• 보존과학연구
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• s.31
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• pp.59-68
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• 2010

Cultural heritages are damaged by surrounding several environmental factors. Main factors are temperature, humidity, light, atmosphere and indoor pollutant, organism, etc. Therefore, to prevent damage of cultural heritage from such environmental factor, conservation environment monitoring becomes more important. Indicator is one of the simple method for environment monitoring. It can be used without expensive and complex equipments. However, it should be performed scientific examination for application to cultural heritage. In this study, some Temperature Indicators were chosen and reliability assessment was carried out for application to cultural heritage. Brightness($L^*$) is selected for reliability assessment factor. As a result of lab test, Temperature Indicators were not influenced greatly in humidity change. When they were exposed to setting temperature, the color was changed in setting temperature area and ${\pm}2^{\circ}C$ part of setting temperature. Especially brightness value was high in setting temperature area. Also, Temperature Indicators were stabilized after about 16 minutes when were exposed to temperature difference of $10^{\circ}C$ and when temperature difference with exposure environment is smaller, stabilization time shortened. Therefore, it is a possible to confirm that selected Temperature Indicator is reliable product through measurement of color difference value and naked eye observation.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.19
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• pp.75-107
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• 1998

The cultural properties of paper made from 11 to 16th century of the Kirimsa temple were found in Birozana Buddhist Statue which was made from 15 to 16th century. These have been stored and exhibited in the exhibition showcase. To examine the environment of conservation and the state of paper, we investigated the temperature and the relative humidity in the inside and outside of the Kirimsa museum and examined the external form and the internal state (water content, acidity and whiteness) of paper. During the investigation period from 27 Aug. to 30 Aug. 1997. The average of temperature and relative humidity were $28.2^{\circ}C$, 67% in the outside and $27.1^{\circ}C$, 73% in the inside, respectively. These indicated the air conditioning was wrong. Among the cultural properties of 79 papers stored in the Kirimsa museum, 37 cases had been repaired but 42 cases not. From the result examining the external form, 20 cases needed to repair. In the internal state of the cultural properties of paper, the water contents were from 11.9% to 16.5%, the average was 15.7%, the acidities from pH 5.7 to pH 6.2 and the whiteness from 37 to 45. From these results, we could see the cultural properties of paper stored in the Kirimsa museum was damaged by the several factors (hydrolysis by fungi, repeated elongation and retraction of cellulose) caused mainly by the high temperature and relative humidity. Therefore, for the conservation of the cultural properties of paper stored in the Kirimsa museum, it need to control the temperature at $18~20^{\circ}C$ and the relative humidity at $55\pm5%$ by the appropriate air conditioning. In order to sterilize fungi occurred to the surface of paper, the cultural properties of paper needed to fumigate. The fungi occurred on the surface of paper were wiped out by using of 70%solution dissolved thymol in ethyl alcohol.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 2022

A paulownia wood has been widely used with various advantages as its low weight, permeability, convenient workability and aesthetic patterns for a long time. However, the related empirical researches and simultaneous evaluations of functionality are insufficient compared with acid-free archival boxes for now. In this study, the indoor and outdoor temperature and relative humidity control and heat release rate were evaluated under the controlled and uncontrolled circumstance in 2018. The paulownia wood storage box showed superior control effect of relative humidity than the acid-free archival box in constantly uncontrolled environment. Also, the possibility of the flame diffusion from the surface of the materials was higher for the paulownia materials, and the acid-free archival box showed more dangerous patterns in the early stages of the fire.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.21
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• pp.145-175
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• 2000

To examine the method for preservation of papers, 9 kinds of papers were purchased and pretreated for 6 months with various artificial conditions which were controlled as 3 temperature classes($20^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, $-20^{\circ}C$&$20^{\circ}C$) and 4 humidity classes(40%, 60%, 80%, 100%).Whiteness, acidity and folding endurance were measured to examine the state of papers pretreated under each condition. From the resultexamining the state, all the papers were best condition at low temperature($20^{\circ}C$) and low humidity(40%) and damaged at high temperature($80^{\circ}C$) and high humidity(100%).The values of whiteness, acidity, and folding endurance were measure din relation with deterioration of papers. According to damage of papers caused by the chemical agent, papers became to be acidic, increased color difference and reduced the force of folding endurance. The effect of change of temperature($-20^{\circ}C$&$20^{\circ}C$) on degradation of papers was not well acquired. Because the period of investigation was not long enough to acquire the data. So the more studies are needed to find the cause of damage of papers.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.31
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• pp.31-42
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• 2010

