• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.1232-1236
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• 2013

The Cu cation binding sites of $[Cu(I){\cdot}d(CpG){\cdot}d(CpG)-2H]^{-1}$ complex have been investigated to explain the $[Cu{\cdot}DNA]$ biological activity caused by the Cu association to DNA. The structure of $[Cu(I){\cdot}d(CpG){\cdot}d(CpG)-2H]^{-1}$ complex was investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The fragmentation patterns of $[Cu(I){\cdot}d(CpG){\cdot}d(CpG)-2H]^{-1}$ complex were analyzed by MS/MS spectra. In the MS/MS spectra of $[Cu(I){\cdot}d(CpG){\cdot}d(CpG)-2H]^{-1}$ complex, three fragment ions were observed with the loss of d(CpG), {d(CpG) + Cyt}, and {d(CpG) + Cyt + dR}. The Cu cation binds to d(CpG) mainly by substituting the $H^+$ of phosphate group. Simultaneously, the Cu cation prefers to bind to a guanine base rather than a cytosine base. Five possible geometries were considered in the attempt to optimize the $[Cu(I){\cdot}d(CpG){\cdot}d(CpG)-2H]^{-1}$ complex structure. The ab initio calculations were performed at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.783-788
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• 2005

본 시험은 사료의 조단백질 수준이 육성기 흑염소의 발육과 육질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 하기 위하여 흑염소 육성축 수컷 40두를 공시하여 조단백질 수준을 각각 달리하여 2004년 4월 19일부터 2004년 9월 13일까지 시험을 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 일당증체량은 CP 14%, CP 18%구가 각각 84.0, 83.0g으로 CP 12%구 69.2g 보다 높았으며(P<0.05) CP 16%구는 80.9g으로 비슷한 경향이었다. 1일 사료섭취량은 농후사료와 볏짚 각각 590g, 45g 내외로 처리구간에 비슷하였고 증체 g당 사료요구율은 CP 14%, 16%, 18%구간에는 7.0-7.3으로 비슷하였으나 CP 12%구는 다소 높은 경향이었다. 도체율은 CP 12%구가 61.7%로 CP 14와 CP 18%구 보다 높았으나(P<0.05) CP 16%구와는 비슷하였다. 정육율은 CP 16%가 51.7%로 CP 12와 CP 14%구 보다 높았다(P<0.05). 지방율은 CP 12%구가 12.8% 높았으며(P<0.05) 뼈율은 17.0% 내외로 처리구간에 비슷하였다. 고기의 물리적 특성인 전단력과 가열 감량은 CP 16%구와 CP 14%구가 다른 처리구보다 다소 낮은 경향이었고 보수력은 CP 16%구가 CP 18%구 보다 높았다(P<0.05). 관능검사결과 다즙성은 CP 16%구가 CP 12%구 보다 우수하였으며(P<0.05) 연도도 다른 처리구에 비해 우수한 경향이었다. 이러한 결과를 종합적으로 고려할 때 육성기 흑염소의 발육과 육질개선을 위한 사료의 적정 조단백질 수준은 14-16%가 적합한 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.681-685
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• 2009

L-carnitine promotes mitochondrial ${\beta}$-oxidation of long chain fatty acids and their subsequent transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Although the role of L-carnitine in fatty acid metabolism has been extensively studied, its role in live performance and carcass responses of commercial broilers is less understood. The objective of this research was to determine if Lcarnitine fed at various levels in diets differing in CP and amino acids impacted on live performance and carcass characteristics of commercial broilers. Two floor pen experiments were conducted to assess the effect of dietary L-carnitine in grower diets. In Exp. 1, Ross${\times}$Hubbard Ultra Yield broilers were placed in 48 floor pens (12 birds/pen) and fed common diets to d 14. A two (0 or 50 ppm Lcarnitine) by three (173, 187, and 202 g/kg CP) factorial arrangement of treatments was employed from 15 to 35 d of age (8 replications/treatment). An interaction (p<0.05) in carcass yield indicated that increasing CP (187 g/kg) resulted in improved yield in the presence of L-carnitine. Increasing CP from 173 to 202 g/kg increased (p<0.05) BW gain and decreased (p<0.05) feed conversion and percentage abdominal fat. Feeding dietary L-carnitine increased back-half carcass yield which was attributable to an increase (p<0.05) in thigh, but not drumstick, yield relative to carcass. In Exp. 2, $Ross{\times}Ross$ 708 broilers were fed common diets until 29 d. From 30 to 42 d of age, birds were fed one of seven diets: i) 200 g/kg CP, 0 ppm L-carnitine; ii) 200 g/kg CP, 40 ppm L-carnitine; iii) 180 g/kg CP, 0 ppm L-carnitine; iv) 180 g/kg CP, 10 ppm L-carnitine; v) 180 g/kg CP, 20 ppm L-carnitine; vi) 180 g/kg CP, 30 ppm L-carnitine; and vii) 180 g/kg CP, 40 ppm L-carnitine (6 replications of 12 birds each). BW gain, feed conversion, mortality (30 to 42 d), and carcass traits (42 d) were measured on all birds by pen. There were no treatment differences (p<0.05). However, the addition of 40 ppm L-carnitine in the 200 g CP/kg diet increased (p = 0.06) thigh yields relative to BW in comparison to birds fed diets without L-carnitine, which was further confirmed via a contrast analysis (0 vs. 40 ppm L-carnitine in the 200 and 180 g CP/kg diets; p<0.05). These results indicated that dietary L-carnitine may heighten metabolism in dark meat of commercial broilers resulting in increased relative thigh tissue accretion without compromising breast accretion.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1132-1139
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• 2008

