• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.315-324
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• 2017

In recent years, multicast services such as high-definition television (HDTV), video conferencing, interactive distance learning, and distributed games have increased exponentially, and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) networks are considered to be a promising technology due to their support for multicast applications. Multicast survivability in WDM networks has been the focus of extensive attention since a single-link failure in an optical network may result in a massive loss of data. But the improvement of network survivability increases energy consumption due to more resource allocation for protection. In this paper, an energy-efficient multicast algorithm (EEMA) is proposed to reduce energy consumption in WDM networks. Two cost functions are defined based on the link state to determine both working and protection paths for a multicast request in WDM networks. To increase the number of sleeping links, the link cost function of the working path aims to integrate new working path into the links with more working paths. Sleeping links indicate the links in sleep mode, which do not have any working path. To increase bandwidth utilization by sharing spare capacity, the cost function of the protection path is defined to use sleeping fibers for establishing new protection paths. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in terms of energy consumption, and also the blocking probability is evaluated under various traffic environments through OPNET. Simulation results show that our algorithm reduces energy consumption while maintaining the quality of service.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2015

The incidence of fires caused by electrical factors has increased with the growth in domestic electrical consumption. According to the national fire data system of national emergency management agency, electrical fires accounted for 20% of all domestic fires in the last 10 years. Electrical fires are mainly caused by short circuit, leakage current, defect in an electrical equipment, over load, utility fault, etc. The fault current can be several times larger than the nominal current, thereby exceeding the rated current of cable. Consequently, the cable conductor, typically copper wire, heats up to a temperature that ignites surrounding combustibles. This paper describes the transient characteristics of the 0.6/1kV, TFR-8 cable have been investigated, and analyzed under the over current conditions for reduce the risk of electrical fire by experimental and FEM analysis. The experimental and FEM(Finite Element Method) analysis results of temperature and resistance variation according to the over current in copper wires were analyzed. The experimental results coincide well with the FEM analysis.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.113-118
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• 2015

Purpose: In Korea, buildings make up 20.5% (2012) of the gross national energy consumption, so they are a major target for greenhouse gas reduction. In particular, energy consumption in multihousing represents approximately 32.6% of the entire building sector. With improving energy performance being the focus, efforts are continuously being made to reinforce standards and systems in greenhouse gas reduction. This study investigated the current status of multihousing in Korea in terms of energy performance as described in the performance evaluation reports submitted (to an institution that specializes in reviewing the performance evaluation of green homes) based on the construction criteria and performance codes for green homes and examined if the evaluation criteria using related methodologies were appropriate. The results will provide helpful information for reviewing the future directions of operations and amendments to the systems. Method: The overall characteristics of the system were examined using the evaluation methodologies (and current state of revisions) of the performance codes for green homes and comparing them with similar systems. Also, the current state of application and energy performance (conducted according to the evaluation methodologies) were compared by the evaluation institution for multihousing neighborhoods that were assessed for five years from 2010 to 2014. Result: It has been confirmed that the performance codes for green homes are different from other similar systems in evaluating performances of multihousing in that they allow both quantitative and qualitative methods of evaluation, and they consider both energy and sustainability simultaneously in the evaluation. Furthermore, regarding the adoption rate of the forms for the two evaluation methods (Form 1 - quantitative and Form 2 - qualitative), the rate preferring Form 2 increased gradually in time to reach 55.3% in 2014. In analyzing the rate of overall energy reduction (submitted in Form 1) and the coefficient of thermal transmission for each part (submitted in Form 2), it was observed that the deviation between the performance submitted and the criteria decreased in line with the level of reinforcement.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 CMOS image sensor(CIS)에서 사용될 수 있는 고 효율 charge pump를 제안하였다. 제안된 charge pump는 CIS의 동작 특성을 활용하여 switching loss 및 reversion loss를 최소화하여 고 효율 동작을 실현하였다. 즉, CIS 픽셀 동작 구간에 따라 local clock driver, 펌핑 커패시터, 그리고 charge 전달 switch의 크기를 역동적으로 조절함으로써 switching loss 를 최소화하였다. 또한, schmitt trigger를 채용한 tri-state local clock driver를 이용하여 non-overlapping 구간이 충분히 확보된 local clock을 공급할 수 있게 함으로써 reversion loss를 최소화하였다. 0.13-um CMOS 공정을 이용한 시뮬레이션 비교 결과, 제안된 charge pump는 구동 전류가 없는 조건에서 기존 구조에 비해 최대 49.1% 전력 소모를 개선하였으며, 구동 전류가 최대인 조건에서는 19.0% 전력 소모를 개선할 수 있었음을 확인하였다.

