The chemical compositions and lead isotope ratio of Poong-Tag(wind bell) bell excavated from Wanggyeong site, Gyeongju have analyzed by ICP and TIMS. The analysis result of chemical composition of Poong-Tag shows that it consists of 92:4 ratio of Cu:Sn. Other 8 minor elements(Pb, Zn, Fe, Ag, Ni, As, Sb and Co) show the concentration of below 0.2% respectively. This result means that Poong-Tag have made using highly purified Cu and Sn ore. For the study of provenance of raw material with the lead isotope ratio, the origin of the raw material of Poong-Tag can not be presumed owing to beyond the scope. The observation result of microstructure of Poong-Tag show the dendrite structure made through casting process. The chemical composition, microstructure, and lead isotope ratio of Poong-Tag excavated from Wanggyeong site, Gyeongju can be used as fundamental data to compare with other Poong-Tag of different regions and periods.
The Daetongsa temple is the earliest temple to be constructed during the era of the Three Kingdoms in ancient Korea. The main architect, purpose, and name of the temple have been confirmed through ancient literature and archeological materials carved in the Chinese letter, Daetong, excavated around Gongju. However, the location and range of the temple have remained elusive and were discussed in various studies. In this study, we examine the roof tiles obtained from the presumed site of the Daetongsa temple. The tiles were found to contain traces of red paint (red pigments) on their surface and analyzed using nondestructive techniques. The results imply that roof tiles were made using clay tablets and wooden cylinders, with latticed cloth in between. Additionally, some wooden cylinders appeared to comprise numerous wooden plates tied together by strings. The clay tablets used to make the roof tiles were produced from the source clay via the sorting process. The traces of red paint on the surface of the roof tiles were verified to be traditional pigments used for painting wooden buildings. These pigments were extracted from red ocher or red clay (Seokganju), mainly consisting of iron oxide. In the literature, the location of provenance sites for Seokganju is estimated to be far from Gongju. However, the materials for extracting the red pigments were relatively easy to source because most rocks comprised iron oxides. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the provenance of the red pigments around the presumed site of Daetongsa.
Mireuksa is a temple that was established in the Baekjea Period and continued around to the 16thcentury. The sites of the temple throughout diverse periods such as the United Shilla Period, KoryuPeriod, and Chosun Period including the one of the early temple in the late Baekjea Period were discovered. In those temple sites, there were lots of diverse artifacts discovered including artifacts in the Bronze Age. In this study, the compositions of four bronze bells excavated from Mireuksa site in Iksan were analyzed and the manufacturing technique of bronze bells was studied through the observation of microstructure. Also, the analytical cases of ancient bronze bells were collected and compared. Furthermore, the provenance study of the bronze bells site was attempted with the Pbisotope ratio. The results aim to offer crucial keys for discovering the aspect of society as well as information about the origin, development, and the route of propagation of ancient technologies. Bronze bell No. 1 showed an unexpected composition as Cu was found 98.5% in it. There were shown twins which were created by annealing and an even phase in the fine grains. It was also shown that bronze bell No. 2 and 4 had a high content of Pb although they showed a similar composition with general bronze bells in terms of Sn content. As shown in the analysis characteristics table of Korean bronze bell of this study, the ancient bronze bell used Pb of which content was limited to 2.12% in general, however, the results showed 15.5% and 13.2% respectively, which is an excessive amount. Asa result of analyzing inclusion in the microstructure of bronze bell No. 2, it was found that sulfide group mineral was used since there appeared S(14.55%). Also, it was proven that $CuFeS_2$ or$Cu_5FeS_4$ was used as a raw material because there was a small amount of Fe. As a result of analyzing inclusion of bronze bell No. 4, the bronze bell sample contained S(13.43%) and it is thought that sulfide group mineral was used, however, it had no Fe. Therefore, it is not connected to $CuFeS_2$ which is the main mineral of Korea. In addition, a strain line was shown with processing in bronze bell No. 2 and 4. As a result of provenance study of bronze bell No. 2 and 4 using the Pb isotope ratio, they or their raw materials are estimated to come from the southern China. Bronze bell No. 3 showed only Cu and Sn, and it is featured with a relatively low amount of Sn(6.63%). The microstructure has only phase, andintergranular corrosion was highly in progress.