CpG island는 유전자의 발현 기작과 많은 관련이 있다. 포유동물 유전자의 약 $30{\sim}60$% 정도의 프로모터와 엑손부위에 CpG island가 존재 한다. 최근의 연구 결과에 따르면 CpG island의 과메틸화는 주요 암 억제유전자들을 불활성화 시켜 암을 일으키는 주요 요인이 되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. CpG island의 과메틸화는 거의 모든 암 종류에서 발견되고 있다. 따라서 CpG island를 검색하는 프로그램은 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 그래서 D. Takai 와 P. A. Jones 등이 2002년 검증한 CpG island 정의 기준을 이용하여 윈도우 기반의 소프트웨어 프로그램인 CpGi를 개발하였다. CpGi는 Visual C++ 6.0로 구현하였으며, 입력서열 양식은 FASTA 포맷을 허용하도록 구성하였다. CpGi의 검색 성능을 평가하기 위해 2개의 인간 Contig, 즉, AP00524 (22번 염색체)와 NT_029490.3 (21번 염색체) 등을 대상으로 기존의 다른 CpG island 검색 프로그램인 Emboss-CpGPlot 및 CpG Island Searcher 등과 검색결과를 비교 분석하였다. CpGi에 의한 검색 결과는 다른 두 프로그램에 비해 같거나 오히려 보다 정확한 검색 결과를 보여주었다. CpGi는 사용자 친화적인 윈도우 인터페이스로 구현되어 있어 사용자가 프로그램을 구동하고 이용하기 매우 쉽고, 분석결과에 대한 이해도 용이하다. 본 프로그램은 사용자가 지정한 파라미터 값들(%GC, Obs (CpG)/Exp (CpG), 분석 윈도우 크기, 스텝크기, Gap 허용치, #CG)에 의해 CpG island의 위치를 결정하고, G+C%와 CpG island의 위치를 시각적으로 보여준다. 결과적으로, CpGi는 CpG island 관련 실험 연구자들뿐만 아니라 대용량 서열 분석 및 주석 작업을 위해 매우 유용한 도구로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.176-182
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• 2017

본 연구는 단백질 균형시험에 의한 흑염소의 1일 유지 단백질 요구량을 구하기 위해 수행되었다. 평균체중 $31.78{\pm}4.54$의 8개월 령의 비육기 수컷 흑염소 6두를 공시하였고, $3{\times}3$ Latin square design 방법으로 처리구별 사료 내 조단백질 수준을 달리하여 흑염소에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 시험 기간은 2014년 10월 12일부터 2014년 11월 21일까지 40일간 이천의 흑염소 농장에서 진행하였다. 사료의 조단백질 수준은 처리구별로 13%(T1), 16%(T2), 19%(T3) 이며 TDN은 66%로 하여 배합한 TMR 사료를 사용하였으며 1일 사료급여량은 체중의 1.5%를 오후 5시경에 급여하였다. 처리구별 건물섭취량은 T1구가 925.14g/d, T2구가 966.67g/d, T3구가 936.08g/d으로 T2구에서 가장 높았고, 일당증체량은 T2구가 167.13g/d으로 T1과 T3구의 각각 109.26g/d, 118.98g/d 보다 높게 나타났으나 유의적 차이는 보이지 않았다. 건물 소화율은 T1과 T2과 T3구 각각 73.68%, 71.81%, 73.77%로 처리구간에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 조단백질 소화율은 T3구가 82.42%로 T1과 T2구 각각 72.73%, 65.72% 보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 조지방 소화율은 처리구별 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. ADF 소화율은 69.13%로 T1구에서 가장 높았다(p<0.05). CF와 NDF 소화율은 46.88~59.76%, 63.29~73.73%의 범위로 처리구간 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 조단백질 섭취량은 T1과 T2과 T3구에서 각각 128.78g/d, 154.57g/d, 181.23g/d로 사료 내 단백질 수준이 높아질수록 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 대사 체중 당 CP 섭취량과 CP 축적량과의 관계식에서 CP 균형이 0이 되는 X축 절편은 $1.63g/BW^{0.75}$이었다. 본 연구결과 8개월 령 수컷 흑염소에게 필요한 유지 조단백질 요구량은 $1.63g/BW^{0.75}$이며 흑염소의 사양표준 설정에 기초자료가 될 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 유지 단백질 요구량에는 성장단계 및 사양방법, 성별에 따라 차이가 발생할 수 있기 때문에 향후 그러한 요인들을 기준으로 한 흑염소 단백질 연구가 단계적으로 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.171-176
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• 2011