• 전기학회논문지P
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.20-26
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• 2009

In this paper, the switching mode conversion type pulse charger by fly-back converter method for lead battery of the solar cell generator equipment is proposed. And we propose the control circuit and design method of insulated switching mode convert type pulse charger by fly-back convert method in the lead battery. The proposed system can minimize the current consumption by digital pulse. Also the proposed system can generate the constant 10[KHz] frequency, transmit the signal with main control system in the power control system. And it supervises the state of lead battery using one chip micro processor. The proposed the switching mode conversion type pulse charger by the fly-back converter method can charge fast and stabilize lead battery with nominal value 12[V], 20[AH]. Also we propose the design procedure of the power control circuit for turn ratio of fly-back inductor and determining method of values such as the charging current, bulk current, partial current, over current value and fixed charging voltage. The experiment results for the voltage and current wave for partial, bulk, over and fixed charging period show the good charging effect and performance. And the PCB and internal coupling diagram of the switching mode conversion type pulse charger by fly-back converter method is presented.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.168-174
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• 2023

In the current world, with the massive scale of SOC construction, it is difficult to diagnose and check all of a bridge's abnormal states with even the experts' eyes for maintenance. It is because we should spend huge costs and time on maintenance. Still, there are not many alternative ways to inspect bridges remotely regarding accuracy or reality. Therefore, we remark on the advantages and disadvantages of previous methods through practices in SOC maintenance. To inspect the abnormal state of the Bridge, we suggest inspecting bridges with an Augmented Reality (AR) mechanism to reduce cost, human resource consumption, and the risk of work. Through the proposed approach, we expect that it provides ways to solve massive construction problems with software-based technologies.

• 전자공학회논문지SC
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.140-145
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• 2002

본 논문은 단락회로 전류를 없애기 위한 CMOS 버퍼회로에 대한 것이다. 최종 구동소자는 풀-업 PMOS와 풀-다운 NMOS로 구성하고 이를 구동하기 위해 두가지 경로를 입력신호로 선택되도록 하였다. 이러한 기법으로 최종 구동회로가 짧은 시간동안 tri-state가 되어 단락회로 전류를 차단하였다. 모의 실험결과 전원전압 3.3V에서 전력-지연 곱을 기존의 Tapered 버퍼[1]와 비교하여 약 42% 줄일 수 있었다

