• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.251-259
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• 2022

Background: Intravenous fluid therapy is one of the most common interventions in critically ill patients. Normal saline is frequently used, but there have been some concerns about hyperchloremia. Due to closer to plasma composition, crystalloids have been used as alternatives to normal saline. However, the optimal choice of resuscitative fluids remains controversial. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL were comprehensively searched until July 2021 to compare balanced crystalloids with normal saline in critically ill patients with the risk factors for multiple organ dysfunction syndromes (MODS).The primary endpoint was composite mortality. Secondary outcomes were acute kidney injury (AKI)/acute renal failure (ARF), and new receipt of renal replacement therapy (RRT). Results: A total of 1,240 studies were searched, and finally, 8 randomized controlled trials and 5 cohort studies were included. In the meta-analysis of composite mortality of 30,710 patients, balanced crystalloids compared to normal saline were significantly associated with reduced mortality (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68-0.95). In AKI/ARF, balanced crystalloids had a lower risk than normal saline (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84-0.99). There was no difference between balanced crystalloids and normal saline in risk of new receipt of RRT (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.80-1.04). Conclusion: In fluid resuscitation for patients at high risk of MODS, the use of balanced crystalloids showed a significantly lower incidence of mortality compared to normal saline.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.15-28
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• 1984

The endosperm cells and the umbiliform layer of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) seed are studied with light and electron microscope. Differentiated mitochondria, ER cisternae, proplastids and ribosomes are characteristically observed in the endosperm cells of matured seed. The cell inclusions contain the protein bodies and the spherosomes. Protein body contains, in proteinaceous matrix, globoids and crystalloids. Particularly the crystalloids have the lattice structure, and the formation of globoids is closely related with ER. Umbiliform layer has the positive reaction on alcian blue (pH 2.5) and the metachromasis on the toluidine blue. The umbiliform layer is formed by autolysis of endosperm cells, and composed of the deformated cell wall and the lipoprotein bodies. Particularly a part of the lipoprotein body and the fibrilar network structure have the positive reaction on acid phosphatase.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2012

The cell surface sculpture of the plant epidermis has received great interest recently. It has also been an active area of research, as the biological microstructures of the surface, such as papillae and waxes, exhibit several unique properties, including self-cleaning character; namely the "Lotus effect" first described in the leaves of the lotus, Nelumbo nucifera. The Lotus effect is the phenomenon in which the super-hydrophobic and water-repellent nature of lotus leaves allow water drops to run off easily on the surface in a rolling and sliding motion thereby facilitating the removal of dirt particles. It is well-known that surface roughness on the micro- and nanoscale is a primary characteristic allowing for the Lotus effect. This effect is common among plants and is of great technological importance, since it can be applied industrially in numerous fields. In the present study, Nelumbo nucifera leaf and stem epidermal surfaces have been examined with a focus on the features of papillae and wax crystalloids. Both young and mature Nelumbo nucifera leaf epidermis demonstrated the Lotus effect on their entire epidermal surface. The central area of the upper epidermis, in particular, formed extremely papillose surfaces, with an additional wax layer, enabling greater water repellency. Despite the presence of wax crystalloids, epidermal surfaces of the lower leaf and stem lacking papillae, were much more easily wetted.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.122-130
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• 2017

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of low-dose intravenous N-acetylcysteine on the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing computed tomography (CT). Methods: All patients presenting to our emergency department and undergoing CT with intravenous contrast media between August 2014 and April 2016 were retrospectively enrolled. We included hospitalized patients with renal dysfunction [estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between 30 and $89mL/min/1.73m^2$]. A 600-mg injection of N-acetylcysteine was given to patients once before and once immediately after CT, depending on the preference of physician. The primary outcome was CIN defined as an increase in creatinine level of ${\geq}25%$ or ${\geq}0.5mg/dL$ from the baseline within 48 to 72 hours after CT. A trained person blindly reviewed all medical records. Results: Of the 1903 admitted patients, CIN occurred in 9.8% of patients who received 1200 mg intravenous N-acetylcysteine (24/244) and 6.8% of patients who did not (113/1659, p=0.090). In a multivariable regression analysis, N-acetylcystine was not relevant to the prevention of CIN (odds ratio=1.42 [95% CI, 0.90-2.26]). Even in the stratified analysis using the propensity score matching, N-acetylcysteine was irrelevant (GFR 30-59: odds ratio=1.06 [95% CI, 0.43-2.60]; GFR 60-89: odds ratio=1.76 [95% CI, 0.75-4.14]). After adjustment, crystalloids were significantly associated with the reduction in CIN compared with dextrose water (odds ratio=0.60 [95% CI, 0.37-0.97]). Conclusion: No effect was found when low-dose intravenous N-acetylcysteine was used to prevent CIN. However, there seems to be an association between crystalloids and reduction in CIN.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.124-128
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• 2012