본 연구는 성성숙 전 한우 암송아지의 일일 유지 단백질(CPm) 요구량을 구하기 위하여 평균체중 143.1 kg (실험 1)과 257 kg (실험 2)의 각 6두씩을 3수준의 단백질을 급여하는 two 3 ${\times}$ 3 latin square design에 공시하였다. 실험 1에서는 기초사료로서 timothy 건초를 2.8 kg/d/head를 급여(LCP)하면서 분쇄옥수수와 corn gluten meal을 각각 250 g과 150 g (MCP) 그리고 500 g과 300 g (HCP) 보충 급여하였다. 실험 2에서는 기초사료로서 timothy 건초를 4.8kg/d/head를 급여(LCP)하면서 분쇄옥수수와 corn gluten meal을 각각 350g과 250g (MCP) 그리고 700g과 500g (HCP) 보충 급여하였다. 실험 1에서의 CP 섭취량은 LCP, MCP, HCP구에서 각각 236.6, 340.1, 459.8g/d 이었고, 대사체중당 조단백질 균형은 각각 0.51, 1.87, 3.20g 이었다. 실험 2에서의 CP 섭취량은 LCP, MCP, HCP구에서 각각 415.2, 606.9, 793.0g/d 이었고, 대사체중당 조단백질 균형은 각각 0.67, 1.03, 2.99g 이었다. 실험 1과 2에서 얻은 CPm 요구량은 각각 4.58과 5.02/$BW^{0.75}$ 이었고 한우 사양표준(농림부, 2007)에서 채택하고 있는 5.56g CP/$BW^{0.75}$ 보다 낮았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.718-724
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• 1998

