction of tunnel lining. The expansion joint section refers to a discontinuity of middle slab due to the existence of a transverse expansion joint. The emergency passageway section has an empty rectangular space in the middle slab that acts as an exit in an emergency. The finite element analysis models of these three sections of middle slab have been developed to analyze their respective behaviors. RESULTS : The stresses and deflections of middle slab at the three different sections decrease as the slab thickness increases. The emergency passageway section yields the largest stresses and deflections, with the normal section yielding the smallest. CONCLUSIONS : The stress concentrations at the corners of the passageway rectangular space can be reduced by creating hunch areas at the corners. The stresses and deflections in the emergency passageway section can be significantly decreased by attaching beams under the middle slab in the passageway area.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.345-354
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• 2010

기존의 빔과 거더로 이루어진 장스팬 구조물의 경우 기둥 사이의 거리가 길기 때문에 부재의 크기와 수직 처짐이 증가하게 된다. 효과적인 장스팬 구조물의 실현을 위하여 구조물 하부에 스트럿과 케이블로 구성된 언더텐션시스템을 적용하였다. 이는 거더의 휨모멘트를 효과적으로 분산시키기 때문에 부재의 크기를 줄이고 경제적인 효과를 기대할 수 있다. 또한 급속시공을 위한 폐단면 신형상의 모듈화 PF500단면을 사용하여 성능을 검증하고자 하였다. 언더텐션 시스템의 성능검증을 위하여 가로 10m, 세로 2.4m의 실험체 두개를 대상으로 가력실험을 실시하였고 언더텐션 시스템 유무와 케이블 장력변화에 따른 거동을 확인하였다. 실험으로부터 케이블 장력이 증가함에 따라 실험체의 거동이 작아졌으며 언더텐션 시스템이 하중분배 역할을 수행하는 것으로 나타났고 PF500단면의 성능이 우수함을 나타내었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.625-638
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• 2016

This paper presents field study and numerical modeling results for a single-cell low-fill concrete box culvert under a flexible pavement subjected to traffic loading. The culvert in the field test was instrumented with displacement transducers to capture the deformations resulting from different combinations of static and traffic loads. A low-boy truck with a known axle configuration and loads was used to apply seven static load combinations and traffic loads at different speeds. Deflections under the culvert roof were measured during loading. Soil and pavement samples were obtained by drilling operation on the test site. The properties of the soil and pavement layers were determined in the laboratory. A 3-D numerical model of the culvert was developed using a finite difference program FLAC3D. Linear elastic models were used for the pavement layers and soil. The numerical results with the material properties determined in the laboratory were compared with the field test results. The observed deflections in the field test were generally smaller under moving loads than static loads. The maximum deflections measured during the static and traffic loads were 0.6 mm and 0.41 mm respectively. The deflections computed by the numerical method were in good agreement with those observed in the field test. The deflection profiles obtained from the field test and the numerical simulation suggest that the traffic load acted more like a concentrated load distributed over a limited area on the culvert. Elastic models for culverts, pavement layers, and surrounding soil are appropriate for numerical modeling of box culverts under loading for load rating purposes.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.332-341
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• 2020

High-speed turbomachinery implements gas foil bearings (GFBs) due to their distinctive advantages, such as high efficiency, lesser part count, and lower weight. This paper provides the test results of the static structural stiffnesses and loss factors of bump-type foil thrust bearings with increasing preload and bearing deflection. The focus of the current work is to experimentally quantify variability in structural stiffnesses and loss factors among the four test thrust bearings with identical design values and material of the bump and top foil geometries using the same (open-source) fabrication method. A simple test setup, using a rigidly mounted non-rotating shaft and thrust disk, measures the bearing bump deflections with increasing static loads on the test bearing. The inner and outer diameters of the test bearings are 41 mm and 81 mm, respectively. The loss factor, best-representing energy dissipation in the test bearings, is estimated from the area inside the local hysteresis loop of the load versus the bearing deflection curve. The measurements show that structural stiffnesses and loss factors of the test bearings significantly rely on applied preloads and bearing deflections. Local structural stiffnesses of the test bearings increase with applied preloads but decrease with bearing deflections. Changes of loss factors are less sensitive to applied preloads and bearing deflections compared to those of structural stiffnesses. Up to 35% variability in static load structural stiffnesses is found between bearings, while up to 30% variability in loss factors is found between bearings.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제17권1호통권74호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2005

본 연구의 대상은 두개의 박판 냉간성형 C형강 스터드와 벽체 마감재로 구성되어 있다. 보거동 해석에서는 풍하중을 받고 있는 벽체로 가정하여 패널 축방향에 대하여 횡방향으로 등분포하중이 작용하는 단순지지보로 간주하여 해석한다. 그리고 합성패널의 주요 강도감소인자를 고려한 처짐을 산정한다. 또한 기둥거동에서는 합성패널을 내력벽으로 가정하여 축방향 압축력이 작용하는 기둥으로 간주하여 해석한다. 이 패널은 근사해법인 에너지법을 사용하여 휨 좌굴 하중과 휨-비틂 좌굴 하중을 고려한 공칭 압축강도를 산정할 수 있다. 상기과정은 개발된 전산 프로그램을 이용하여 가용한 실험 결과와 비교하여 검증된다. 보거동에 있어서 실험치가 이론치의 97%의 근사치를 보였고, 기둥거동에서도 이론치에 대한 실험치 압축강도가 유사함을 보였다.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.171-178
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• 2002

