• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.167-171
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• 1984

Soft X-ray is useful to identify the quality of fresh ginseng causing the inside cavity or white pan of red ginseng. The portion of low mass density identified by the difference in absorption of soft X-ray showed lower dry matter density and less or no response to iodine test indicating less accumulation or excess consumption of starch. The inside white part of red ginseng absorbed less X-ray than the normal part did. Probability for identification of the inside cavity or white at fresh ginseng was rather high (80-90%) in screen observation than f'3m reading and seemed to be increased further by using the developed screen and with training. The inside white of red ginseng appeared to be due to starch deficiency. Dry matter density appeared to be better than fresh weight density for the quality criterion.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.149-157
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• 2004

Objective : The purpose of this study is to research whether Inyeong Chon spot pulse(人迎氣口脈) could be used on application of Ohaeng-acupuncture(五行鍼法). Methods : I research ${\ll}$Naegyeong${\gg}$(內經) and annotations were excerpted and record that notied the Inyeong Chon spot pulse(人迎氣口脈). Results : Comparison of Inyeong Chon spot pulse and Deficiency Excess syndrome of meridian system is useful to use Zheng Ge(正格) and Sheng Ge(勝格) of Ohaeng-acupuncture(五行鍼法) but in application of Han Ge(寒格) and Re Ge(熱格), Inyeong Chon spot pulse(人迎氣口脈) is not useful.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1342-1346
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• 1998

The dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with carbon dioxide has been carried out over ZSM-5 zeolite-supported iron oxide catalyst as well as commercial catalyst (K-Fe2O3) and unsupported iron oxide (Fe3O4) for comparison. In the dehydrogenation over the ZSM-5 zeolite-supported iron oxide catalyst, ethylbenzene is predominantly converted to styrene by an oxidative pathway in the presence of excess carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide in this reaction is found to play a role as an oxidant for promoting catalytic activity as well as coke resistance of catalyst. On the other hand, both of commercial catalyst and unsupported Fe2O4 exhibit considerable decrease in catalytic activity under the same condition. It is suggested that an active phase for the dehydrogenation with carbon dioxide over ZSM-5 zeolite-supported iron oxide catalyst would be rather a reduced and isolated magnetite (Fe3O4)-like phase having oxygen deficiency in the zeolite matrix.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.198-218
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• 2002

