• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.159-170
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• 2009

Backgrounds and Objectives: A fracture means a loss of continuity in the substance of bone. Bone differs from other musculoskeletal tissue due to its ability to repair and heal itself without leaving a scar. The cutter head has multinucleated osteoclast cells to resorb the dead bone. The tail, with its conical surface, is lined with osteoblast cells laying down new bone. The conjugation of fracture is a unique biological process regulated by a complex array of signaling molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. Pyritum, one of the important prescriptions in the oriental medicine, has been used for conjugation fracture. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of administration of Pyritum on activation of osteoblast cells in human body & on tibia bone fracture in mice. Materials and Methods : Four weeks aged 30 female DBA mice were used for this study. They were divided three groups, normal group, control group(fracture elicitate mice: FE group) and experimental group(Pyritum administered mice group after fracture elicitation : PA group). Left tibia bones of mice in FE and PA groups were fractured by bone cutters. MG-63 cells in human body th Pyritum in the ratio of 1 mg/m${\ell}$, and the cells were further incubated for 24 hours. Activation of osteoblast was identified using osteopontin, FGF in vitro test. In vivo test, regeneration of fractured tibia through the morphological changes was observed, and also activation of inflammation through NF-${\kappa}$B p65, iNOS, COX-2, osteoblast through osteopontin, FGF and osteoblast's proliferation in each group was measured. Results and Conclusions : 1. In vitro test for activation of osteoblast cells in human body by Pyritum, osteopontin and FGF production were remarkably increased in Pyritum treated MG-63 cells. 2. In regeneration of fractured tibia by Pyritum, fractured area in external tibia morphology was decreased more in the PA group than that of the FE group. Osteogenesis in fractured area was increased more in the PA group than that of the FE group. Also, endochodrial ossification in central area of fracture and osteoid in lateral area of fracture were increased more in the PA group than those of the FE group. 3. In activation of inflammation by Pyritum administered, activation of NF-${\kappa}$B p65, increase of iNOS and COX-2 production were higher in the PA and the FE groups than those of the control group. Especially, the PA group showed higher activation and increase than those of the FE group. 4. In activation of osteoblast by Pyritum, increase of osteopontin, FGF and osteoblast's proliferation were higher in the PA and the FE groups than those of the control group. Especially, the PA group showed higher increase and proliferation than those of the FE group.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.55-84
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate the teratological potential of azinphos-methyl in the rat fetuses and to establish the nature of the effects on organogenesis and intrauterine development. The Sprague-Dawley female rats (180-210g) without previous litter were used in this study. Azinphos-methyl dosages of 0.094mg/kg, 0.4mg/kg, 1.5mg/kg were selected based on the acute intragastric $LD_{50}$ of 15mg/kg in the rat. Azinphos-methyl in water (Treatment Group), non-treatment control (Negative Control), water control (Sham Control), were administered by oral route and aqueous solution of acetyl salicylic acid (Positive Control) was administered by gavage at rate of 10 ml/kg of body weight from day 6 through 15. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Decreased body weight of dams was observed in animals treated with aspirin and azinphos-methyl 1.5 mg/kg from day 7 through 14. (P<0.01) 2. There was an apparent decrement in the absolute liver weight in the azinphos-methyl 1.5 mg/kg treated group (P<0.05). However, the absolute and relative kidney weight in aspirin group (P<0.05, P<0.01) and the absolute and relative ovary weight in aspirin, azinphos-methyl treatment groups (P<0.01, P<0.05) were increased. 3. Decreased protein contents of dam's liver was observed in the aspirin and high dose azinphos-methyl treated group of animals (P<0.01). 4. The number of male-female ratio per dam increased in azinphos-methyl 1.5 mg/kg group but there was an apparent decrement in the body weight of fetuses in aspirin and high dose azinphos-methyl group (P<0.01, P<0.05). Total immature and resorbed fetuses were increased in aspirin group and the number of dead fetuses were also increased in azinphos-methyl 1.5mg/kg treated group of animals. (P<0.01, P<0.05). 5. In soft tissue defects, diaphragmatic hernia in diaphragm, anophthalmia, enlarged olfactory bulb, hydrocephalus, absence of third and lateral ventricle in skull, hydronephrosis in kidney, atrophy of left ventricle wall, enlarged apex in heart were observed. Especially, defects of diaphragm, heart and eye ball showed peak incidences in the high dose azinphosmethyl and aspirin group. (P<0.01). 6. Variations in the ossification patterns of skull, sternebrae, tail, forelimbs and hindlimbs showed peak incidences in the aspirin and high dose azinphos-methyl group. (P<0.01). 7. In the developmental indices of offspring, the mortality of aspirin and azinphos-methyl 1.5mg/kg treated group was higher than that of negative control. And, there was an apparent decrement in the body weight of fetuses (P<0.01) and considerable differences were obtained in pivoting, development of fur, auditory function, vision, quadrupled muscle development and testes descent in aspirin and azinphos-methyl 1.5mg/kg group. (P<0.01).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.1 s.145
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• pp.109-115
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• 2007

