• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 1995

The major weeds observed in soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) culture at the paddy field where transplanted rice was cultivated in previous year were Digitaria spp., Echinochloa spp., Chenopodium ficifolium, Rorippa islandica and Stellaria alsine. C. ficifolium and R. islandica increased as soybean was cultivated for two years in the same field. Weed biomass decreased by 84.8% as the seeding date was delayed from April 26 to May 20. Most of weeds started to emerge from 20 days after seeding(DAS) until 40 DAS, and higher seed yield was obtained by eliminating the weeds emerged until 40 DAS. The development of soybean branches, pods stem diameter was severely injured by weed interference, and thus soybean seed yield was reduced by 70% in comparison with a full season weed free plot. Herbicides such as pendimethalin, metolachlor, metolachlor+prometryn and alachlor controlled very effectively weeds present in soybean culture in rice-soybean rotated paddy field.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.150-154
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• 2015

Physiological disorders such as symptoms in leaf colored with brown spots are so many occurred in ginseng garden cultivated with paddy soil. This study was carried out to inhibit the symptoms of brown-colored leaf in 3-year-old ginseng by fertilizing calcium hydroxide [$Ca(OH)_2$] of 100 ~ 400 kg per 10a on paddy soil before transplant of seedling. Soil pH was rapidly increased, while Fe was decreased in soil by the increase of application level of calcium hydroxide. Soil pH was increased from 4.53 to 6.18 when calcium hydroxide was fertilized at level of 100kg per 10a. The content of Fe in ginseng leaf was decreased more than the control by fertilizing calcium hydroxide in soil. Ratio of brown-colored leaf and plant height and leaf area were decreased by the increase of calcium hydroxide. Ratio of survived root and yield of root showed the peak at the application level of 100 kg per 10a, and both of them were gradually decreased by the increase of calcium hydroxide. The decrease of missing plant rate above the application level of 200 kg per 10a had a negative effect on the decrease of yield of root.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.256-260
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• 1995

This study was carried out to select economic-crops according to the improvement methods of newly-reclaimed soils. Silage corn, soybean, Job's tears and sweet potato were cultivated under 6 treatments including integrated improvement plot, control plot, compost plot, subsoiling plot, phosphate plot and lime plot on the Songjeong loam from 1985 to 1988. Crop yields and soil physical properties were investigated throughout the experiment. Soil porosity in the sweet potato plots were highest. In case of cultivated years, those of 4th year were lowest. Averaged yield increasing ratios of silage corn, soybean, job`s tears and sweet potato in the integrated improvement plots were 132%, 29%, 49% and 59%, respectively. And that of 5 soil improved treatments for 4 crops were 53%, 15%, 25% and 38%, respectively. After subtraction of the total expenses of soil conditioners, the economical efficiency of soil improvements were clear in the 4 crops except the compost plot of silage corn. That of sweet potato plot was the highest.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.278-284
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of seeding dates on the yield and feed value of whole-crop barley cultivated in paddy soil. The field experiment was conceived as a randomized block design performed in triplicate with seeding dates of Oct. 19 (T1 as treatment 1), Oct. 26 (T2 as treatment 2), Nov. 2 (T3 as treatment 3), Nov. 9 (T4 as treatment 4), and Nov. 16 (T5 as treatment 5) as treatments. The barley grown in all treatments was harvested on May 21 of the following year. Plant length, fresh yield, dry matter yield, and total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield were higher (p < 0.05) in barley with early seeding dates, whereas crude protein and ether extract were higher (p < 0.05) with late seeding dates. Crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber were highest in the T3 treatment and lowest in the T1 treatment. There was no significant difference between acid detergent fiber and TDN among the different seeding dates. Total mineral contents were higher in the order T1 > T2 > T3 > T4 > T5 (p < 0.05), whereas the total amino acid content increased significantly (p < 0.05) with a delay in seeding date. Free sugar contents (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) were higher with early seeding dates (p < 0.05). Collectively, the results obtained in this study indicate that it is favorable to seed soon after harvesting rice to increase dry matter and TDN yields and mineral and free sugar contents of whole-crop barley in the midlands of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.193-197
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• 1994

