• 보존과학연구
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• 통권31호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2010

Cultural heritages are damaged by surrounding several environmental factors. Main factors are temperature, humidity, light, atmosphere and indoor pollutant, organism, etc. Therefore, to prevent damage of cultural heritage from such environmental factor, conservation environment monitoring becomes more important. Indicator is one of the simple method for environment monitoring. It can be used without expensive and complex equipments. However, it should be performed scientific examination for application to cultural heritage. In this study, some Temperature Indicators were chosen and reliability assessment was carried out for application to cultural heritage. Brightness($L^*$) is selected for reliability assessment factor. As a result of lab test, Temperature Indicators were not influenced greatly in humidity change. When they were exposed to setting temperature, the color was changed in setting temperature area and ${\pm}2^{\circ}C$ part of setting temperature. Especially brightness value was high in setting temperature area. Also, Temperature Indicators were stabilized after about 16 minutes when were exposed to temperature difference of $10^{\circ}C$ and when temperature difference with exposure environment is smaller, stabilization time shortened. Therefore, it is a possible to confirm that selected Temperature Indicator is reliable product through measurement of color difference value and naked eye observation.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권19호
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• pp.75-107
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• 1998

The cultural properties of paper made from 11 to 16th century of the Kirimsa temple were found in Birozana Buddhist Statue which was made from 15 to 16th century. These have been stored and exhibited in the exhibition showcase. To examine the environment of conservation and the state of paper, we investigated the temperature and the relative humidity in the inside and outside of the Kirimsa museum and examined the external form and the internal state (water content, acidity and whiteness) of paper. During the investigation period from 27 Aug. to 30 Aug. 1997. The average of temperature and relative humidity were $28.2^{\circ}C$, 67% in the outside and $27.1^{\circ}C$, 73% in the inside, respectively. These indicated the air conditioning was wrong. Among the cultural properties of 79 papers stored in the Kirimsa museum, 37 cases had been repaired but 42 cases not. From the result examining the external form, 20 cases needed to repair. In the internal state of the cultural properties of paper, the water contents were from 11.9% to 16.5%, the average was 15.7%, the acidities from pH 5.7 to pH 6.2 and the whiteness from 37 to 45. From these results, we could see the cultural properties of paper stored in the Kirimsa museum was damaged by the several factors (hydrolysis by fungi, repeated elongation and retraction of cellulose) caused mainly by the high temperature and relative humidity. Therefore, for the conservation of the cultural properties of paper stored in the Kirimsa museum, it need to control the temperature at $18~20^{\circ}C$ and the relative humidity at $55\pm5%$ by the appropriate air conditioning. In order to sterilize fungi occurred to the surface of paper, the cultural properties of paper needed to fumigate. The fungi occurred on the surface of paper were wiped out by using of 70%solution dissolved thymol in ethyl alcohol.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2022

A paulownia wood has been widely used with various advantages as its low weight, permeability, convenient workability and aesthetic patterns for a long time. However, the related empirical researches and simultaneous evaluations of functionality are insufficient compared with acid-free archival boxes for now. In this study, the indoor and outdoor temperature and relative humidity control and heat release rate were evaluated under the controlled and uncontrolled circumstance in 2018. The paulownia wood storage box showed superior control effect of relative humidity than the acid-free archival box in constantly uncontrolled environment. Also, the possibility of the flame diffusion from the surface of the materials was higher for the paulownia materials, and the acid-free archival box showed more dangerous patterns in the early stages of the fire.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권21호
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• pp.145-175
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• 2000

To examine the method for preservation of papers, 9 kinds of papers were purchased and pretreated for 6 months with various artificial conditions which were controlled as 3 temperature classes($20^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, $-20^{\circ}C$&$20^{\circ}C$) and 4 humidity classes(40%, 60%, 80%, 100%).Whiteness, acidity and folding endurance were measured to examine the state of papers pretreated under each condition. From the resultexamining the state, all the papers were best condition at low temperature($20^{\circ}C$) and low humidity(40%) and damaged at high temperature($80^{\circ}C$) and high humidity(100%).The values of whiteness, acidity, and folding endurance were measure din relation with deterioration of papers. According to damage of papers caused by the chemical agent, papers became to be acidic, increased color difference and reduced the force of folding endurance. The effect of change of temperature($-20^{\circ}C$&$20^{\circ}C$) on degradation of papers was not well acquired. Because the period of investigation was not long enough to acquire the data. So the more studies are needed to find the cause of damage of papers.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권31호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2010

This study were performed thermal shock test for four kind of different rocks (Iksan granite, Namsan granite, Jeongseon marble, Yeongyang sandstone), and according to heating temperature($400^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$) on samples were investigated physical properties such as specify gravity, porosity, p-wave velocity. As a result, the tendency was appeared that porosity increased, and specific gravity and p-wave velocity decreased at a more higher temperature. But, the situation of change appeared characteristic according to temperature and rock types. In the case of Yeongyang sandstone, it appeared in especially porosity increasing at $400^{\circ}C$. The specific gravity was little change in the all the rock at $400^{\circ}C$ but the decreased at $600^{\circ}C$. Therefore the specific gravity in the temperature range is due to the relatively small impact on the change is expected. Porosity of the granite at $400^{\circ}C$ changes little. but marble in the rate of change is large. Conversely, the sandstone porosity decreased. At $600^{\circ}C$ increased porosity in all of rocks. particularly sandstone the smallest increase in porosity. Experiments showed that p-wave velocity measured through dry rocks was sensitive to quantify the thermal damage. The p-wave velocity of all rocks decreased with increasing temperature. In the relation between porosity and p-wave velocity, p-wave velocity decreased with increasing porosity. On the other hand, in case of Yeongyang sandstone p-wave velocity decreased with decreasing porosity. thus, development of microcracks more affects p-wave velocity than porosity. In this study, damage intensity was well explained with porosity and p-wave velocity values depending on temperature increase.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.189-201
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• 2017

