• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.200-203
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• 2018

Metronidazole is an antimicrobial agent widely used for the treatment of anaerobic infection or antibiotics-associated diarrhea. It is generally thought to be safe, but can induce reversible toxic encephalopathy in the case of excessive or cumulative over-dose. Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy generally demonstrates the characteristic features of typical lesion location and bilaterality on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We report a case of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy with the involvement of asymmetric white matter. To our knowledge, only a few cases have been reported with respect to white matter lesion characteristics on MRI with diffusion-weighted images.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.45-48
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• 2023

One of the most common side effects of chemotherapeutic agents is chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). The occurrence of CIPN is increasing as the survival rate of patients with cancer improves and the cumulative dose or duration of neurotoxic drugs increases. Approximately 30-40% of patients receiving neurologically toxic drugs experience CIPN, which eventually increases the burden of medical expenses. However, preventive measures against CIPN have not yet been established. Clinical trials have tested various drugs for the management of neuropathic pain, but only duloxetine has shown any significant effect. Further studies should evaluate nonpharmaceutical treatments, such as exercise.

• 한국식품영양과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품영양과학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Food,Nutrition and Health for 21st Century
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• pp.74-87
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• 2001

Evidence shows that the serum level of cholesterol (CH) is decreased with increasing green tea (GT) consumption. This presentation summarizes our recent findings on the effect of GT extract on intestinal absorption of [$^{14}C$-labeled CH and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Ovariectomized (OX) adult rats were infused intraduodenally with lipid emulsions containing radiolabeled lipids [$^{14}C$-CH or $^{14}C$-phosphatidylcholine (PC)] in the presence of GT extract or catechins to determine the rates and amounts of CH absorption and the intestinal hydrolysis and lymphatic output of PC. During lipid infusion, lymph was collected hourly for 8 h. The lymphatic absorption of $^14C$-CH was drastically lowered by infusion of GT extract at two dosage levels (GTl =5.4 mg catechins/h and GT2 = 15.1mg catechins/h). The cumulative lymphatic absorptions of $^{14}C$-CH in rats infused with GT1 and GT2 were 20.7$\pm$4.3 and $4.8{\pm}4.1{\%}$ dose, respectively, whereas the absorption of $^{14}C$-CH in rats infused with no GT extract (GT0) was $36.3{\pm}1.1{\%}$ dose. GT extracts also significantly lowered the absorption of-tocopherol (TP) in a dose dependent manner ($29.6{\pm}4.9{\%}$ dose in GT0, $20.8{\pm}5.8{\%}$ dose in GTl, and $7.9{\pm}5.4{\%}$ dose in GT2 groups). Both (+)-catechin and EGCG significantly lowered the lymphatic outputs of $^{14}C$-radioactivity after intraduodenal $^{14}C$-PC infusion. A significantly higher amount of $^{14}C$-PC remained unhydrolyzed in the intestinal lumen of the EGCG rats ($22.8{\%}$) compared with the (+)-catechin ($15.8\%$) and control groups ($11.9\%$). GT extracts, (+)-catechin, and EGCG significantly reduced the absorption of TP. The inhibitory effect of GT extract and catechins on lipid absorption may be mediated in part through the inhibition of pancreatic PLAz. The findings provide the first direct evidence that green tea and catechins have a profound inhibitory effect on the intestinal absorption of CH in OX rats. Results suggest that green tea and catechins may be used as a dietary or pharmacological means of lowering cholesterol absorption.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.208-212
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• 2000

Background: We studied 250 patients who received intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) after lower and upper abdominal surgery to evaluate pain relief, analgesic consumption, patient's mood and side effects. Methods: We made total 60 ml of analgesic mixture with morphine 60 mg, ketorolac 180 mg, droperidol 5 mg and normal saline. Loading and bolus dose and lockout interval were 0.05 ml/kg, 1.0 ml and 7 min, respectively. The duration of operation and the length of skin incision were recorded. Visual analog scale (VAS) pain and mood scores, cumulative analgesic consumption, and incidence of side effect were evaluated. Results: In the upper abdominal surgery group (Group 2), the duration of operation and length of skin incision were longer than Group 1. The average postoperative pain scores at 6, 24, and 48 hours in lower (Group 1) vs upper (Group 2) abdominal surgery were $4.3{\pm}2.1$ vs $4.7{\pm}2.4$, $3.3{\pm}1.9$ vs $4.3{\pm}2.8$, and $2.4{\pm}2.7$ vs $3.2{\pm}2.1$, respectively. There were no significant differences in the cumulative analgesic consumption and number of analgesic demands and at 6, 24, 48 hours after the operation between two groups. Group 2 patients required significantly longer pain control using PCA as compared to Group 1 patients. There were no significant differences in the incidence of side effects between the two groups. Conclusions: There was little difference in postoperative pain after lower and upper abdominal surgery.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.54-58
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• 1999