The elastic deflections of the cold forging die influence the dimensional accuracy of forged parts. The die dimension is continuously changed during the loading, unloading, and ejecting stage. In this paper, we evaluated the elastic deflections of cold forging die during the loading, unloding and ejecting stage with experimental and FEM analysis. Uni-axial strain gages are used to measure elastic strain of die during each forging stage. Strain gages are attached un the upper surface of die. A commercial F.E.M. code, DEFORM$-2D^{TM}$ is used to predict the elastic strains of die, to be compared those by experiments. Two modelling approaches are used to define the reasonable analysis method. The first of the two modelling approaches is to regard the die as rigid body over forging cycle. And then, the die stress is analyzed by loading the die with pressure from the deformed part. The other is to regard the die as elastic body from forging cycle. The elastic strain of tool is calculated and the tool is elastically deformed at each strep. The calculated results under the elastic die assumption are well agreed wish experimental data using the strain gages.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.373-380
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 벽 패널의 부분 합성거동 해석에 대하여 거론한다. 기 발표된 목재 바닥 시스템으로부터 유도된 처짐공식을 소개하고, 이 공식을 적용하여 석고보드와 강재 샛기둥으로 결합된 합성벽 패널의 중앙지점 처짐값을 산정한다. 나사연결부의 불완전성(미끄럼), 국부좌굴, 샛기둥 복부의 개구부, 그리고 인접 석고보드간의 불연속으로 야기 될 수 있는 강성의 감소 등을 처짐공식에 적절히 반영하는데 그 목적을 두었다. 적용된 처짐공식으로 산정된 처짐 기대치와 실험 관측치간의 비교에서는, 나사연결부의 상한 강성치를 사용한 처짐 기대치가 실험 관측치와 가장 근접한 결과를 보였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.501-516
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• 2009

This paper aims to study the large deflections of variable-arc-length elastica subjected to the terminal forces (e.g., axial force and torque). Based on Kirchhoff's rod theory and with help of Euler parameters, the set of nonlinear governing differential equations which free from the effect of singularity are established together with boundary conditions. The system of nonlinear differential equations is solved by using the shooting method with high accuracy integrator, seventh-eighth order Runge-Kutta with adaptive step-size scheme. The error norm of end conditions is minimized within the prescribed tolerance ($10^{-5}$). The behavior of VAL elastica is studied by two processes. One is obtained by applying slackening first. After that keeping the slackening as a constant and then the twist angle is varied in subsequent order. The other process is performed by reversing the sequence of loading in the first process. The results are interpreted by observing the load-deflection diagram and the stability properties are predicted via fold rule. From the results, there are many interesting aspects such as snap-through phenomenon, secondary bifurcation point, loop formation, equilibrium configurations and effect of variable-arc-length to behavior of elastica.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.31-51
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• 1991

This study was designed to survey the stress distributions and deflections which were derived from MEAW by the computer-aided three dimensional finite element analysis of teeth and surrounding bone composed of 2839 solid elements and 4621 nodes. MEAW model was also made using the 90 beam elements and the results were expressed by quantitative and visible ways. The findings of this study were as follows. 1 In case of vertical load on the MEAW there were extrusions of anterior teeth and upright effects of the posterior teeth. 2. Without applying the vertical elastics on the MEAW there were intrusions of anterior teeth, but relatively mild force was transmitted to the posterior teeth area. Torque forces were observed on the incisors and molars, and canine was intruded without torque. 3. The magnitudes of forces were different by the amounts of tip back bends of MEAW. 4. The displacements were in inverse proportion to the cross section areas of the wires according to the experiment using the 5 different size arch wires. 5. The difference of deflections between the MEAW and plain arch wire was not so big as the theoretical one but the deflections of MEAW were much more than the plain arch wire in every X, Y, Z direction.

• 한국공간구조학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공간구조학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.61-65
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• 2008

A 4-story reinforced concrete structure built above an underground parking garage shows some slab deflections, and the deflections of the concrete floor slabs are proposed to be alleviated by the application of light-weight topping material in conjunction with localized strengthening of the slabs. The application of light-weight concrete topping on the existing slab has been simulated and its performance to anticipated loads has been analyzed. The application of light-weight topping material imposes additional weight on the exiting floor slabs. This added weight on the existing slabs causes over-stressing of the slabs. This over-stressing can be alleviated by enhancing the load carrying capacity of the existing slabs. Additional load carrying capacity in the existing slabs can be developed by localized strengthening of the slabs utilizing techniques such as the application of fiber-reinforced composites on the bottom surface of the slabs, and application of fiber-reinforced composites adequately complements the capacity of the existing slabs to bear the additional load imposed by light-weight leveling material. Additional moments in the beam and columns induced by the application of the light-weight topping material were tabulated and compared with capacity. The moment D/C ratios of the beam and columns are well the range of acceptable limits, and the beam and columns are not overstressed by the application of the surcharge.