Twelve gilts were used to investigate the effect of lysine to protein ratio (5.2 g lysine/100 g CP vs. 6.7 g lysine/100 g CP) in practical diets on nitrogen retention and the efficiency of utilization in growing pigs. Treatments involved 2 levels of dietary lysine (5.2 or 6.7 g/100 g CP) and 3 levels of dietary crude protein (11, 14 and 17% in diet). Nitrogen retention was greatest when pigs were fed the control diet containing 17% protein. Nitrogen retention progressively increased as dietary protein increased (p < 0.01), but it was not affected by lysine concentration (g/100 g CP). Apparent biological value (ABV, nitrogen retained/apparently digestible nitrogen) was estimated to be ~50% at the maximum nitrogen retention. ABV was not affected by lysine concentration, but declined (p < 0.05) as the dietary protein level increased. The efficiency of intake N used for maximum nitrogen retention was approximately 44%. One gram of lysine supported approximately 9 to 10 g apparent protein accretion (nitrogen retention ${\times}$ 6.25/lysine intake) in pigs fed control diets. The efficiency of lysine utilization for protein accretion was lower in pigs fed high-lysine diets (6.7 g lysine/l00 g CP) so that 1 g of lysine accounted for 7 to 8 g of protein accretion in these pigs (p < 0.01). The lysine required to support maximum nitrogen retention in pigs fed high-lysine diets was higher than that in pigs fed control diets, which suggests that lysine was over-fortified relative to crude protein, since practical diets can not be formulated without excess of some amino acids. In summary the concentration of 5.2 g total lysine/100 g CP in diet is more appropriate for corn-soybean diets than the commonly suggested the content of 6.7 g total lysine/100 g CP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1447-1451
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary crude protein (CP) levels on growth performance, nutrient utilization, small intestine protease activity and immunity index of weaner to 2 month-old New Zealand rabbits. Eighty weaner rabbits were allocated in individual cages to five treatments in which they were fed diets with CP at 14%, 16%, 18%, 20% and 22%, respectively. The growth performance and nutrient digestibility of rabbits increased firstly when dietary CP increased, then decreased. The average daily gain was the highest and feed conversion rate was the lowest when dietary CP reached 20%, namely 34.9 g/d and 2.74:1, respectively. Maximum CP digestibility was 72.1% in the 18% CP group, maximum crude fiber digestibility of 28.4% occurred in the 16% CP group and was significantly different from other treatments (p<0.01), apparent digestibility of Lys and Val followed the same trend as CP digestibility, and reached their maximum when dietary CP was 18%. Apparent digestibility of Cys, Tyr, Leu and Thr also had a similar trend to CP digestibility. Nitrogen retention (RN) increased with CP level (p>0.05), and was highest for 20% CP treatment (1.5 g/d). The effect of CP level on the rate of digestible nitrogen (DN) converted RN was small. The spleen index, thymus index, chymotrypsin and trypsin activities in small intestine were highest when dietary CP was 16%, which were 1.0, 2.8, 15.7 U/g and 125.7 U/g, respectively. There was no significant difference among treatments (p>0.05). According to the above results, the appropriate dietary CP level from weaner to 2 month-old meat rabbits was 18-20%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the protein requirement for maintenance of 2-year-old female Korean spotted deer. In the course of the experiment, each of three hand-reared female spotted deer was fed three diets that were iso-calorically formulated to contain low (approximately 7%), medium (12%), and high (17%) levels of crude protein (CP). Each of six trials included a 5-day transition, a 10-day preliminary, and a 7-day collection period. Dietary protein levels affected the apparent digestibility of CP (p<0.05) but not the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, or acid detergent fiber. All of the deer showed a positive CP balance on all of the diets. The maintenance CP requirement estimated by regression analysis was 4.17 g/kg metabolic body weight $(W^{0.75}){\cdot}d$. The maintenance digestible CP requirement was 1.42 g/kg $W^{0.75}{\cdot}d$. The metabolic fecal CP was 1.95 g/kg $W^{0.75}{\cdot}d$. The blood urea nitrogen of spotted deer increased (p<0.05) as the dietary protein levels increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.797-803
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• 2017

Objective: Effects of nitrogen supplementation associated with different levels of starch on voluntary intake, digestibility, and rumen and metabolic characteristics of cattle fed low-quality tropical forage (Brachiaria decumbens hay, 7.4% crude protein, CP) were evaluated using ruminal and abomasal cannulated steers. Methods: Five European${\times}$Zebu young bulls (186 kg body weight, BW) were distributed according to a $5{\times}5$ Latin square. The following treatments were evaluated: control, supplementation with 300 g CP/d (0:1), supplementation with 300 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (1:1), supplementation with 600 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (2:1), and supplementation with 900 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (3:1). A mixture of nitrogenous compounds provided 1/3 from true protein (casein) and 2/3 from non-protein nitrogen (mixture of urea and ammonium sulphate, 9:1) was used as the nitrogen supplement. In order to supply energy a unique source of corn starch was used. Results: Supplements increased (p<0.05) dry matter intake, but did not affect (p>0.05) forage intake. There was a cubic effect (p<0.05) of starch on voluntary intake. This was attributed to the highest forage intake (g/kg BW) when using the 2:1 starch:CP ratio. Supplements increased (p<0.05) organic matter (OM) digestibility, but did not affect (p>0.05) neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) digestibility. There was a positive linear effect (p<0.05) of the amount of starch supplemented on OM digestibility. Total NDFap digestibility was not affected (p>0.05) by the amount of supplemental starch. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in supplemented animals, however, a negative linear effect (p<0.05) of amount of starch was observed. Supplements increased (p<0.05) the nitrogen balance (NB) and efficiency of nitrogen utilization. These effects were attributed to increased body anabolism, supported by higher (p<0.05) serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1. Increasing the amount of starch tended (p<0.06) to linearly increase the NB. In spite of this, there was a highest NB value for the 2:1 starch:CP ratio amongst the treatments with supplementation. Conclusion: Nitrogen supplementation in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage increases nitrogen retention in the animal's body. An additional supply of starch increases nitrogen retention by increasing energy availability for both rumen and animal metabolism.