Background: We studied 150 patients who received intravenous patient controlled analgesia (PCA) after total abdominal hysterectomy to evaluate pain relief, analgesic consumption, patient's satisfaction and side effects. Methods: We made total 40 ml of analgesic mixture with morphine 40 mg, ketorolac 120 mg, droperidol 3 mg and normal saline. Loading/bolus/basal infusion dose and lockout interval was 2 ml, 1.5 ml, 0.5 ml/hr and 10 min, respectively. Numerical rating scale (NRS) pain score, cumulative analgesic consumption, degree of satisfaction, and incidence of side effects were evaluated. Also, correlation of age and edu ion with analgesic consumption were evaluated. Results: The average pain scores using NRS were $3.1{\pm}1.7$ (6 h), $2.1{\pm}1.5$ (24 h), $1.7{\pm}1.5$ (48 h). The average cumulative analgesic consumption were $11.7{\pm}5.0$ ml (6 h), $23.0{\pm}6.7$ ml (24 h), $32.1{\pm}3.7$ ml (48 h). The degree of satisfaction in postoperative pain control was good in 94% of patients. There was no correlation between degree of satisfaction and analgesic consumption. Also age and level of edu ion did not correlated with analgesic consumption. Conclusions: Intravenous PCA with morphine, ketorolac, and droperidol is an effective method of postoperative pain control because it provides adequate pain relief and a few side effects with high patient's satisfaction. However, age and level of education did not correlated with analgesic consumption.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.187-192
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• 2012

In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of hop extract were characterized in ICR mice. Hop extract administered orally (from 25 to 100 mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect in a dose-dependent manner as measured in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Antinociceptive action of hop extract was maintained at least for 60 min. Moreover, cumulative response time of nociceptive behaviors induced with intraplantar formalin injection was reduced by hop extract treatment during the 2nd phases. Furthermore, the cumulative nociceptive response time for intrathecal injection of substance P ($0.7{\mu}g$) or glutamate ($20{\mu}g$) was diminished by hop extract. Intraperitoneal pretreatment with naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by hop extract in the writhing test. However, methysergide (a 5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) or yohimbine (an ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by hop extract in the writhing test. Our results suggest that hop extract shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Furthermore, the antinociceptive effect of hop extract may be mediated by opioidergic receptors, but not serotonergic and ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptors.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2022

Background: A comprehensive, traceable, and easy-to-understand radiation risk indicator is desired for radiological protection. The early-onset hypothesis could be used for this purpose. Materials and Methods: An indicator for early death (IED) was developed and calculated using the epidemiological dataset from the 14^th Report of the Life Span Study (LSS) of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. By clarifying the calculation process, IED for all-cause mortality was estimated. In addition, the characteristics of IED for solid cancer mortality and cardiovascular mortality as well as those of men and women, and their dependence on age at exposure were investigated for detailed analysis. Results and Discussion: The IED for all-cause mortality was estimated to be approximately 4 years for an acute radiation exposure of 1 Gy regardless of the fitting dose range. The cumulative death rate for all solid cancers also indicated the early-death tendency (approximately 7-10 years at 1 Gy). Although, there is a slight difference in the characteristics of the risk obtained from the LSS study and this study, it is considered that the IED in a unit of years can also be used to show the overall picture of risk due to radiation exposure. Conclusion: We developed and calculated the indicator for early death, IED, for the cumulative mortality rate of all causes of death, all solid cancers, and circulatory diseases. The quantitative values of IED were estimated to be 4 years for all causes of death, 7-10 years for all solid cancers. IED has an advantage for intuitively understanding the meaning of radiation risk since it can be obtained by a simple and traceable method.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.58-64
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• 2009

