• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.299-304
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• 1983

It has been ascertained by a few researchers that soil conditions under which the rice plants were cultivated have some effects upon the root formation of the rice plants. But, much is not known about the root formation of the rice plants cultivated in the saline paddy fields. The goal of the present investigation is to study morphological effects of the soil salinity on the development of the rice root system. The following results were obtained: 1. Under the conditions of higher soil salinity, root systems developed well at surface soil, however, root systems developed well and distributed evenly through surface and sub-soil at the saline fields where soil salinity was lower. 2. The rice plants cultivated in the higher soil salinity form less crown roots than the rice plants which cultivated at the lower soil salinity. 3. As for the formation of the stunted roots, it was found out that relatively rice plant cultivated in higher soil salinity forms more stunted roots than the rice plants cultivated in lower soil salinity. 4. The crown root cultivated in the higher soil salinity forms more lateral roots per unit langth than the root cultivated in lower soil salinity. 5. As for the root hair formation, the crown root cultivated in higher soil salinity bears less haired epidermis and shorter root hairs than the root cultivated in lower soil salinity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.149-155
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• 2003

Objectives of this research were to fractionate heavy metals in soil samples in the upper Okdong River basin and to assess the potential pollution index of each metal fraction. Soil samples were collected from cultivated land soils and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. pH of cultivated soils ranged from 5.2 to 7.6. Contents of total kelhaldal nitrogen and loss on ignition were in the ranges of 0.6∼2.5%, and 1.9∼12.9%, respectively. Heavy metals in the cultivated land soils were higher in the abandoned closed coal mine near field soils than those in the paddy soils. Total concentrations of metals in the cultivated land soils were in the orders of Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cd, exceed the corrective action level of the Soil Environment Conservation Law and higher than the naturals were abundance levels reported from uncontaminated cultivated land soils. Mobile fractions of metals were relatively small compared to the total concentrations. Soil Pollution Assesment Index(SPAI) values of each fraction of metals were leveled from Non polluted to Moderately polluted based on total concentrations. SPAI values of mobil fractions were lower than those of immobile fractions. Results on metal fractions and SPAI values of the cultivated land soils indicate that field soils samples were contaminated with heavy metals and had potential to cause a detrimental effects on plants. A prompt countermeasure to prevent field soils in the abandoned closed coal mine near fields are urgently needed.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.89-92
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• 2022

In this study, the effects of soil conditions on antioxidant activities of the aerial and underground parts of rosemary were assessed to determine the most effective soil conditions for cultivation. The antioxidant activity was the highest (51.58±2.93 ㎍/mL) when cultivated in the mixture of gardening soil and vermiculite using DPPH assay. The antioxidant activity of underground parts the highest (127.48±12.38 ㎍/mL) when cultivated in the mixture of soil, vermiculite, and perlite. ABTS assay showed that the antioxidant activity of aerial parts was 230.34±57.93 ㎍·mL^-1 when cultivated in the mixture of gardening soil and vermiculite and that of underground parts was 320.98±16.04 ㎍·mL^-1 when cultivated in the mixture of gardening soil, vermiculite, and perlite. The total phenolic content of aerial parts was the highest (155.25±2.96 mg GAE/g) when cultivated in the mixture of gardening soil. The total flavonoid content of aerial parts was the highest (67.32±5.27 mg QE/g) when cultivated in the mixture of gardening soil. Therefore, the mixture of gardening soil, vermiculite, and perlite is superior to gardening soil alone for cultivation of rosemary to increase its antioxidant activity as well as total phenolic and flavonoid content.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.14-23
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• 2015