On the basis of Imjeungjinamuian(臨證指南醫案), authors investigated the pathogenesis and treatment of ophthalmotolaryngobgic diseases from the viewpoint of Onbyeong(溫病). 1. The symptoms and diseases investigated according to department were as follows;. 1) Ophthalmology : blepharitis, blepharedema, lacrimal hypersecretion, hyperemia, ophthalmalgla, photopsia, visual disturbance, mydriasis 2) Otology : full-feeling, otorrhea, otalgla, mastoiditis, tinnitus, hearing disturbance, vertigo 3) Rhinology : rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, sinusitis, epistaxis 4) Laryngology : sore throat, hoarseness 5) The Others : headache, cough, asthma 2. The pathogenesis and treatment of ophthalmotolaryngologic diseases were as follows. 1) When the pathogenesis of hyperemia, otorrhea, otalgia, mastoiditis, hearing disturhance. epistaxis, sore throat, headache and cough are wind-stagnanc(風鬱), wind-warm(風溫), wind-fire(風火), wind-dryness(風燥), dryness-heat(燥熱), the treatment of pungent-cool-evaporating(辛凉解表) with Dajosan(茶調散), Mori Folium(桑葉), Lonicerae Flos(金銀花), Forsythiae Fructus(連翹), Viticis Fructus(蔓荊子), Prunellae Spica(夏枯草), Arctii Fructus(牛蒡子), etc can be applied. 2) When the pathogenesis of hoarseness, cough and asthma are cold(寒), cold with endogenous heat(寒包熱, 外冷內熱), water retention(水邪), fluid retention(伏飮), impairment of YangKi by overexertion(勞傷陽氣), the treatment of pungent-warm-evaporating(辛溫解表) with Mahaenggamseoktang(麻杏甘石湯), Socheongryongtang(小靑龍湯), Jeongryeokdaejosapyetang(정력대조사폐탕), Gyejitang(桂枝湯), Armeniacae Amarum Semen(杏仁), etc can be applied. 3) When the pathogenesis of photopsia, otorrhea, otalgia, rhinorrhea, sinusitis, epistaxis, sore throat, hoarseness, headache and cough are stagnancy-induced heat(鬱熱), wind-dryness(風燥), wind-heat(風熱), summer heat(暑熱), summer wind(暑風), insidious summer heat(伏暑), autumn heat(秋暑), autumn wind(秋風), autumn dryness(秋燥), dryness-heat(燥熱), heat in Ki system(氣分熱), insidious warm(溫伏), brain discharge by fire in Ki system(氣火 腦熱), heat in stomach(胃熱), endogenous fire by deficiency of Yin(陰虛內火), deficiency of Yin in stomach(胃陰虛), the treatment of Ki-cooling(淸氣) with Bangpungtongseongsan(防風通聖散), Ikweonsan(益元散), Gyejibaekhotang(桂枝白虎湯), Geumgwemaekmundongtang(금궤맥문동탕), Gyeongokgo(瓊玉膏), Sojae Semen Praeparatum(두시), Scutellariae Radix(黃芩), Phyllostachys Folium(竹葉), Adenophorae Radix(沙參), Mori Cortex(桑白皮), Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus(貝母), etc can be applied. 4) When the pathogenesis of blepharitis, hyperemia, ophthalmalgia, full-feeling, otorrhea, otalgia, tinnitus, hearing disturbance, sinusitis, hoarseness, headache and cough are fire in liver(肝火), fire in gallbladder(膽火), ministerial fire in Soyang system(少陽相火), wind-stagnancy(風鬱), stagnancy-induced fire(鬱火), brain discharge by phlegm-fire(痰火 腦熱), the treatment of mediation(和解) with Gardeniae Fructus(梔子), Moutan Cortex(牧丹皮), Saigae Tataricae Cornu(羚羊角), Artemisiae Annuae Herba(靑蒿), Cyperi Rhizoma(香附子), Poria(적복령), etc can be applied. 5) When the pathogenesis of blepharedema and cough are dampness in both spleen and lung(脾肺濕) damp-heat(濕熱), damp-phlegm(濕痰), the treatment of dampness-resolving(化濕) with Poria(백복령), Coicis Semen(薏苡仁), Tetrapanacis Medulla(通草), Armeniacae Amarum Semen(杏仁), Talcum(滑石), etc can be applied. 6) When the pathogenesis of vertigo and cough are deficiency of Yong(營虛), heat in Yong, system(營熱), the treatment of Yong-cooling(淸營) with Rehmanniae Radix(生地黃), Liriopis Tuber(麥門冬), Biotae Semen(柏子仁), Lilii Bulbus(百合), Phyllostachys Folium(竹葉), etc can be applied. 7) When the pathogenesis of epistaxis are heat in blood system of heart(心血熱), reversed flow of fire(火上逆), overexertion(努力), the treatment of blood-cooling(凉血) with Rhinoceri Cornu(犀角), Rehmanniae Radix(生地黃), Moutan Cortex(牧丹皮), Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix(丹參), Scrophulariae Radix(玄蔘), etc can be applied. 8) When the pathogenesis of nasal obstruction is pathogen-stagnancy(邪鬱), the treatment of resuscitation(開竅) with Sosang(少商, LU11) acupuncture can be applied. When the pathogenesis of hoarseness is evil Ki(穢濁), the treatment of resuscitation(開竅) with Arctii Fructus(牛蒡子), Lasiosphaera Seu Calvatia(馬勃), Curcumae Radix(鬱金), etc can be applied. When the pathogenesis of headache is stasis of both Ki and blood(氣血瘀痺), the treatment of resuscitation(開竅) with Cnidii Rhizoma(川芎), Asari Herba Cum Radice(細辛), Scorpio(全蝎), moxibustion(灸), etc can be applied. 9) When the pathogenesis of lacrimal hypersecretion, visual disturbance, mydriasis, tinnitus, hearing disturbance, sinusitis, epistaxis, hoarseness and cough are deficiency of Yin(陰虛), deficiency of kidney(腎虛), deficiency of both liver and kidney(肝腎虛), deficiency of both heart and kidney(心腎虛), brain discharge by deficiency of Yin(陰虛 腦熱), exuberance of Yang in liver(肝陽上亢), overexertion(勞損), the treatment of Yin-replenishing(滋陰) with Yukmijihwanghwan(六味地黃丸), Hojamhwan(虎潛丸), Jeobutang(猪膚湯), Lycii Fructus(枸杞子), Polygoni Multiflori Radix(何首烏), Rehmanniae Radix(生地黃), Schizandrae Fructus(五味子), Liriopis Tuber(麥門冬), Asini Gelatinum(阿膠), etc can be applied. 10) When the pathogenesis of ophthalmalgia, mydriasis, vertigo and headache are deficiency of Yin in liver(肝陰虛), exuberance of Yang in liver(肝陽上亢), endogenous wind(內風), excess in upper and deficiency in lower part(上實下虛), the treatment of Yin-replenishing(滋陰) and endogenous wind-calming(熄風) with Rehmanniae Radix Preparat(熟地黃), Lycii Fructus(枸杞子), Polygoni Multiflori Radix(何首烏), Paeoniae Radix Alba(白芍藥), Ostreae Concha(牡蠣), Saigae Tataricae Cornu(羚羊角), Chrysanthemi Flos(菊花), etc be applied. 11) When the pathogenesis of mydriasis, sinusitis, hoarseness, headache, cough and asthma are exhaustion of vital essence(精氣無收藏), brain discharge(腦髓不固), floating Yang(陽虛浮), exsanguination(失血), deficiency of both Yin and Yang(陰陽不足), overexertion(勞損), deficiency of Yang in kidney(腎陽虛), the treatment of Yang-restoring and exhaustion-arresting(回陽固脫) with Yangyeongtang(養營湯), Cheonjinhwan(天眞丸), Bokmaektang(복맥탕), Geonjungtang(建中湯), Dogihwan(都氣丸), Singihwan(腎氣丸), Jinmutang(眞武湯), Ostreae Concha(牡蠣), Nelumbinis Semen(蓮子肉), etc can be applied. 12) When the pathogenesis of lacrimal hypersecretion, vertigo and headache are deficiency of stomach and endogenous wind(胃虛內風), endogenous wind with phlegm(內風挾痰), liver check of stomach(肝木橫擾), the treatment of concomitant-treating of both liver and stomach(肝胃同治) with Paeoniae Radix Alba(白芍藥), Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus(釣鉤藤), Gastrodiae Rhizoma(天麻), Astragali Radix(황기), Pinelliae Rhizoma(半夏), etc can be applied. When the pathogenesis of asthma is failure of kidney to promote inspiration(腎不納氣), the treatment of kidney-tonifing and inspiration-promoting(補腎納氣) with Singihwan(腎氣丸), Psoraleae Fructus(補骨脂), Juglandis Semen(胡桃), Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum(沈香), etc can be applied. When the pathogenesis of asthma is deficiency of Ki(氣虛), the treatment of Ki-reinforcing(補氣) with Sagunjatang(四君子湯), Insamgeonjungtang(人參建中湯), etc can be applied.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.109-111
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• 1987