The Stele for Buddhist Monk Wonjong at Godalsa Temple Site was destroyed a long time ago. Only the tortoise-shaped pedestal and the ornamental capstone in the form of a hornless dragon remain at the site and the broken stele body is stored at the National Museum of Korea today. The stele is made of two kinds of rocks that are coarse-grained biotite granite for the pedestal and the capstone, and fine-grained biotite granite including hornblende assemblages and feldspar phenocrysts for the stele body. The coarse-grained biotite granite of the pedestal and capstone showed same magnetic susceptibility and lithological characteristics with biotite granite outcrops in Yeoju area, whereas the fine-grained granite of the stele body did not. To find a provenance of the stele body stone, we investigated Korean granites in terms of magnetic susceptibility, lithology and old recordings about construction process of the stele. As a result, Haeju granite is the most likely to be a cognate rock of the stele body stone as it has same texture and lithological characteristics like color, hornblende assemblages, mineral composition and magnetic susceptibility. It is imported from Haeju (North Korea) to South Korea via China commercially, and the most suitable for a replica stone of the stele body.
This study focuses on identification of mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and interpretation of raw material sources for prehistoric chlorite beads excavated from Geoseokri site in Boseong and Buntori site in Haenam, Korea. These prehistoric beads consist of three grayish blue ring-shaped beads, one dark green tubular bead and one greenish black tubular bead that show acicular-columnar and fibrous microtexture. The beads are composed of $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, MgO and FeO as majors and a trace amount of $K_2O$, CaO and Na_2O$. Mineral species is mostly chlorite with a small amount of quartz and feldspar. Quantitative analysis indicates that the grayish blue ring-shaped beads and the dark green tubular bead belong to clinochlore and the greenish black tubular bead does to the boundary between clinochlore and sheridantie. Chlorite is a hydrous phyllosilicate mineral and it shows various microtexture of acicular, sheeted, earthy, granular andfibrous shapes. As its hardness is 2, chlorite is easily engraved due to its softness. It has aesthetic worthy as it shows green, black and greenish gray colors and pearly to greasy luster as well. These factors would lead to the extensive use of chloritic beads as ornaments from prehistoric times. Though the mineral sources of the chlorite beads can be found in central western region of Chungnam and Iwon of Hamnam, those areas are too distant from the two relic sites. Instead, chlorite ores commonly occur as altered products in wall rock alteration zone of every hydrothermal deposit. Therefore, it is probable that raw materials of chlorite were supplied from neighboring hydrothermal environment rather than far deposits. The result needs further study to verify raw material provenance interpretation, supply, manufacture and distribution on the basis of archaeological points of view.
No, Ji-Hyun;Hirao, Yoshimitsu;Kim, Gyu-Ho;Noh, Gi-Hwan
보존과학연구
/
s.30
/
pp.137-147
/
2009
Mireuk temple site is located in Iksan, on the North Jeolla province in Korea, and confirmed tiles, potteries, metals, glasses and other materials that are remaining between Baekje Kingdom and Joseon period after excavations. It is also detected that production and supply of the materials in this era were started inside the country(domestic) at that time. This is important information for the understanding of the production and circulation systems. In this study, lead isotope ratios of 18 samples includedlead glass, crucibles and glazed rafter tiles excavated from Mireuk Temple Site of Baekje era were analyzed for the provenance study of raw glass material supply and distribution of glass products. The results of lead isotope ratio analysis have shown that all raw materials were located in the distribution area of Baekje region and also confirmed to be accord with the previous research results. As comparing the lead isotope ratios of glass and glass materials excavated from Mireuk Temple Site with Miyajidake tomb from Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan, it is found that the same raw materials were used for glass production. It means that there is the active connection between Mireuk temple site and Miyajidake and that these areas are sharing the same materials at the same period. It also shown that artifacts excavated from Miyajidake were strongly influenced from Baekje culture. And it is estimated that there is a possibility of the use ofsame materials whether the supplies of them are from a specific place of Baekje or not
Provenance discrimination of sixty four obsidian artifacts found in the Korean Peninsular has been carried out using major elements, minor elements and magnetic properties. Most of obsidians in this study were classified into the subalkaline series based on the contents of $Al_2O_3,\;CaO,\;and\;Na_2O+K_2O$ in samples. Provenance & obsidians were classified into three major groups using major elements and minor elements analyse. This result suggests that there are no correlations among the three groups whose provenances are different. Although the magnetic properties of obsidians do not yield clear groupings according to the archaeological site, the bivariate plot for the magnetic susceptibility and the saturation isothermal remanent magnetization shows a rough correlation with the results of major and minor elements analyses.