Bupleurum falcatum was cultivated in plots of different soil textures, which were sandy loam(SL), loam(L), and clay loam(CL). The growth charafters of shoot and root parts in SL and L plots were better than CL one, and root yield was the most excellent in SL one. But the contents of total saikosaponins and methanol extract in its roots were the highest in CL plot. In any soil textures, one and two year old plants showed almost the same results in growth characters and saikosaponins contents. The growth and root yield of two year old plants were higher than those of one year old ones, but the contents of methanol extract and saikosaponins were lower. Flant characters were highly negative-correlated with the contents of saikosaponins and methanol extract.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1528-1528
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• 2001

Ginseng cultivated in different country or growing condition has generally different components such as saponin and protein, and it relates to efficacy and action. Protein content assumes by nitrogen content in ginseng radix. Nitrogen content could be determined by chemical analysis such as kjeldahl or extraction methods. However, these methods require long analysis time and result environmental pollution and sample damage. In this work we investigated possibility of non-destructive determination of nitrogen content in ginseng radix using near-infrared spectroscopy. Ginseng radix, root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, was studied. Total 120 samples were used in this study and it was consisted of 6 sample sets, 4, 5 and 6-year-old Korea ginseng and 7, 8 and 9-year-old China ginseng, respectively. Each sample set has 20 sample. Nigrogen content was measured by electronic analysis. NIR reflectance spectra were collected over the 1100 to 2500 nm spectral region with a InfraAlyzer 500C (Bran+Luebbe, Germany) equipped with a halogen lapmp and PbS detector and data were collected every 2 nm data point intervals. The calibration models were carried out by multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least squares (PLS) analysis using IDAS and SESAME software. Result of electronic analysis, Korean ginseng were different mean value in nitrogen content of China ginseng. Ginseng tend to generally decrease the nitrogen content according as cultivation year is over 6 years. The MLR calibration model with 8 wavelengths using IDAS software accurately predicted nitrogen contents with correlation coefficient (R) and standard error of prediction of 0.985 and 0.855%, respectively. In case of SESAME software, the MLR calibration with 9 wavelength was selected the best calibration, R and SEP were 0.972 and 0.596%, respectively. The PLSR calibration model result in 0.969 of R and 0.630 of RMSEP. This study shows the NIR spectroscopy could be applied to determine the nitrogen content in ginseng radix with high accuracy.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.195-198
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• 2000

Weedy rice has typical characters such as easy shattering, dormancy, and longevity. These characters let it undergo the winter and occur year by year, It is very difficult to control weedy rice once the field have contaminated with its seeds. Therefore, the control method for weedy rice was focused on the no-tillage direct seeding in this experiment. The germination ability of seeds shattered on the soil surface in the next spring was 92.7% in weedy rice, and 4.3% in cultivated rice. The possible depth of weedy rice emergence were 1.5cm, 3.0cm and 6.8cm in no-tillage, wet seeding and dry seeding paddy field, respectively. The paddy field contaminated with weedy rice was maintained as no-tillage, and then irrigated in early spring (April 15). We could induce weedy rice on the soil to emerge with irrigation, and then kill by using non-selective herbicide, paraquat. Weedy rice was controled 92.2% of total emerged by this method. After seedling establishment of cultivated rice, molinate, thiobencarb, oxadiazon, dithiopyr, butachlor were soil-applied to suppress the emergence of weedy rice seeds buried in the soil. Oxadiazon was the most effective to repress the weedy rice among soil-applied herbicides tested. The highest control value was 96.4% as the result of combination of paraquat and oxadiazon.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.445-460
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• 2017