Three experiments were conducted to show effects of adding amino acids to a broiler starter diet (0-3 weeks of age) low in protein. A diet of 22% protein with adequate levels of all essential amino acids was used as a reference diet. Supplementing an 18% protein diet with adequate amounts or methionine and lysine significantly improved performance of chicks. However, adding excessive amounts of these amino acids was detrimental, indicating that the excess aggravated deficiency or the third amino acid. Supplemental arginine tended to alleviate this aggravating effect.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.366-377
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to compare intake of energy nutrients, physical characteristics, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to protein intake group. Methods: Subjects were 827 men aged 40-65 years. The results presented were based on data from the 2012-2013 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and analyzed using SPSS. The odds ratio (OR) of metabolic syndrome was assessed according to the protein intake group and intake pattern of protein-rich foods. Results: The mean of protein intake was $73.96{\pm}0.71g$. According to level of protein intake, four groups (deficient, normal, excess 1, excess 2) were created and their percentages were 8.3%, 39.6%, 37.1%, and 15.0% respectively. The mean of daily energy intake was $2,312.33{\pm}24.08kcal$. It was higher in excess group 2 than in the deficiency group (p < 0.001). Moreover, the intake of all energy nutrients increased significantly with protein intake group (p < 0.001). The main contribution to daily protein included mixed grains ($10.96{\pm}0.32g$), milled rice ($7.14{\pm}0.30g$), chicken ($3.50{\pm}0.21g$), and grilled pork belly ($3.04{\pm}0.16g$). With regard to physical characteristics, and blood pressure and blood test results, only body mass index increased significantly according to protein intake groups (p < 0.05). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in subjects was 38.5%, and there was no significant correlation with protein intake group. The OR of metabolic syndrome increased with protein intake, and was higher 4.452 times in excess group 2 than in the normal group (p < 0.05). Conversely, the OR of metabolic syndrome according to the frequency of protein-rich food intake did not show a significant correlation. Conclusions: The results of this study can be used as significant supporting data to establish guidelines for protein intake in middle-aged men.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2009