This study was carried out to determine occurrence and damage of golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata on water seeding area in Jeonnam province. The density of golden apple snail maintained hlgh until October 2003, but quickly decreased from November. They overwintered only in a portion of the water canals but could not find in dried paddy field. They reproduced from May and June in the canal water and paddy field, respectively. Feeding time of golden apple snail on rice seedlings was 235.2 seconds, feeding length of that was 8.4cm. When golden apple snail fed rice seedlings, the stem remain only 2.5cm from areal part which could not recover. The more density of golden apple snail, the fester feeding rate. Density and number of eggs laid of golden apple snail after overwintering was higher on bank around of paddy field than on middle of that. The percent of shell size after over wintering was higher in small (below 25mm) than big (over 36mm). But in case of Boseong area, the slze was reverse because the soil has soft mud. The survival rate of overwintering golden apple snail was lower than that of breeding. They did not move when the temperature changed rapidly, but the temperature increased they start to move. They dead almost below $-3^{\circ}C$. The damage of rice by golden apple snail in the direct water seeding was 20%. In machine transplanting, rice damaged only fore-end of leaf and recovered subsequently. When golden apple snail release in direct water seeding field, the percent of damage was 5.6% in immediately release plot. The later release, the lower damage.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.1072-1082
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• 1997

Background : To characterize the clinical features and determine the prognostic factors of severe community-acquired pneumonia. This study is the first of its kind in Korea. Methods : Recruited were 40 patients diagnosed as severe community-acquired pneumonia in Hallym University Hospital from January 1, 1989 through July 31, 1996. Patients were analysed retrospectively for age, sex, underlying disease, respiration rate, hypoxemia, requirement of mechanical ventilation, involvement on chest radiograph, shock, and the serum concentration of BUN and albumin. All parameters were compared between survived and dead group. Results : Male to female ratio was 2.07 : 1. The mean age was $63.1{\pm}17.5$years(range 25~90years) with 65% of patients aged equal to or more than 60. The major underlying diseases were old pulmonary tuberculosis(12.5%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(7.5%), bronchial asthma(5%), bronchiectasis(2.5%), and diabetes mellitus(22.5%). Microbiologic diagnosis was made in 26 out of 40 patients(65%). The most common causative organism was S. pneumoniae(17.5%, 7/40) followed by S. aureus(15.0%, 6/40), K. Pneumoniae(12.5%, 5/40), M. tuberculosis(7.5%, 3/40), H. influenzae(2.5%, 1/40), coagulase negative staphylococcus(2.5%, 1/40), P. aeruginosa(2.5%. 1/40), E. cloaceae(2.5%, 1/40), and E. coli(2.5%, 1/40). M. pneumoniae was detected in no patient. The most frequent drugs administered in single or combination therapy were aminoglycosides(75%, 30/40), second- and third-generation cephalosporin(40%, 16/40 and 27.5%, 11/40), macrolides(27.5%, 11/40), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid(22.5%, 9/40). Of the 40 patients, 14 died of severe community-acquired pneumonia(37.5%). Among them, seven patients (50%) expired within 72h of hospital arrival. According to multivariate analysis, mortality was significantly associated with requirement of mechanical ventilation, bilateral pulmonary involvement, and serum albumins$\leq$3.0g/dl. Conclusion : An understanding of the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in severe community-acquired pneumonia identified in this study will optimize therapeutic approach in this disease and help decreasing its notorious mortality rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.17
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• pp.29-43
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• 1991