This study were performed thermal shock test for four kind of different rocks (Iksan granite, Namsan granite, Jeongseon marble, Yeongyang sandstone), and according to heating temperature($400^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$) on samples were investigated physical properties such as specify gravity, porosity, p-wave velocity. As a result, the tendency was appeared that porosity increased, and specific gravity and p-wave velocity decreased at a more higher temperature. But, the situation of change appeared characteristic according to temperature and rock types. In the case of Yeongyang sandstone, it appeared in especially porosity increasing at $400^{\circ}C$. The specific gravity was little change in the all the rock at $400^{\circ}C$ but the decreased at $600^{\circ}C$. Therefore the specific gravity in the temperature range is due to the relatively small impact on the change is expected. Porosity of the granite at $400^{\circ}C$ changes little. but marble in the rate of change is large. Conversely, the sandstone porosity decreased. At $600^{\circ}C$ increased porosity in all of rocks. particularly sandstone the smallest increase in porosity. Experiments showed that p-wave velocity measured through dry rocks was sensitive to quantify the thermal damage. The p-wave velocity of all rocks decreased with increasing temperature. In the relation between porosity and p-wave velocity, p-wave velocity decreased with increasing porosity. On the other hand, in case of Yeongyang sandstone p-wave velocity decreased with decreasing porosity. thus, development of microcracks more affects p-wave velocity than porosity. In this study, damage intensity was well explained with porosity and p-wave velocity values depending on temperature increase.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.189-201
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• 2017

This study focused on the Gaya mural tomb located in Goa-ri, Goryeong-gun, North Gyeongsang Province, Republic of Korea. Environmental factors such as ambient temperature, relative humidity and surface temperature, and microbial distribution on mural tombs were monitored for one year to gather data on the conservation environment of the mural tombs. The average internal temperature difference with reference to the ambient outer temperature was observed to be $11.7^{\circ}C$ for the monitoring period and the internal temperature of the tomb was found to change periodically every one or two months in response to the outer temperature. The highest temperature was observed in September and the lowest in March. The relative humidity in the mural tomb remained constant at 100%. Between December and April, condensation occurred on the ceiling of the main room of the tomb, where the murals are located. On the ceiling of the aisle, the condensation occurred throughout the year. The inside and surface wall were isolated from microorganisms, which could grow when a suitable growth environment suitable is established. Based on microbial growth temperature conditions, risk periods of microbial hazards were established, where in the period from August to October was identified as the most dangerous.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.24
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• pp.169-184
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• 2003

Yearly mean temperature and relative-humidity of the Seokguram Grotto was measured $19~23^{\circ}C$, 40~44% from May, 1998 to December,2002. The measurement has little differences comparing to the optimum guideline (temperature : $20^{\circ}\pm2^{\circ}C$, relative-humidity : $50^{\circ}\pm5%$). It is necessary to increase humidity in the Seokguram Grotto during winter because of heating and decrease the temperature during summer because of a higher temperature of outside. In addition, the diurnal range keep in $4^{\circ}C$ of temperature and in 10% of relative-humidity. Yearly mean concentration of $CO_2$(carbon dioxide) was measured538~658ppm that is higher than concentration of normal atmosphere(360 ppm). The $CO_2$ has an cumulative effect on the surface of stone cultural properties as a form of carbonic acid($H_2CO_3$) after reaction with water. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) system should be operated to maintain ideal state for the preservation according to the optimum guideline. Also, the entrance into the Seokguram Grotto should be controlled to prevent a sudden fluctuation of humidity and temperature. Human could carry small particles like a microdust, microbe, etc., into the Seokguram Grotto and also could damage the surface by a direct touch.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.255-263
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• 2020

Paulownia coreana has various advantages as a convenient workability, aesthetic outlook, beautiful patterns, low weight and high strength, and its permeability. P. coreana has been widely used for storage but there are no empirical researches proving its functionality in a field of conservation science until now. In this study, the seasonal and daily temperature and relative humidity control, and microbe and insect repellent activity were evaluated under the controlled and uncontrolled circumstances from 2015 to 2016. The results showed to be mainly excellent in relative humidity control and the buffering effect was good to adjust the average daily relative humidity range from the outside. With respect to the antimicrobial properties of P. coreana, we observed that its water-soluble extract produced visible zones of inhibition against five bacteria. However, it was difficult to predict the antimicrobial and/or insecticidal properties.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.311-320
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• 2013

The showcase has insufficient temperature control, but it has excellent humidity control. The annual average temperature and relative humidity inside the showcase was $18.8^{\circ}C$ and 60.3%, respectively, and the showcase showed lower temperature and higher humidity than the exhibition room. The temperature inside the showcase appeared with high variation according to the seasons, while relative humidity was ranging from 59% to 61% regardless of the seasons. The showcase showed high temperature and humidity likewise the exhibition room in summer. In addition, lowering of temperature was elevated relative humidity according to the operation of air conditioner in summer. A moisture problem occurred because the temperature and humidity differences between the exhibition room and showcase were large according to the operation of air conditioner in winter. PI for temperature and relative humidity inside the showcase is 18.0%, and it means conservation environment for exhibition is unsuitable. In particular, continuous management of temperature and humidity inside the showcase is required because PI in the summer and winter is less than 1.0%.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.141-149
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• 2011

Samples (two granites, marble, sandstone) were heated in an electric furnace at temperature $400^{\circ}C$ and $600^{\circ}C$ in order to investigate the change of physical properties of rocks depending on the heating temperature. Changes of Color and physical properties such as specify gravity, porosity, absorption, p-wave velocity are visible while mineralogical changes by using polarizing microscope are not pronounced. In addition, porosity and absorption increased while specific gravity and p-wave velocity decreased at a more higher temperature ($600^{\circ}C$). Although the open porosity does not indicate total porosity of the rock. but p-wave velocity can be used to evaluate the degree of damage Therefore, porosity and p-wave velocity should be compared in order to investigate the change of physical properties of rocks depending on the heating temperature.