The Pulse diagnosis is in the boundary of the Four Examinations, and it is called 切診, or palpation. It has a great impact on people in reminding of the Traditional Medicine that it is probably the first thing that people think of when they hear about Traditional Medicine. Hu-Jun quoted in the Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine "東醫寶鑑" that the doctor finds out the deficiency and the excess of the meridian of the patiant through the pulse, and that it is of the utmost necessity to know the "deficiency and the excess" of the meridian to decide the formula (君臣佐使) of the herbal medicine and the acupuncture/moxibustion treatment. The research on the studies of pulse diagnosis have been concentrated on the origin, history, and the theory of the pulse diagnosis throughout the years; however, the number of research on the image from the classics on pulse diagnosis have been less. With this in mind, this paper was written to study more on the origin and the history of the pulse diagnosis as well as to study on the image of pulse diagnosis shown on the classics on Traditional Medicine in China and Korea. The history of the pulse diagnosis has its root on the attempt to find out what is happening inside the body through the indication of the small changes of the pulse that is shown on the outer boundaries of the body. There were various kinds of pulse diagnosis including "Three positions and nine indicators method" and "Carotid pulsation and wrist pulse method" in the ancient period, and wrist pulse-taking method became the most popular since the completion of studying on palpation by 初보. The image of the palpation helps the rudimentary practitioners of Traditional Medicine. They are divided into two large categories, which are the area of diagnosis and the shape of the pulse itself. The historical classics including the image of the pulse diagnosis can be found since the Song Dynasty of China. There are various kinds of image of pulse diagnosis in the classic such as "The picture of the hand meridian" from "脈訣指掌病式圖說", "The picture of the image of meridian" from "察病指南", "The picture of the Seven exterior and Eight interior" from "校正圖注脈訣", and "The picture of the six parts of meridian" from Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine "東醫寶鑑". The Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine "東醫寶鑑" have analyzed the basic theories and made up the standards of pulse diagnosis by establishing "The picture of the six parts of meridian" based on "The method of placing the viscera and bowels corresponding to cun-guan-qi, or the meridian".

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.111-125
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• 2015

Objectives : The objectives of this study is to provide the theoretical basis to cure and prevent mental disease by translating and considering Benshen chapter in LingShu. Methods : First, I translate the contents of "Benshen" chapter in LingShu paragraph by paragraph. Second, I consider the contents of Benshen chapter in LingShu. Third, after considering each paragraph of Benshen chapter in LingShu, I think the relation of each paragraph and picture to myself Benshen chapter. Results and Conclusions : 1. Heart(心) appeared in Benshen chapter mediates the action of 'JeongSinHonBaek(精神魂魄)' and 'UiJiSaRyeoJi(意志思虑智)'. 2. 'UiJiSaRyeoJi(意志思虑智)' appeared in Benshen chapter means the process of the maturity of thought. 'Jeong(精)' which has a 'water(水), sink(沈), silent(靜)' image gets involved in the development from 'Ui(意)' to 'Ji(志)', because its process means the thought is deepening. 'Hon(魂)' which has a 'wind(風), cloud(雲), change(變)' image gets involved in the development from 'Ji(志)' to 'Sa(思)', because its process means the change of the thought. 'Sin(神)' which has a 'fire(火), bright(明), move(動)' image gets involved in the development from 'Sa(思)' to 'Ryeo(慮)', because its process means the expansion the horizon of the cognition. 'Baek(魄)' which has a 'metal(金), firm(剛), decide (決)' image gets involved in the development from 'Ryeo(慮)' to 'Ji(智)', because its process means the wise response to real world. 3. If one is immersed in one emotion and cannot escape from it, the functional change of Gi(氣) due to its emotion harms five spirits which move in the opposite direction and causes mental physical symptoms and has a possibility to die in the season which inhibit each five organs. 4. Five spirits(五神) acts based on 'HyeolMaekYeongGiJeong(血脈營氣精)' and in the symtoms caused by deficiency and excess of five organ Gi(五藏氣), symptoms of liver and heart appear in emotion and symptoms of spleen lung kidney appear in body. 5. Benshen chapter highlights the importance of checking 'Sin(神)' and 'Gi(氣)' treating a patient with acupuncture and mentioning the importance of observing deficiency and excess of five organ Gi(五藏氣) in the last paragraph means 'Sin(神)' and 'Gi(氣)' are inseparably related.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.453-463
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• 2007