Yu was a type of dress worn on the upper part of the body which was commonly used in Northeast Asia. It was originally used by the Northern race for the need of courtesy as well as protecting cold. It was believed that Yu in Northeast Asia, which was called Kaftan, was came from Scythai lived in North Eurasian land around the Black sea. Scythians were the first-formed horse-riding race in the world and their civilization influenced those of far Asiatic sector along the steppe route. As their power expanded, their costume culture transmitted to the East(China, Korea, Japan). The upper garment, Yu, was characterized by the left-sided collars, narrow sleeves belted at the waist to the length of the hip line and the tight trouser on the lower part, which we commonly called HoBok(胡服) style. 1. Yu in Northeast Asia was originated from the Eurasians, Scythian Culture. Being exchanged, active style costumes were widely used among Chinese, Koreans and Japanese throughout centuries' including $4{\sim}8$ century. 2. Chinese Yu had a style of wide-sleeves and right-sided collars. The traditional costumes of Han race are consisted of wide-sleeved Yu on the upper and long-skirt on the lower part of the body. Before the adoptation of HoBok during reign of King Jo Mooryung in 307. B.C., HoBok style had already found in the remains since the Sang period. There were various names among Yu during the Han period. Seup, Sean Eui, Kye, Kyu were one of the styles and several names were meant for collar and sleeves. During $4{\sim}8$ centuries, clothes of right-sided collar were found, superior to that of left-sided and narrow sleeves were widely used both the royal and the humble. Various styles of decoration were seen in Yu around neck, back and sleeves comparing other nations. 3. Yu, in Korea, was typical style of Northern-bound HoBok. Both men and women had similarity in Yu style, narrow sleeves, left-sided collar, belted at the waist and to the length of hip line. Influenced by Han race, in the $4th{\sim}8th$ centuries, dual system of collar was found. But we cannot see major change in Yu and finally was connected to the present. 4. The original design of the Japanese costumes was not similar to that of Northern nomadic hunting race, which was suitable for horse-riding activities. Owing to the climates along the island, we could see various conditions ranging from the cold and to the warm. Influenced by the climates, pulling over the neck(Pancho style) were major design in Japan. As Korea was advanced earlier than Japan, Korean landed Japanese territory showing clothes. So primitive costumes had changes in style. During the $4th{\sim}8th$ period. The Korean mode was found in Haniwa (which was built to make sacrifices to the dead King) and costumes in Jeong Chang Won. Among the costumes in Jeong Chang Won, we put 3 or more costumes to the category of Yu characterizing elements of Korea and Tang period. From the $4th{\sim}8th$ century, China, Korea, Japan fell into the same cultural category, Scythai. Styles in Yu among three nations, we saw little differences, basically along times. Originated from the West Asia, Yu was transmitted to the far East changing Chinese costumes, Koreans melted it into the traditional elements and then influenced Japan.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.167-173
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• 2009

