• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.265-272
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• 1986

We operated on 199 patients of VSD from 1976 to April l986. Among them, patients of VSD whose medical records were available were analyzed clinically. Operation on patients of VSD occupied 23.9% of total open heart surgery [832 cases] during those days. Of the 164 patients, 93 patients were male [56.7%]. 71 patients were female [43.3%]. Their age ranged from 6 months to 28 years and the mean age was 9.5 year and 82.2% of the patients were between 2 and 15 year of age. Of the patients, body weight below 10Kg were 19 cases. The most common complaints were frequent URI and DOE. On Kirklin`s anatomical classification, type II defect was most common [60.1%], type I [38.4%], combined type I+II, type III, combined type II+Ill and combined type II+IV in orders. Associated anomaly was found in 66 patients [42.5%>]. Pulmonary stenosis was most commonly associated cardiac anomaly [8.4%] and aortic insufficiency [7.1%], ASD, Lt. SVC and PDA in orders. There were extracardiac anomalies such as polydactyly, cleft palate, hypospadia and congenital aniridia, etc. Relationship between ventricular hypertrophy and defect size and cardiac cath. data was analyzed. The overall mortality was 7.0% [14 cases] and complication rate was 22.5% [35 cases].

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.283-287
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• 1985

Seven patients had undergone repair of endocardial cushion defect from Jan. 1977 to Dec. 1984 at National Medical Center. Most patients had no associated anomalies except one who had PFO, and mortality case was absent. Five patients had partial ECD and two had complete ECD [Rastelli type A]. In P-ECD patients, the atrial septal defect was closed with patch in all cases and mitral cleft was approximated with 2-3 direct stitches. In two cases of C-ECD, atrial and ventricular septal defect was closed with single patch in one case and atrial septal defect was closed with patch but ventricular septal defect was closed with patch but ventricular septal defect was closed it direct suture in the other case. Atrioventricular cleft was approximated with 2-3 direct sutures. Postop. transient A-V block was noted in 2 cases but returned to regular sinus rhythm after 2 to 6 months.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.904-908
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• 1993

Twelve patients had undergone repair of atrioventricular septal defects. Age at operation ranged from 2.4 years to 17 years[mean, 8.25 years]. Five patients were male and seven were female. Three patients had complete atrioventricular septal defect[Rastelli type A] associated with Down`s syndrome. One of the three patient with complete atrioventricular septal defect had tetralogy of Fallot. Three patients had the intermediate form and seven patients had the partial form. The primum atrial septal defect was closed with pericardial patch. The atrioventricular valve septal commissure[mitral cleft] was closed with pledgeted sutures. Three complete atrioventricular septal defect were undergone by two-patch technique. A crescent-shaped Dacron patch was used to occlude the ventricular septal defect. One patient of partial form was sudden death 5 days postoperatively. There were no another complications after surgery. One patient underwent reoperation for opened mitral cleft 2.5 years postoperatively. New York Heart Association functional class of patients was improved postoperatively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.161-163
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• 2019

This report describes the echocardiographic features of an indirect Gerbode defect in a young cat. Echocardiography revealed high-velocity, turbulent systolic flow directed from left ventricle to right ventricle through a ventricular septal defect. The flow immediately entered the right atrium through a tricuspid septal leaflet. The indirect-type Gerbode defect was confirmed through necropsy. When a high-velocity turbulent flow in the RA without pulmonary hypertension is observed on echocardiography, Gerbode defect should be considered.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 1982

Two hundred one patients of ventricular septal defect, which were operated at Seoul National University Hospital, were analysed on clinical background during the period from January, 1975 to December, 1980. The results were as follows: 1. Of the 201 patients, 118 patients were male [58.7%] and 83 patients were female [41.3%]. Their age ranged from 15 months to 40 years, and the mean age was 8.7 years. 40% of the patients were between 4 and 8 years. 2. The most common symptoms showed frequent U RI and exertional dyspnea. 3. On Kirklin`s anatomical classification, type I constituted 26.9%, type II 58.2%, type III 12.4%, and type IV 1.0%. We showed marked increased incidence of type I VSD as compared to Caucasians* 4. 46 cases were associated with other congenital cardiac diseases. They were PDA [13 cases], AI[11 ], ASD[6], PS[10], MI[4], and Double aortic arch [1]. 5. In 128 patients, who had complete hemodynamic data and were not associated with other congenital cardiac diseases, an attempt was made to correlate the EKG findings with the hemodynamic data, and defect size with the hemodynamic data. The children had variable distribution of PA syst. pr. and Rp/Rs. But most of adults had $R_P$/$R_S$of 0.15 or less. As $P_P$/$P_S$increased, the rate of operative complication increased also. 6. When a normal EKG pattern was present, $Q_P$/$Q_S$and $R_P$/$R_S$and $P_P$/$P_S$were relatively low. When EKG findings were LVH pattern, there was diastolic volume overload to left ventricle. As RVH, there was systolic pressure overload to right ventricle. And as BVH, there was mixed pattern of diastolic volume overload to left ventricle and systolic pressure overload to right ventricle. 7. Among patients in defect was less than 1 $cm^2$ per $M^2$ of BSA, $Q_P$/$Q_S$was less than 2:1, and $R_P$/$R_S$less than 0.25, and PAsyst. pr. less than 50 mmHg, and $P_P$/$P_S$was less than 0.5. But patients with the defect greater than 1 $cm^2$ per $M^2$ of BSA had no correlationship between $Q_P$/$Q_S$, $R_P$/$R_S$, PAsyst. pr. and defect size in each other. Most of patients with the defect greater than 2 $cm^2$/$M^2$ BSA, $R_P$/$R_S$was greater than 0.5. 8. Operative mortality rate was 9.5% [19 cases] among 201 patients. And complication rate including mortality rate was 22.9% [46 cases].