In this study, we investigated the effects of three land uses on soil properties in two soil layers; surface soil (0~15 cm) and subsoil (15~30 cm). Soil samples were collected from planted forest, barren lands and cultivated lands from different areas in Chittagong Cox's Bazar and analyzed for some physical and chemical properties. Results showed that soil textural class varied from sandy clay loam in planted forest and barren land site to sandy loam in cultivated soils. Maximum water holding capacity was higher in forest followed by barren land and the lowest in cultivated lands. At both soil depths, soils of cultivated land showed the highest values of bulk density (1.42 to $1.50g\;cm^{-3}$), followed by barren lands (1.37 to $1.46g\;cm^{-3}$) and the least (1.32 to $1.45g\;cm^{-3}$) in forest soils. Total porosity decreased with depth ranging from 40.24% to 41.53% in subsoils and from 42.04 to 43.23% in surface soil of cultivated and of planted forest sites respectively. The result further revealed that organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents were higher in the planted forest soil than in other two land uses. The soils of all land uses under study are acidic in nature and the lowest pH was found in both surface and subsoils of barren land. Cultivated soil contained the highest amount of available P, Ca, Mg and K in both surface soil and subsoils. In contrast, barren site had the lowest contents of available P, Ca, Mg and K in both layers. The soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N storage were higher in planted forest than in barren and cultivated land uses.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of soil condition that previous crop cultivated after [TO: Soil of corn cultivated, T1 : Soil of rye monoculture cultivated(l50kg/ha), T2 : Soil of mixedculture cultivated(Rye : Red clover = 120 : 3koa). T3 : Soil of mixed-culture cultivated(Rye : Red clover = 90 : 6kg/ ha), T4 : Soil of mixedculture cultivated(Rye : Red clover = 60 : 9kg/ha), T5 : Soil of mixedculture cultivated (Rye: Red clover = 30 : 12kg/ha), T6 : Soil of red clover monoculture cultivated(l5kgha)) on the growth characteristics and nutrient yield of silage corn. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The plant length of silage corn was high in order of T6>T5>T4 treatment. In the leaf length, T5 and T6 treatment showed short compared to the other treatments, but they were wider than the other treatments in leaf width. In the number of leaf, T6 treatment was the highest as 14 leaves per plant, while T1 treatment showed lower than the other treatments as 12.6 leaves per plant. 2. In the stem hardness, ear length, ear width and ear full degree, soil treatment of red clover mono-culture cultivation(T6) showed higher than the other treatment as 5.1 1kg/$cm^2$, 20.8~~1, 7.7cm and 97%. respectively (P<0.01, 0.05). Ihe leaf of summer depression did not many occurrence, but T6 treatment was lower than the other treatment as 0.8 leaf per plant. 3. ADF and NDF composition were not affected by soil condition. Crude protein composition of T6 treatment was the highest as 7.8%. while TI treatment was the lowest as 6.9%. Fresh weight yield(59,083kg/ha), dry matter yield(21,743kg/ha), crude protein yield(l,369kg/ha) and TDN yield(15,800kg/ha) at T6 treatment were much more increased by 41.9, 47.5, 57.4 and 49% than TI treatment(39,410, 14,259, 827 and 10,056kg/ha).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.641-646
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• 2012

Available phosphorus($P_2O_5$) in conventionally cultivated soil was more abundant in two fold than that of organically cultivated soil. Relative density of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) was higher in organically cultivated soil, That of welsh onion cultivated soil was the highest, that of strawberry was followed and then that of pepper, respectively. Relative density of AMF was inversely proportioned to available soil phosphorus. Phosphorus content of crop and relative density of AMF were more abundant in organically cultivated crop or soil. However available soil phosphorus content was much in conventionally cultivated soil. The phosphorus contents between soil and crop were negatively correlated. The phosphorus content of crop was increased as the relative density of AMF increased. Relative density of AMF in the organically cultivated soil and phosphorus content of the crop with organic cultivation were higher than those of conventionally cultivated.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.510-516
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• 2001

Hydroponic cultivation is a technology of raising crops without use of soil. Generally farmers use the method of DFT(deep flow technology)to grow leafy or fruity vegetables; however, systematic and scientific researches are insufficient on this matter. This study investigated the possibility of cultivating Chinese cabbage steadily year long by using the method of DFT. Chinese cabbage was cultivated hydroponically with and without Ge addition, used to prepare kimchi, and the chemical and microbiological characteristics of kimchi were compared. The basic hydroponic cultivation condition was as follows: 30 days after seeding, the raised seeds were moved to a hydroponic bed and given underground water for 3 days so the roots grow normally Standard nutrient solution was provided and the early electric conductivity concentration was maintained between 1.5∼2.5 thickness. The temperature of the solution was maintained between 10 ∼25$^{\circ}C$ to allow the growth of Chinese cabbage. When soil-cultivated, organically cultivated and hydroponically cultivated Chinese cabbages were compared, hydroponically cultivated cabbages were smaller in size and showed less ability to build up and fold leaves into a head, but showed better quality than organically cultivated cabbages. The contents of protein and fat showed no significant differences. The contents of water. Ca, P, Fe, Vitamin A and Niacin were higher in control and Ge-added cabbages compared with soil-grown cabbage. There was no difference between soil-cultivated Chinese cabbage kimchi and hydroponically cultivated Chinese cabbage kimchi.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.660-666
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• 2018