본 연구는 가야시대 고분인 고령 고아리 벽화고분을 대상으로 하였다. 고분의 보존환경 연구를 위해 고분의 환경(온습도, 표면온도, 결로)과 생물(미생물 분포) 모니터링을 1년간 실시하였다. 그 결과, 고분 내외부의 연평균 온도차는 $11.7^{\circ}C$로 확인되었고 고분 내부의 온도는 외부 온도와 1~2개월 격차로 변화되고 있었다. 고분 내 최고 온도는 9월, 최저 온도는 3월이었고 상대습도는 약 100%로 유지되었다. 결로의 경우 벽화가 그려진 고분 현실의 천장에는 4월부터 12월까지 결로가 발생하였고, 연도 천장에는 1년 내내 결로가 발생하였다. 고분 내부와 벽체 표면에서는 미생물이 분리 배양되어 미생물 생장에 적합한 환경이 조성되면 생장가능 할 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 미생물 생장 온도 조건을 기준으로 미생물 발생 위험 예측도를 작성하였고 8월부터 10월이 위험 기간으로 확인되었다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권24호
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• pp.169-184
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• 2003

Yearly mean temperature and relative-humidity of the Seokguram Grotto was measured $19~23^{\circ}C$, 40~44% from May, 1998 to December,2002. The measurement has little differences comparing to the optimum guideline (temperature : $20^{\circ}\pm2^{\circ}C$, relative-humidity : $50^{\circ}\pm5%$). It is necessary to increase humidity in the Seokguram Grotto during winter because of heating and decrease the temperature during summer because of a higher temperature of outside. In addition, the diurnal range keep in $4^{\circ}C$ of temperature and in 10% of relative-humidity. Yearly mean concentration of $CO_2$(carbon dioxide) was measured538~658ppm that is higher than concentration of normal atmosphere(360 ppm). The $CO_2$ has an cumulative effect on the surface of stone cultural properties as a form of carbonic acid($H_2CO_3$) after reaction with water. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) system should be operated to maintain ideal state for the preservation according to the optimum guideline. Also, the entrance into the Seokguram Grotto should be controlled to prevent a sudden fluctuation of humidity and temperature. Human could carry small particles like a microdust, microbe, etc., into the Seokguram Grotto and also could damage the surface by a direct touch.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2020

Paulownia coreana has various advantages as a convenient workability, aesthetic outlook, beautiful patterns, low weight and high strength, and its permeability. P. coreana has been widely used for storage but there are no empirical researches proving its functionality in a field of conservation science until now. In this study, the seasonal and daily temperature and relative humidity control, and microbe and insect repellent activity were evaluated under the controlled and uncontrolled circumstances from 2015 to 2016. The results showed to be mainly excellent in relative humidity control and the buffering effect was good to adjust the average daily relative humidity range from the outside. With respect to the antimicrobial properties of P. coreana, we observed that its water-soluble extract produced visible zones of inhibition against five bacteria. However, it was difficult to predict the antimicrobial and/or insecticidal properties.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.311-320
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• 2013

조사 대상인 유물 진열장은 온도 변화에 대응한 조온기능이 미약한 반면 조습 능력이 비교적 높았다. 유물 진열장 내부의 연평균 온 습도는 $18.8^{\circ}C$, 60.3% 로 전시실에 비해 온도는 낮고 습도는 높은 분포를 나타냈다. 또한 온도는 계절변화에 따라 변동률이 높은 반면 습도는 계절별 평균값이 59~61%로 일정하게 유지되었다. 여름철에는 전시실과 마찬가지로 고온고습 분포를 나타냈고 공조기 가동에 따른 온도의 하강은 습도를 상승시켰으며. 겨울철에는 공조기 가동에 따라 전시실과 유물 진열장 간 온 습도의 차이가 커져 수분 문제가 제기되었다. 유물 진열장 내부 온 습도에 대한 PI는 18.0%로 전시물 보존을 위한 적정 온 습도 조성률이 매우 저조하였다. 특히 여름철과 겨울철은 PI가 1% 미만으로 진열장 내 철저한 온습도 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 암석학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.141-149
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• 2011

암석의 물리적 특성 변화에 대해 온도의 영향을 연구하기 위해 2종의 화강암류와 대리암, 사암을 전기로에서 $400^{\circ}C$와 $600^{\circ}C$로 가열하였다. 모든 시료에서 가열 후 물리적 특성(비중, 공극률, 흡수율, 초음파속도)과 색상 변화는 보이나, 편광현미경을 이용한 광물학적 변화는 뚜렷하지 않다. 특히 물리적 특성 변화에서 공극률과 흡수율은 증가하고, 비중과 초음파 속도는 감소하는 경향을 보이며, 온도가 증가할수록 변화폭은 크게 나타난다. 여기서 측정한 공극률은 암석의 전체 공극률을 반영하지 못하고 있으나 온도에 의한 암석의 표면 상태 변화를 반영한다 반면 초음파 속도는 암석의 전체적인 손상 정도를 파악하는데 유용하다. 그러므로 온도에 의한 암석의 물리적 특성 변화를 설명하기 위해 공극률과 초음파 속도는 상호 비교해야 한다.