Leaf surface structures were investigated in the Chinese juniper Juniperus chinensis by scanning electron microscopy. Adult scale leaves were collected from the tree, air-dried at room temperature, and sputter-coated with gold without further specimen preparation. Approximately fi ve stomata were locally distributed and arranged in clusters on the leaf surface. Stomata were ovoid and ca. 40 ${\mu}m$ long. The epicuticular wax structures of J. chinensis leaves were tubules and platelets. Numerous tubules were evident on the leaf regions where stomata were found. The tubules were cylindrical, straight, and ca. 1 ${\mu}m$ in length. They almost clothed the stomatal guard cells, and occluded the slit-shaped stomatal apertures. Moreover, the wax ridges were flat crystalloids that were connected to the surface by their narrow side. They did not have distinct edges, and their width/height ratio varied. In particular, the wax ridges could be discerned on the leaf regions where stomata were not present nearby. Since the wax ridges did not have distinct edges on their margin, they were identified as platelets. Instances were noted where platelets were oriented either parallel to each other or perpendicular to the cuticle surface. These results can be used in biomimetics to design the hierarchical structures for mimicking the plant innate properties such as hydrophobicity and self-cleaning effects of the leaf surface.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 2024

A 12-year-old female small-clawed Asian otter (Anoyx cinereus) with a one-week history of anorexia, chills, and abdominal distension was found dead. Grossly, yellowish-brown turbid fluids accumulated in abdominal cavity of the otter, and yellowish thread-like fibrinous materials were found on the surface of abdominal organs. Several variable sized yellowish-white crystalloids were scattered on the medullary space of kidneys. Histologically, diffuse serositis (peritonitis) characterized by the fibrinous exudates, thickened serosal capsule and the swelling of mesothelial cells were observed in the serosa of liver, spleen, stomach, and intestine. Multifocal necrosis, hemorrhage, infiltration of macrophage, and brown pigments were presented in the liver. Isolated bacteria from ascites and fibrinous materials in abdominal visceral surface were white, smooth and convex with characteristic mousy odor on blood agar plate. These bacteria were confirmed as Pasteurella (P.) multocida type A by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Based on the gross examination, histopathologic findings and bacterial experiments, this otter was diagnosed as severe peritonitis associated with P. multocida and necrotic hepatitis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.389-390
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• 2012

In this study, we fabricate a superhydrophobic surface made of hierarchical nanostructures that combine wax crystalline structure with moth-eye structure using vacuum cluster system and measure their hydrophobicity and durability. Since the lotus effect was found, much work has been done on studying self-cleaning surface for decades. The surface of lotus leaf consists of multi-level layers of micro scale papillose epidermal cells and epicuticular wax crystalloids [1]. This hierarchical structure has superhydrophobic property because the sufficiently rough surface allows air pockets to form easily below the liquid, the so-called Cassie state, so that the relatively small area of water/solid interface makes the energetic cost associated with corresponding water/air interfaces smaller than the energy gained [2]. Various nanostructures have been reported for fabricating the self-cleaning surface but in general, they have the problem of low durability. More than two nanostructures on a surface can be integrated together to increase hydrophobicity and durability of the surface as in the lotus leaf [3,5]. As one of the bio-inspired nanostructures, we introduce a hierarchical nanostructure fabricated with a high vacuum cluster system. A hierarchical nanostructure is a combination of moth-eye structure with an average pitch of 300 nm and height of 700 nm, and the wax crystalline structure with an average width and height of 200 nm. The moth-eye structure is fabricated with deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process. $SiO_2$ layer is initially deposited on a glass substrate using PECVD in the cluster system. Then, Au seed layer is deposited for a few second using DC sputtering process to provide stochastic mask for etching the underlying $SiO_2$ layer with ICP-RIE so that moth-eye structure can be fabricated. Additionally, n-hexatriacontane paraffin wax ($C_{36}H_{74}$) is deposited on the moth-eye structure in a thermal evaporator and self-recrystallized at $40^{\circ}C$ for 4h [4]. All of steps are conducted utilizing vacuum cluster system to minimize the contamination. The water contact angles are measured by tensiometer. The morphology of the surface is characterized using SEM and AFM and the reflectance is measured by spectrophotometer.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 1992