Capillaria hepatica is a parasitic nematode which causes hepatic capillariasis in rodents and other mammals, including man. Rat species of the genus Rattus are main primary host and rates of genus Rattus of up to 100% have been reported. Infection to reservoir and other mammalian hosts occur incidentally due to ingestion of water or food contaminated with C. hepatica embryonated eggs. The worms mature exclusively inside the liver, but they die and disassemble soon after egg spawning in rats. Dead worms and their eggs cause immune response of focal necrosis and inflammation within the liver. C. hepatica adult with a thin and long body is similar to capillary. The members of Order Trichurida are characterized by having a stichosome and the bacillary bands in front of the body. As already mentioned, the adult C. hepatica residesin the liver, where it deposits groups of eggs, and finally die in the encapsulated tissue of the liver. They produce eggs that elicit a marked granulomatous reaction that eventually destroy the worms. And the adult worms were mixed with eggs. So the complete isolation of the worm and observation of intact ultrastructure is very difficult. In this study, integument structure of C. hepatica isolated from the liver of mouse at 7 weeks after inoculation of embryonated eggs were observed with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. As a results, body length of isolated C. hepatica was about 99 mm. Cuticle, bacillary band and bacillary pore were obtained in the integument of worm. Bacillary pore across cuticular surface of the worm were observed. According to the existence of cap material, external forms of bacillary pore can be divided into three types such as flat, ingression, and ingression with the cap material type. The complete isolation of the worm and observation of ultrastructure of integument will provide the fundamental data which is important in the nematode research including C. hepatica.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 1990

This study was carried out to determine the effect of mixture of hymexazole and metalaxyl(Tachigarace) on the growth and reducing low temperature injury in rice seedlings. The amount of mixture of hymexazole and metalaxyl (Tachigarace) applied to reduce low temperature injury was 0, 9, 18 and 36mgr per pot (5${\times}$15${\times}$10cm) by soil incorperation befor sowing. Aging seedling was investigated on the growth responses by the application of 0.36gr mixture of hymexazole and metalaxyl (Tachigarace) per tray (30${\times}$60${\times}$3cm) after cutting of leaf at 35 day-old seedling. Rice seedlings treated with mixture of hymexazole and metalaxyl (Tachigarace) were better in the growth of top and roots, dry weight, erecting and rooting abilities than untreated seedlings. The effective amount of mixture of hymexazole and metalaxyl (Tachigarace) to increase erecting and rooting abilities was 18 mgr per pot. Under low temperature treatment, 12$^{\circ}C$, the leaf discoloration and dead leaf percent of rice seedlings were markedly decreased in the seedlings treated with mixture of hymexazole and metalaxyl (Tachigarace) as compared with untreated seedlings. The more amount of mixture of hymexazole and metalaxyl (Tachigarace) upto 36mgr per pot, the more effective on the low temperature injury in the seedling. The effect of mixture of hymexazole and metalaxyl (Tachigarace) to reduce low temperature damage in rice seedlings was mainly due to decreasing less physiological activities on the expanding leaf area and rooting, transpiration, stomatal diffusion and chlorophyll content of the leaves and oxygen consumption of the roots. Plant height, top dry weight and leaf area of aging seedlings were increased with mixture of hymexazole and metalaxyl (Tachigarace) treatment and leaf cutting as compared with untreated seedling and intact leaf, respectively. The ratio of missing hill of aging seedling was increased with increasing the period of growing seedling and was decreased due to leaf cutting, whereas the effect of mixture of hymexazole and metalaxyl (Tachigarace) application was not observed. Rooting ability of aging seedlings was decreased with lengthening of the period of raised seedling and was increased with mixture of hymexazole and metalaxyl (Tachigarace) treatment and leaf cutting.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.97-111
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• 1997