This paper focuses on the dating and provenance of two paintings, Climbing the hill and View from St. John's Fort by the prominent Singaporean artist Liu Kang (1911-2004). Climbing the hill, from the National Gallery Singapore collection, was believed to have been created in 1937, based on the date painted by the artist. However, a non-invasive examination unveiled evidence of an underlying paint scheme and a mysterious date, 1948 or 1949. These findings prompted a comprehensive technical study of the artwork in conjunction with comparative analyses of View from St. John's Fort (1948), from the Liu family collection. The latter artwork is considered to be depicting the same subject matter. The investigation was carried out with UVF, NIR, IRFC, XRR, digital microscopy, PLM and SEM-EDS to elucidate the materials and technique of both artworks and find characteristic patterns that could indicate a relationship between both paintings and assist in correctly dating Climbing the hill. The technical analyses were supplemented with the historical information derived from the Liu family archives. The results showed that Climbing the hill was created in 1948 or 1949 on top of an earlier composition painted in Shanghai between 1933 and 1937. As for the companion View from St. John's Fort from 1948, the artist reused an earlier painting created in France in 1931. The analytical methods suggested that Liu Kang used almost identical pigment mixtures for creating new artworks. However, their painting technique demonstrates some differences. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of Liu Kang's painting materials and his working practice.
This study investigated provenance of raw materials and making technique of lime-based materials used in the tomb barriers of the Yesan Mokri tombs from Joseon dynasty on the basis of analysis to material characteristics and physical properties. In the barrier materials, dry density and porosity are the highest value ($1.82g/cm^3$) and the lowest value (25.20%) in the south wall of No. 1 tomb, respectively. Dry density and porosity are inversely proportional in all barrier materials, but unconfined compressive strength, which is the highest value of $182.36kg/cm^2$ in the No. 2 tomb, does not show an interrelation with porosity and density. Mineral components in the lime-soil mixtures of the tomb barrier are mainly quartz, feldspar, mica and calcite about 200 to $600{\mu}m$ size with yellowish brown matrix. Hydrotalcite and portlandite are detected in the lime mixture, and kaolinite in the soils. The lime materials of the tomb barrier occurred in large quantities weight loss and variable endothermic peaks caused by decarbonization reaction of $CaCO_3$ in the range from 600 to $800^{\circ}C$ in thermal analysis. Making temperature of lime for the tomb barrier is presumed approximately about $800^{\circ}C$ based on the occurrences, compositions and thermal analysis. The tomb barriers are revealed to very wide composition ranges of major elements and loss-on-ignition (22.5 to 33.6 wt.%) owing to mixture of the three materials (lime, sand and clay). It is interpreted that low quality construction technique was applied as the limes are very heterogeneous mixture with aggregates, and curing of the lime was poorly processed in the tomb barriers. Possible limestone sources are distributed in many areas around the Mokri site where limestone conformation and quarries for commercial production are found within Yesan and Hongseong areas. Therefore, we estimated that raw materials were possibly supplied from the local mines near the Mokri site.
By analyzing the chemical compositions of bronze mirror presumably excavated from Mireuksaji temple site, Iksan, we have surveyed what alloy composition was used in casting the mirror, and also tried to estimate the manufacturing technique of the bronze mirror, through the observation of microstructure, as well as which region$^{\circ}{\emptyset}s$ galena the lead used in the mirror belonged to, by analyzing the ratio of the lead isotope. The content analysis result of bronze mirrors shows that it consists of 68.8 to 73.3wt% of Cu, 21.6 to 24.9wt% of Sn. In particular, the content of Pb of Mireuk 2 and 3 Samples are higher than those of Miruk 4. The observation result of microstructure demonstrates that Mireuk 2 and 3 consist of ${\alpha}$ and ${\alpha}+{\delta}$ eutectoide phase made through casting process. But Mireuk 4 show other process employed, such as quenching though martensite structure. In the analysis result of provenance though the lead isotope ratio, the origin of the used in bronze millers excavated from Mireuksaji temple site is presumed to be from galenas of Japen, like this those, the chemical competition, microstructure, and lead isotope ratio of bronze mirrors excavated from Mireuksaji can be utilized at fundamental data to compare mutually with other remains.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.