The changes of protein bodies in endosperm cells of both seeds with red seed coat and indehiscent seeds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer have been investigated in relation to the embryo development. In the early stage of seeds with red seed coat, spherical spherosomes were distributed in endosperm cells. Protein bodies were formed from vacuoles containing the storage protein. Cell organelles were hardly observed in the cytoplasm. In the late stage of the seed with red seed coat, the endosperm was filled with spherosomes and protein bodies. The protein bodies consisted of amorphous inclusions with high electron density or proteinaceous matrix with even electron density. In the seed of in dehiscence, the protein body in endosperm cells contained globoids and protein crystalloids. The globoid of protein body had a electron dense materials. Umbiliform layer was formed between embryo and endosperm. The deformation patterns of endosperm cell wall and the cellulose microfibril were observed in endosperm cells near the umbiliform layer. Umbiliform layer consisted of lipid body and autolyzed cell debris. The protein body of endosperm cell near the umbiliform layer showed various degenerative patterns, and so electron density of proteinaceous matrix was gradually decreased.reased.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.78-82
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• 2001

Background : The coronal incision is versatile surgical approach to upper and middle region of the facial skeletal including the zygomatic arch. The advantages of coronal approach are minimal injury of facial tissue including facial nerve and satisfactory cosmetic result by hidden scar at hair. But wide exposure of scalp, its disadvantages are operation time and massive blood loss. Methods : Thirty patients undergoing elective surgery were divided 3 groups. Group I used only coronal approach, group II used coronal with subciliary approach and group III used coronal with subciliary and intraoral approach. And then retrospected of the preoperative, postoperative red blood cell count, hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit, transfused red blood cell units and platelet cell units, and the amount of infused crystalloids and colloids, and postoperative hemovac count was estimated. Results: 1. Red blood cell count were decreased in all groups at immediated postoperation and decreased in all group of postoperative first day and decreased in group I, II but increased group III of postoperative third day. 2. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were decreased in all group at immediated postoperation and decreased in all group of postoperative first day and decreased in group I, II., but increased group III postoperative third day. 3. Platelet was decreased in all group at immediated postoperation, and decreased in group II, III but increased in group I of postoperative first day and decreased in group I but increased group II, III of postoperative third day. 4. Mean postoperative hemovac mean drainage group I of first day is $48.63{\pm}21.12ml$ and second day is $23.92{\pm}19.53ml$ and third day is $7.82{\pm}5.32ml$ and group II of first day $60.45{\pm}22.65ml$ and second day is $22.14{\pm}13.21ml$ and third day is $7.32{\pm}6.25ml$. III group of first day $58.16{\pm}10.13ml$ and second day is $21.27{\pm}11.72ml$ and third day is $7.13{\pm}4.90ml$. 5. Infusion of group I is mean PRC $1.08{\pm}0.91$ pint, FFP $1.03{\pm}0.75$ pint, crystalloid $2562.23{\pm}1345.53ml$ and group II is mean PRC $1.05{\pm}0.89$ pint, FFP $1.71{\pm}0.78$, crystalloid $2650.47{\pm}1096.36ml$ and group III is mean PRC $1.79{\pm}1.45$ pint, crystalloid $3295.43{\pm}1472.432ml$.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2001

Sertoli cells in the normal adult testis are nondividing cells, which are relatively inconspicuous on cross section of the seminiferous tubule and comprise about 10% to 15% of the tubular cellular elements. Ultrastructurally, Sertoli cells have characteristic nucleoli, plasma membrane, and cytoplasmic components. The plasma membrane has two types of intercellular junctions which are developed at puberty: junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells and Sertoli cell-germ ceil junction. However, the ultrastructural findings of Sertoli cells in human fetus is not fully elucidate yet. In the present study, human fetal testes ($14\sim27$ weeks) obtained from artificially induced abortions legally without gross malformation were studied using transmission electron microscopy to make clear the differentiation process of Sertoli cells in human. In human fetal testes from 14 weeks to 27 weeks, the cell junctions of Sertoli-germ cells and Sertoli-Sertoli cells are desmosome like structure and not tight junction or desmosome. The Overall intracytoplasmic organelles of Sertoli cells are relatively sparse. The mitochondrias are relatively abundant but no developed cristae. And the rough endoplasmic reticuli are abundant and smooth endoplasmic reticuli are sparse. The amount of lipid droplets are regularly observed in human fetal Sertoli cells. No microfilaments or Charcot-Bottcher's crystalloids are present. From the results, Sertoli cells in human fetal testes are somewhat different ultrastructural findings with puberty or adult. However, to make clear the differentiation process of Sertoli cells in human, further study for 28 weeks to puberty is required.