In the winter of 1995, mass mortality occurred in cultured flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus in Gurongpo, Kyoungbuk, Korea. From the observations of moribund and dead fish, parasitic ciliates, which were shown as white spots to the naked eye, were considered to be involved in the mass mortality. From heavily infected flounders, histopathological, morphological and biological characterization of these ciliates were carried out. In the histological observation, many ciliates were found under the epithelia of gill filaments and skin, and caused hyperplasia of epithelial and mucus cells at the infected areas. The ciliates found on the body surface, fins and gills were very similar to Cryptocaryon irritans. However the ciliates showed two different patterns of reproductian, i.e., typical form(palintomy)and atypical form(budding plus multiple fission) at $16^{\circ}C$ of water temperature. The occurrence ratio between typical and atypical form was about 3:2. Tomitogenesis takes 8-14 days in the typical and 13-15 days in the atypical form. In the viability test at different temperatures and salinities, the typical form died below 30‰ at $12^{\circ}C$, below 20‰ at $16^{\circ}C$, below 15‰ at $20^{\circ}C$, and below 25‰ at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. On the other hand, the atypical form died below 20‰ at $12^{\circ}C$, below 15‰ at 16-$20^{\circ}C$, and below 25‰ at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results suggested that the atypical has better viability at low salinity than that of the typical at low temperatures. In the excystment time and success rates of excystment according to temperatures, the typical form showed 8 days, 30% at $12^{\circ}C$ : 6.5 days, 50%, at $16^{\circ}C$ : 5.5 days, 75% at $20^{\circ}C$ : and 7 days, 10% at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. On the other hand, the atypical form showed 15.5 days at $12^{\circ}C$ : 14 days, 76.6% at $16^{\circ}C$ : 12 days, 72.2% at $20^{\circ}C$ : 10 days 31.6% at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results suggested that the atypical form had longer excystment time than that of the typical form at any temperature and showed better stability at low temperatures.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1998

The inhibitory effect of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thumb) on the growth of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 was determined. Tryptic soy broth (TSB) containing 0∼0.5% (w/v) of clove was inoculated with 10/sup/5∼10/sup/7 CFU/ml of E. coli and incubated at 5 different temperature (35, 5, -20, 50 and $55^{\circ}C$). The growth of E. coli was not inhibited at 0.1% clove and growth occured at 0.3% after a prolonged lag period while viable cells of E. coli decreased at 0.5% clove during storage at $35^{\circ}C$. During 32 days of refrigerated storage at $5^{\circ}C$, survivors of E. coli were decreased with the progress of time and increasing clove concentration. At the presence of 0.3 or 0.4% clove, bacterial cells were dead at the end of refrigerated storage. During frozen storage at -$20^{\circ}C$, survivors of E. coli at the presence of 0∼0.4% clove were decreased 2.9∼4.07 log cycles for 4 days of early period and then decreased 1.0∼2.1 log cycles through the frozen storage. There were small changes in populations of E. coli in TSB between different concentrations of clove during frozen storage. The D-values for E. coli at $50^{\circ}C$ were 105.26, 22.47, 13.76, 11.14 and 10.17 min at clove 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4%, respectively. The D-values for E. coli at $55^{\circ}C$ were 10.75, 8.95, 7.40, 5.96 and 4.96 min at clove 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4%, respectively. Antibacterial activity of clove against E. coli was more effective at $50^{\circ}C$ than at $55^{\circ}C$.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.440-447
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• 1997

The antibacterial effect of low concentrations of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) in culture broth against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus 196E was tested at 35,5 and -20$^{\circ}C$. Tryptic soy broth (TSB) containing 0∼2% (w/v) of oregano was inoculated with 10$\^$6/∼10$\^$7/ CFU/$m\ell$ of E. coli or S. aureus and incubated at each temperature. The growth of E. coli was not inhibited at 0.1∼1.0% oregano and the growth occured at 2% oregano but only after a prolonged lag period. The death rate of E. coli after stationary phase was increased with increasing concentration of oregano in culture broth. The growth of S. aureus was inhibited with increasing concentration of oregano at 35$^{\circ}C$. Growth of S. aureus occured at the presence of 0.3∼0.5% oregano after a long lag period while the viability at 1.0∼2.0% was decreased during storage at 35$^{\circ}C$. During refrigerated storage at 5$^{\circ}C$, inhibition of E. coli or S. aureus was increased with the progress of time and increasing spice concentration. At the presence of 0.5∼2.0% oregano, E. coli and S. aureus were dead after 20 and 16 days of refrigerated storage, respectively. During frozen storage at -20$^{\circ}C$, the antibacterial activity of oregano against E. coli was increased with increasing storage time and spice concentration while the antibacterial activity against S. aureus was effective during the early period of storage, and no changes in the population of S. aureus occurred at different concentrations of oregano during frozen storage. Viable counts of E. coli were 1/3∼l/7 and S. aureus were 1/18∼l/46 of the control at 0.1% oregano in culture broth during frozen storage.