Background: Magnesium is a noncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Magnesium is thought to be involved in opioid tolerance by way of inhibiting calcium entry into cells. Methods: The patients were randomly assigned to three groups according to the anesthetic regimens: Group M received magnesium sulfate and Group C received saline intravenously under remifentanil-based anesthesia. Group S received saline intravenously under sevoflurane based anesthesia in place of remifentanil. The patients in the group M received 25% magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg in 100 ml of saline, and those patients in groups C and S received an equal volume of saline before induction of anesthesia; this was followed by 10 mg/kg/h infusion of either magnesium sulfate (group M) or an equal volume of saline (groups C and S) until the end of surgery. Pain was assessed on a visual analog scale at 1, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after the operation. The time to the first postoperative analgesic requirement and the cumulative analgesic consumption were evaluated in the three groups. Results: The visual analog scales for pain and the cumulative analgesic consumption were significantly greater in group C than in other groups. The time to first postoperative analgesic requirement was significantly shorter in group C than that in the other groups. There were no differences between group M and S for side effects. Conclusions: A relatively high dose and continuous remifentanil infusion is associated with clinically relevant evidence of acute opioid tolerance. NMDA-receptor antagonist, magnesium sulfate as an adjuvant analgesic prevents opioid tolerance in patients who are undergoing major abdominal surgery under high dose and continuous remifentanil infusion-based anesthesia.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2009

본 연구는 양식넙치에 높은 폐사율과 성장저하를 일으키는 스쿠티카섬모충 Miamiensis avidus (syn. Philasterides dicentrarchi)의 성장과 병원성에 미치는 온도의 영향을 알아보았다. in vitro 배양조건에서 이분열에 걸리는 시간은 $5{^{\circ}C}$에서 61.82시간, $10{^{\circ}C}$에서 26.32시간, $15{^{\circ}C}$에서 21.14시간, $20{^{\circ}C}$에서 16.86시간 그리고 25℃에서 는 16.21시간이었다. 최고로 배양 가능한 충수는 $1.54-1.75{\times}10^{5}$/ ml의 범위로 $10{^{\circ}C}$이상의 모든 온도범위에서 유사했다. 넙치(평균 8.34 cm, 4.33g)마리당 $1{\times}10^{2}$/ ul, $1{\times}10^{6}$/ ul, $1{\times}10^{4}$/ ul 과 $1{\times}10^{5}$/ ul 으로 스쿠티카충을 복강에 감염시킨 후 $10{^{\circ}C}$, $15{^{\circ}C}$와 $20{^{\circ}C}$에서 사육하면서 폐사를 관찰하는 실험을 2회 실시한 결과, 수온 $10{^{\circ}C}$에서는 폐사가 현저히 낮았고 온도가 높아질수록 폐사가 증가하였다. 또한 감염농도가 높아질수록 폐사는 증가하였다. 그러므로 스쿠티카섬모충 M. avidus는 온도가 높을수록 증식이 잘 되며 또한 수온이 높아질수록 온도의존적으로 폐사가 증가하므로 폐사를 경감시키기 위해서는 고수온기의 수온관리가 중요한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2021

Objectives: There was a judgment of acquittal for the manufacturer SK Chemical and the vendor Aekyung regarding humidifier disinfectant (HD) containing 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one/2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT/MIT). The rationale used in this judgement is discussed here in the light of scientific consideration. Methods: The sentencing document for the judgements was obtained from the Korea Supreme Court Service. In particular, the judgements made by the court related to the risk of HD and external and internal exposure to CMIT/MIT are discussed based on scientific evidence. Results: Rendering a determination in a criminal trial of insufficient evidence of causation, the court dismissed the prosecution's motion that humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injuries (HDLI) and asthma were associated with the utilization of these products. However, CMIT/MIT, a strong sensitizing and corrosive substance, has been reported to be associated with brain toxicity, allergic contact dermatitis, and asthma. Furthermore, the judgment did not consider total consumption amounts or the cumulative dose of CMIT/MIT in the humidifier. Lastly, there are several cases supporting the fact that exposure to water-soluble substances including CMIT/MIT can cause lower respiratory tract diseases. In addition to cases of asthma among the workers exposed to CMIT/MIT, we identified lung injury victims who were exposed to HDs exclusively containing CMIT/MIT. Conclusions: We conclude that there is sufficient evidence supporting the assertion that HDs containing CMIT/MIT cause lung injuries, including asthma, contrary to the court's judgement.