• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 1993

This study was conducted to measure the improvement in nutritive value of rice straw by treatment with urine of goat under different temperatures. Straw samples were japonica I (comprising 15 varieties with culms longer than 123 cm and mean silica content of 13.0%), japonica II (comprising 20 varieties with culms less than 87 cm and mean silica content of 13.7%), indica I (Java 14 variety with a high content of silica of 13.9%) and indica II (comprising IR-8 and IR-20 varieties with a low content of silica of 11.0%). Urine was collected from four Japanese Saanen goats fed alfalfa hay. The different straws were sprayed with urine at the rate of 1 ml/g straw DM, put in double layer plastic bags, sealing and stored for 4 weeks at either $20^{\circ}C$ (GU-20) or $40^{\circ}C$ (GU-40). The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of the straws were improved by the GU-40 treatment (13.5% and 13.2%, but the GU-20 treatment had little effect of digestibility (1.5% and -0.2%) except with the low silica indica II varieties. The GU-40 treatment tended to decrease NDF and hemicellulose content of straws. Crude protein content of the straws was improved by both the GU-20 and GU-40 treatments. It was concluded that treatment of rice straw with goat urine at $40^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks improved the crude protein content and digestibility in vitro, the greatest improvement occurring with straws of lowest digestibility in the untreated state.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 1987

The experiment was carried out to determine the optimum application rate of liquid waste from methane fermentation (LW) and its effect on botanical composition, dry matter yields and nutrient quality of pasture mixtures. Experimental fields was designed as a randomized block treated with NPK chemical fertilizer (NPK = 28-20-24 kg/lOa), NPK + Water 28 ton, 112 NPK + LW 28 ton, 112 NPK + LW 42 ton, LW 28 ton, LW 42 ton and LW 56 ton/lOa at Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon, 1985. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Vegetation of introduced pastures, both in grasses and legumes, was markedly increased in the plots treated with methane-liquid waste. However, heavy application of liquid waste tended to increase of native weeds such as Polygronum spp., Rumex spp. and Lactuca spp. 2. Crude protein contents was increased in the plants applied with liquid waste, but NFE was decreased compared with those of chemical fertilizer applied. The concentrations of crude fat and crude fibre were, however less affected by the fertilizer resource. Among cell-wall constituents, cellulose content was decreased as the liquid waste application rate increased, while hemicellulose showed a negative association. 3. Productivity of the pasture was increased as the liquid waste application rate increased. The highest dry matter yields was obtained in the plot treated with LW 42 ton/lOa by 71 1 kg/lOa, which shows about 71% increments compared with those of chemical fertilizer treated. Net energy yields, both in starch value and NEL, were also markedly increased under liquid waste application. As a results, the optimum application rate of methane-liquid waste was found to be 42 ton in 10 a.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.800-805
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• 2012

Rice straw is an important roughage resource for ruminants in many rice-producing countries. In this study, a rice brittle mutant (BM, mutation in OsCesA4, encoding cellulose synthase) and its wild type (WT) were employed to investigate the effects of a cellulose synthase gene mutation on rice straw morphological fractions, chemical composition, stem histological structure and in situ digestibility. The morphological fractions investigation showed that BM had a higher leaf sheath proportion (43.70% vs 38.21%, p<0.01) and a lower leaf blade proportion (25.21% vs 32.14%, p<0.01) than WT. Chemical composition analysis showed that BM rice straw was significantly (p<0.01) higher in CP (crude protein), hemicellulose and acid insoluble ash (AIA) contents, but lower in dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADFom) and cellulose contents when compared to WT. No significant difference (p>0.05) was detected in neutral detergent fiber (NDFom) and ADL contents for both strains. Histological structure observation indicated that BM stems had fewer sclerenchyma cells and a thinner sclerenchyma cell wall than WT. The results of in situ digestion showed that BM had higher DM, NDFom, cellulose and hemicellulose disappearance at 24 or 48 h of incubation (p<0.05). The effective digestibility of BM rice straw DM and NDFom was greater than that of WT (31.4% vs 26.7% for DM, 29.1% vs 24.3% for NDFom, p<0.05), but the rate of digestion of the slowly digested fraction of BM rice straw DM and NDF was decreased. These results indicated that the mutation in the cellulose synthase gene could improve the nutritive value of rice straw for ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1787-1796
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of yellow dent corn sourced from different meteorological origins fed to growing pigs and develop equations to predict the DE and ME of yellow dent corn from southwestern China. Methods: Sixty crossbred barrows were allotted to 20 treatments in a triplicate 20×2 incomplete Latin square design with 3 replicated pigs per dietary treatment during 2 consecutive periods. Each period lasted for 12 days, and total feces and urine during the last 5 days of each period were collected to calculate the energy contents. Results: On dry matter (DM) basis, the DE and ME in 20 corn grain samples ranged from 15.38 to 16.78 MJ/kg and from 14.93 to 16.16 MJ/kg, respectively. Selected best-fit prediction equations for DE and ME (MJ/kg DM basis) for yellow dent corn (n = 16) sourced from southwestern China were as follows: DE = 28.58-(0.12×% hemicellulose)+(0.35×% ether extract)-(0.83×MJ/kg gross energy)+(0.20×% crude protein)+(0.49×% ash); ME = 30.42-(0.11×% hemicellulose)+(0.31×% ether extract)-(0.81×MJ/kg gross energy). Conclusion: Our results indicated that the chemical compositions, but not the meteorological conditions or physical characteristics could explain the variation of energy contents in yellow dent corn sourced from southwestern China fed to growing pigs.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1973