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2010

이 논문에서는 주택화재 예방을 위해 10년 이상 전지의 교체 없이 지속적으로 유지가 되도록 회로 설계된 저소비 전력의 단독경보형 정온식감지기의 연구.개발 경험을 기술하고자 한다. 구현된 감지기는 우선하여 일본에 적용되도록 개발한 것이다. 국내에서는 주택용 화재감지기를 위한 별도의 규정이 적용되지 않고 단독경보형감지기의 규정으로 적용되고 있어서 별도의 규정을 두고 있는 일본의 사례가 인용되어 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 국내의 법적 현황, KFI 규격과 JFEII에 대한 시험 규격 비교 검토가 수행되었다. 감지기의 경보는 버저와 표시 LED를 통해 표현된다. 감지기 구현 시에 소비전류를 줄이기 위해 대기전력이 극히 적은 MCU를 적용하고, MCU의 슬립상태와 감시상태의 동작을 적절히 제어하여 평균적인 소비 전류를 최소화하도록 하였다. 정온식감지기에서 온도 검출을 위해 응답성이 빠른 서미스터를 적용하고, 감지기의 자동시험기능과 경보정지 기능도 설계에 반영하였다. 전류소비를 줄이기 위해 고려해야 할 부분에 대해서 언급이 되어 있으며, 주요한 부분에 대한 전자회로를 나타내었다. 구현 사례로서 감지기의 서미스터 동작 특성 분석 결과가 나타나 있고, 구현된 감지기의 소비 전류 측정값과 상용 전지 방전특성의 분석을 통해 10년 이상 동안 전지의 교환 없이 적용 가능함을 보여주고 있다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.292-297
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• 2003

We fabricated a single crystal silicon thin film transistor for active matrix organic light emitting displays(AMOLEDs) using silicon on insulator wafer (SOI wafer). Poly crystal silicon thin film transistor(poly-Si TFT) Is actively researched and developed nowsdays for a pixel switching devices of AMOLEDs. However, poly-Si TFT has some disadvantages such as high off-state leakage currents and low field-effect mobility due to a trap of grain boundary in active channel. While single crystal silicon TFT has many advantages such as high field effect mobility, low off-state leakage currents, low power consumption because of the low threshold voltage and simultaneous integration of driving ICs on a substrate. In our experiment, we compared the property of poly-Si TFT with that of SOI TFT. Poly-Si TFT exhibited a field effect mobility of 34 $\textrm{cm}^2$/Vs, an off-state leakage current of about l${\times}$10$\^$-9/ A at the gate voltage of 10 V, a subthreshold slope of 0.5 V/dec and on/off ratio of 10$\^$-4/, a threshold voltage of 7.8 V. Otherwise, single crystal silicon TFT on SOI wafer exhibited a field effect mobility of 750 $\textrm{cm}^2$/Vs, an off-state leakage current of about 1${\times}$10$\^$-10/ A at the gate voltage of 10 V, a subthreshold slope of 0.59 V/dec and on/off ratio of 10$\^$7/, a threshold voltage of 6.75 V. So, we observed that the properties of single crystal silicon TFT using SOI wafer are better than those of Poly Si TFT. For the pixel driver in AMOLEDs, the best suitable pixel driver is single crystal silicon TFT using SOI wafer.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2015년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.1002-1005
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• 2015

모바일 운영체제는 대표적으로 애플과 안드로이드 운영체제로 구분되어 왔다. 삼성은 리눅스 커널을 기반으로 하는 자체 OS 인 Tizen을 만들어서 새로운 모바일 운영체제를 선보였다. 모바일 특성상 배터리 용량의 제한 때문에 모바일 운영체제는 자체적으로 저전력을 사용하는 기술을 발전시켜 왔다. 삼성 Tizen OS는 사용자 입력이나 타임 아웃 이벤트가 발생함에 따라 LCD 상태를 조절하는 파워매니저라는 저전력 기술을 갖고 있다. 하지만 사용자 입력이 빈번할수록 LCD 상태 변경에 따른 오버헤드가 증가해 CPU 클럭이 순간적으로 증가하여 사용자 입력 전후에 에너지 소모가 급증하는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존 Tizen OS에서 사용하는 파워매니저에 현재 LCD 상태들의 중간 상태를 추가하여, 사용자 입력이 빈번할 때 LCD 상태 변경에 따른 오버헤드를 줄이는 기법을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 기법을 Tizen 폰 커널단에 구현하고, 사용자 LCD 터치 입력에 대해 실험하여, 사용자의 빈번한 입력에 따른 CPU클럭 증가가 감소하여 에너지를 절감할 수 있음을 보였다.