This study was carried out for three years from 2013 to 2015 to investigate the actual condition of pest control of domestic persimmon organically cultivated farmers, to select environment - friendly pest control materials for major pests, and to conduct field test of established control system. The main cultivated cultivar of the reader farmer of organic cultivation was "Buyou" and sprayed organic agricultural material 9~17 times per year for pest control. The most harmful pests were anthracnose, bugs, persimmon fruit worm, and scales, etc. The control materials used were organic lime sulfur mixture, red clay sulfur, emulsifier, bordeaux solution, and self-made plant extracts using garlic, ginkgo nut and pine tree. The effective materials for controlling anthrax were lime sulfur mixture and red clay sulfur. Garlic oil + citronella emulsion, shrubby sophora seed extract + tea extract was effective to control Riptortus clavatus and Euproctis subflava. When installed 60 ea per 10a of mating disruption trap in a sweet orchard, the fruit setting rate was improved by 30%. The results of field test of control system to control 10 times a year in organically grown persimmons were able to harvest fruit of 70.7%. However, since any kinds of pesticides can not be sprayed during the harvest season in September and October, the damaged by bugs did not decreased, and further research is needed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1996

The crop rotation of rice and ginseng in paddy field has very important meaning because up-land field suitable for ginseng cultivation is now being insufficient day by day in main ginseng production area. This studies were conducted to define basic problems related to ginseng cultivation and replanting in paddy field. In Keumsan district, the most serious problem on ginseng cultivation in paddy field was excess of mineral salts left behind in the soil of rice cultivation. The amounts of organic matters, CEC and the mineral elements including potassium were higher in the soil of paddy ginseng field compared to those of upland. Plant growth of 3 and 4 year old ginseng and root yield of four year old ginseng cultivated in paddy field of 1st and replanting were not decreased compared to those of 1st - planting of up-land field, but those were significantly decreased in replanted compared to those of first planted upland field. Crop rotation with ginseng and rice in paddy field seemed to be a good way to avoid hazards of continuous cropping of ginseng with it's outyield of root and less infection of diseases. Amounts of crude saponin and ginsenosides of ginseng cultivated in paddy field were not differ from those of upland field.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.12a
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• pp.62-62
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• 2020

Ginseng is a shade-plant cultivated using shading facilities. However, at too low light levels, root growth is poor, and at high light levels, the destruction of chlorophyll reduces the photosynthesis efficiency due to leaf burn and early fall leaves. The ginseng has a lightsaturation point of 12,000~15,000 lux when grown at 15 to 20℃ and 9,500 lux at 25℃. This study was conducted to select the optimal light intensity of 3-year-old ginseng grown in blue-white film plastic house. The seeds were planted in the blue-white film plastic house with different light receiving rate (March 17, 2020). Between April and September, the average air temperature in the house was 20.4-20.7℃. Average soil temperature was 18.3℃-18.5℃. The chemical properties of the test soil was as follows. The pH level was 7.0-7.4, EC was 0.5-0.6 dS/m, OM was at the levels of 33.6-37.7 g/kg, P₂O₅ was 513.0-590.8 mg/kg, slightly higher than the allowable 400 mg/kg. The amount of light intensity, illuminance, and solar radiation in the blue-white film house was increased as the light-receiving rate increased and the amount of light intensity was found to be 9-14% compared to the open field, 8-13% illuminance and 9-14% solar irradiation respectively. The photosynthesis rate was the lowest at 3.1 µmolCO²/m²/s in the 9% light blue-white plastic house and 4.2 and 4.0 µmolCO²/m²/s in the 12% and 14% light blue-white plastic house, respectively. These results generally indicate that the photosynthesis of plants increases with the amount of light, but the ginseng has a lower light saturation point at high temperatures, and the higher the amount of light, the lower the photosynthetic efficiency. The SPAD (chlorophyll content) value decreased as the increase of light-receiving rate, and was the highest at 32.7 in 9% light blue-white plastic house. Ginseng germination started on April 11 and took 13-15 days to germinate. The overall germination rate was 82.9-85.8%. The plant height and length of stem were long in the 9% light-receiving plastic house. The diameter of stem was thick in the 12-14% light-receiving plastic house. In the 12% and 14% light-receiving plastic house, the length and diameter of taproot was long and thick, so the fresh weight of root per plant was 20 g or more, which was heavier than 16.9 g of the 9% light-receiving plastic house. The disease incidence (Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Damping-off etc.) rate were 0.9-2.7%. The incidence of Sclerotinia rot disease was 7.5-8.4%, and root rot was 0-20.0%. The incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 34.4-38.7% level, which was an increase from the previous year's 15% level.