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.23 no.11 s.170
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• pp.1922-1928
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• 1999

Rotary bending fatigue tests were carried out to investigate the influence of artificial defects on fatigue limit in annealed and austempered ductile iron. Obtained main results are as follows : (1) Artificial defect(micro hole type, dia.<0.4 mm) on specimen surface did not bring about a obvious reduction of fatigue limit in austempered ductile iron(ADI) as compared with annealed ductile iron. (2) According to the investigation of $\sqrt{area}_c$ which is the critical defect size to crack initiation at artificial defect, $\sqrt{area}_c$ of ADI is larger than that of annealed ductile iron. This shows that the situation of crack initiation at artificial defect in ADI is more difficult in comparison with annealed ductile iron. (3) One of the reasons for the low rate of crack initiation from artificial defect in ADI is that the resistance of matrix to crack initiation is higher than that of annealed ductile iron. (4) In case that the $\sqrt{area}$ of artificial defect and graphite nodule is the same, the rate of crack initiation from graphite nodule is higher than that from artificial defect. This reason is that the serious ruggedness around graphite nodule is formed by austempering treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2010

In this paper, we study a new estimation system for the prediction of steam generator tube defects. In the previous research works, defect size estimators were independently designed for each defect types in order to estimate the defect size. As a result, the structure of estimation system is rather complex and the estimation performance gets worse if the classification performance is degraded for some reason. This paper studies a new estimation system that does not require the classification of defect types. Although the previous works are expected to achieve much better estimation performance than the proposed system since it uses the estimator specialized in each defect, the performance difference is not so large. Therefore, it is expected that the proposed estimator can be effectively used for the case where the defect type classification is imperfect.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.299-304
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• 1985

The partial A-V canal defect consist of ostium primum type atrial septal defect with a cleft mitral anterior leaflet. The clinical findings depend upon the site and size of the left-to-right shunt, the degree of A-V valvular regurgitation, and the degree of resultant pulmonary artery hypertension. We experienced 3 cases of similar condition. The data were as follow: 1. Chest P-A showed increased pulmonary vascularity and moderate cardiomegaly with left atrial enlargement. 2. E.K.G. showed left axis deviation, left atrial enlargement, and left ventricular hypertrophy. 3. Right heart catheterization showed significant 02 step up of SVC-RA and left-to-right shunt. 4. Left ventriculogram showed mitral regurgitation and filling of both atrium. Operative findings were as follow: 1. Primum type atrial septal defect [2x2 cm]. 2. Cleft in the anterior leaflet of the mitral vave. 3. No evidence of ventricular septal defect and tricuspid anomaly. Through a right atriotomy with moderate hypothermia, the mitral cleft was approximated with interrupted sutures. The interatrial communication was closed by a patch of Dacron/pericardium. The patch was attached to junction of the mitral and tricuspid valves along the crest of the ventricular septum using interrupted sutures and the other site using continuous sutures. Postoperative course was uneventful and discharged in good general condition except postoperative bleeding in case 3.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.418-421
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• 1980

During the period from August 1959 to end of July 1980, 69 cases of Type I VSD were noted among 235 cases of ventricular septal defect who were operated utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass in the Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University(29.4%). During the same period 1162 open heart surgery cases were experienced among whom 778 cases were congenital anomalies. There were no significent differences between Type I '||'&'||' other tvpo:s of VSD in sex and age distribution. In Type I VSD frequency of aortic regurgitation association was much higher than rest of the types. (8.7% to 2.6%). Necessity of patch closure in Type I was not different from other types. The high incidence of Type I VSD is quite similar to Japanese references which show quite higher ratio compared with from Euroamerican caucasian patients materials. All cases were operated on with bubble type oxygenator mainly Shiley**" oxygenator utilizing hypothermic hemodilution perfusion technique.echnique.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.29 no.7 s.238
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• pp.947-954
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to develop failure pressure evaluation models, which are applicable to straight pipes and elbows containing an internally wall thinning defect induced by flow-accelerated-corrosion (FAC). In this study, thus, three dimensional finite element (FE) analyses are performed to investigate the dependences of failure pressure of internally wall thinned pipe on the defect shape, the pipe geometry, and the defect location and bend radius of elbow. Also, the existing failure pressure assessment models for externally wall thinned pipes are examined. Based on these, the new models for assessing failure pressure of piping components with an internally wall thinning defect are proposed. Comparison of failure pressure, predicted by proposed models, with FE analysis result shows good agreement regardless of pipe type, defect shape, and defect location and bend radius.