Backgrounds : Glutathione-s-transferase (GST) is a kind of phase II metabolism enzyme and plays an important role in the detoxification of various toxic chemicals. It was reported that the genetic polymorphism of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes may be responsible for asthma development and susceptibility to allergy. Traditional oriental medicine uses a unique diagnostic technique. differentiation-syndrome. to analyze signs and symptoms of patients synthetically. Through differentiation-syndrome. asthma patients can be divided into two groups: the deficiency syndrome group (DSG) and the excess syndrome group (ESG). Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible association of GST gene polymorphism with clinical phenotype by differentiation-syndrome of bronchial asthma patients. Materials and Methods : One hundred and ten participants were evaluated by pulmonary function test. Patients with 53 DSG and 31 ESG by differentiation-syndrome were assessed for genetic analysis. GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion polymorphism was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results : GSTM1 gene deletion was detected in 43.4% of individuals in the DSG and in 38.71 % in the ESG. The distribution of GSTM1 polymorphism between DSG and ESG was not significantly different [$x^2$=0.1767, p=0.6742; OR(95% CI)=1.2139(0.4915-2.9979)]. The proportion of GSTT1 null genotypes was 41.51% in the DGS and 45.16% in the ESG. The distribution of GSTT1 polymorphism between DSG and ESG was also not significantly different [$x^2$=0.1065, p=0.7442; OR(95% CI)=0.8618(0.3525-2.1065)]. In the combined analysis of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes, the frequency of both null type of GSTM1/GSTT1 genes was not significantly different from both positive type of GSTM1/GSTT1 genes[$x^2$=0.0768, p=0.7817; OR(95% CI)=1.2000(0.3303-4.3602)] Conclusions : These results indicate that polymorphism of the GST gene might not be associated with the symptomatic classification of DSG and ESG by differentiation-syndrome in Korean asthmatics.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.35 no.6 s.113
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• pp.420-432
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• 2005

Bolton analysis is widely used to predict tooth size discrepancy. but its accuracy has been challenged. The purpose of this study was to describe true anterior tooth size discrepancies among orthodontic patients and to evaluate the factors that affect true anterior tooth size discrepancies. The subjects consisted of 80 patients with varying malocclusions (Class I. Class II. Class III. and Class III surgery) who were treated orthodontically. Pre-treatment models. set-up models from post-treatment models. and lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed The results were as follows. The means. the standard deviations. and ranges of anterior Bolton ratio in the present study were somewhat higher than those of Bolton's samples and Korean normal samples. The number of patients showing maxillary deficiency was larger than that of patients showing maxillary excess in view of true anterior discrepancies. There was a significant difference between anterior Bolton discrepancy from pre-treatment models and true anterior discrepancy from set-up models (p < 0.05) There was no significant difference in true anterior discrepancies among malocclusion groups (p > 0.05). And there was also no significant difference between the male and female groups (p> 0.05). Overbite and the incisal edge thickness of maxillary anterior teeth have little relationship with true anterior discrepancies. Multiple regression analysis showed that true anterior discrepancy was mainly determined by anterior Bolton ratio, upper incisor to occlusal plane angle after treatment. interincisal angle after treatment. and upper right lateral incisor width.