In order to understand the characteristics of soil according to the cultivation environment of Chinese bellflower (Platycodon grandiflorum A.), soil chemical properties of 12 collected soil samples from 6 cultivated fields in Okcheon, Chungbuk province in August. 2017 were analyzed. The soil pH was distributed within the range of 4.61 to 5.25 at all cultivation years and E.C (Electric Conductivity) and T-N (Total Nitrogen) of the cultivation year were not significant. Available $P_2O_5$ was higher than the average for medicinal crops and P. grandiflorum in Korea and C.E.C (Cation Exchange Capacity) was inconsistent for each cultivation year. In particularly, it was validated that the content of exchangeable cations K, Ca, Ma, and Na in this experiment was similar to that of C.E.C according to the cultivation years, because C.E.C had a high correlation with the exchangeable cations. For the available $P_2O_5$, as affected by trans-planting, 5Y-NT-H (cultivated 5 years and non-transplanted) had 58 mg/kg, while 5Y-T-H (cultivated 5 years and transplanted) had 246 mg/kg. The soil pH was found to be lower (acidic) in diseased soils than healthy soils. E.C was confirmed to be was higher in diseased soils than healthy soils except for the one cultivated for 2 years. The contents of T-N and available $P_2O_5$ were higher in diseased soil except for the one cultivated for 5 years and 11 years. The exchangeable cation K and Na tended to be higher in diseased soils rather than that in healthy soils, and the exchangeable cation Ca and Mg contents were higher in healthy soils than in diseased soils. The C.E.C of the soil was lower than that of healthy soils in all of the years except for the one which was cultivated for 5 years (transplanted).

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.1300-1304
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• 2008

The fact that soil loss causing to increase muddy water and devastate an ecosystem has been appearing upon a hot social and environmental issues which should be solved. Soil losses are occurring in most agricultural areas with rainfall-induced runoff. It makes hydraulic structure unstable, causing environmental and economical problems because muddy water destroys ecosystem and causes intake water deterioration. One of three severe muddy water source areas in Soyanggang-dam watershed is Jawoon-ri region, located in Hongcheon county. In this area, many cash-crops are planted at illegally cultivated agricultural fields, which were virgin forest areas. The purpose of this study is to estimate soil loss with current land uses (including illegal cash-crop cultivation) and soil loss reduction with land use conversion from illegal cultivation back to forest. In this study, the Sediment Assessment Tool for Effective Erosion Control (SATEEC) ArcView GIS system was utilized to assess soil erosion. If the illegally cultivated agricultural areas are converted back to forest, it is expected to 17.42% reduction in soil loss. At the Jawoon-ri region, illegally cultivated agricultural areas located at over 30% and 15% slopes take 47.48 ha (30.83%) and 103.64 ha (67.29%) of illegally cultivated agricultural fields respectively. If all illegally cultivated agricultural fields are converted back to forest, it is expected that 17.41% of soil erosion and sediment reduction, 10.86% reduction with forest conversion from 30% sloping illegally agricultural fields, and 16.15% reduction with forest conversion from 15% sloping illegally agricultural fields. Therefore, illegally cultivated agricultural fields located at these sloping areas need to be first converted back to forest to maximize reductions in soil loss reduction and muddy water outflow from the Jawoon-ri regions.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.418-422
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• 2004

We investigated microbial populations of an upland and cultivated Codonopsis lanceolata. The microbial populations from both types of soils were also investigated. There were more than 10 microorganisms existed in upland than cultivated one. The total viable cell counts of C. lanceolata from upland and cultivated one, especially in the upper zone, were 9.7x10$\^$6/ CFU/g and 4.2${\times}$10$\^$6/ CFU/g, respectively. As a results, upper parts of C. lanceolata in upland were considered to harbour approximately more than 2.3 fold higher microorganisms than in cultivated one. However, the total viable cell counts between the two soil habitat, that is, 1.2${\times}$10$\^$7/ CFU/g from upland and 1.0x10$\^$7/ CFU/g from cultivated, were not significantly different. We also examined the unique flavor producing microorganisms in the soil extract broth including 25% C. lanceolata extract. One microorganism was detected in upper pars of C. lanceolata and upland soil. No. 6, microorganism causing the characteristic flavor of C. lanceolata was continued as Actinomyces by microscopy.