A method for acid-hydrolysis of agricultural wastes and its utilization was investigated. In order to obtain fermentable sugar solution from cellulosic wastes such as cereal straws and hulls, in particular, of rice, barley and wheat, the chemical compositions were analyzed and optimum conditions of hydrolysis determined. The cereal straws contain 42 to 55 % of crude cellulose including hemicellulose. On the hydrolysis with 1% of sulfuric acid at 40 psig, 35.6% of the reducing sugar based on the weight of dry matter was formed from rice straw, (variety Chinheung) in 30 min. More powerful condition of hydrolysis would appear to decompose the sugar formed into other compounds, for instance, furfural. Under atmospheric pressure with 5% of the acid, rice straw was hydrolyzed to 35% of reducing sugar content in 3 hours. Candida utilis could assimilate the sugars in the hydrolyzate up to more than 97%, and a yield of the yeast cells reached 55% to the utilized sugars.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.357-365
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• 2019

Objective: The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of four fungal pretreatments on the nutritional value of Camellia seed residues, and to evaluate the feeding value of pretreated Camellia seed residues for ruminants. Methods: Camellia seed residues were firstly fermented by four lignin degrading fungi, namely, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium)-30942, Trichoderma koningiopsis (T. koningiopsis)-2660, Trichoderma aspellum (T. aspellum)-2527, or T. aspellum-2627, under solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions at six different incubation times. The nutritional value of each fermented Camellia seed residues was then analyzed. The fermentation profiles, organic matter degradability and metabolizable energy of each pre-treated Camellia seed residue were further evaluated using an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Results: After 5 days of fermentation, P. chrysosporium-30942 had higher degradation of lignin (20.51%), consumed less hemicellulose (4.02%), and the SSF efficiency reached 83.43%. T. koningiopsis-2660 degraded more lignin (21.54%) and consumed less cellulose (20.94%) and hemicellulose (2.51%), the SSF efficiency reached 127.93%. The maximum SSF efficiency was 58.18% for T. aspellum-2527 and 47.61% for T. aspellum-2627, appeared at 30 and 15 days respectively. All the fungal pretreatments significantly improved the crude protein content (p<0.05). The Camellia seed residues pretreated for 5 days were found to possess significantly increased organic matter degradability, volatile fatty acid production and metabolizable energy (p<0.05) after the treatment of either P. chrysosporium-30942, T. koningiopsis-2660 or T. aspellum-2527. The fungal pretreatments did not significantly change the rumen fermentation pattern of Camellia seed residues, with an unchanged ratio of acetate to propionate. Conclusion: The fungi showed excellent potential for the solid-state bioconversion of Camellia seed residues into digestible ruminant energy feed, and their shorter lignin degradation characteristics could reduce loss of the other available carbohydrates during SSF.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 1985

This field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of thirteen different fertilizer levels of nitrogen(N), phosphorus($P_2O_5$) and potassium($K_2O$) on the content of crude protein, crude fiber, mineral constituents of product and tree growth forest pasture with 40-50% shading. The experiment was arranged as a randomized block design and performed in the suburban forest of Suweon in 1984. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Crude protein content and total protein yield were higher in the plot of 28 and 42kg $N/_{10a}$, regardless of $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ level, while those were the lowest in zero fertilizer and N-zero fertilizer plots. 2. The contents of lignin and silica were significantly low in the high N fertilizer level, and the contents of NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose were not affected by different fertilizer levels. However, the content of crude fiber tended to be low with high N, regardless of $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$. 3. The contents of N,K and $SiO_2$ of grasses were influenced by different fertilizer levels. However, those of P,Ca,Ma and Na showed little differences. 4. The recovery percentage of NPK was higher in the plot of standard fertilizer level with 28-20-24 kg/10a, and higher recovery percentage was observed in $K_2O$, followed by N and $P_2O_5$ in that order. 5. The growth of tree was increased as the level of N fertilizer was increased, but no such trend was noted by $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ levels. 6. Crude protein, crude fiber, some mineral contituents of grasses, and growth of tree were influenced by N level, regardless of $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$. And the optimum fertilizer level of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ seemed to be 28-20-24 kg/10a for the production of grasses with higher quality and more yield in the forest.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.158-162
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• 1986

Various cell wall polysaccharides such as ionically associated pectin (IAP), covalently bounded pectin (CBP),4N potassium hydroxide soluble hemicellulosic fraction (HF,) and 0-3N soluble hemicellulosic fraction (HF,) were fractionated from crude cell wall of the fresh and soft persimmon by chemical method. The changesin cell wall polysaccharides were studied by gel filteration chromatography . The content of crude cell wall remarkably decreased in the soft persimmon. The decreasing rates of IAP, CBP and $HF_2$ were 59, 60 and 74%, respectively, while $HF_1$ and cellulose changed only a little during softening. Sugar compositions of IAP and CBP were 72-84% uronic acid, 5-1% hexose and 11-16% pentose, and also the hemicellulose was composed of uronic acid besides hexose and pentose that was hemicellulosic components. The loss rate of pentose in IAP, of hexose in CBP, of hexose and uronic acid in $HF_2$, of pentose in $HF_1$ increased during softening. Though apparent average molecular freight of all polysaccharides shifted from high molecular freight to low molecular weight polymer, the shifting degree of CBP and $HF_2$ was especially remarkable during softening. It is suggested that the severe softening phenomenon of persimmon involved the degradation and dissolution of wall bound-CBP and $HF_2$ which were associated with each other.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.25-32
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• 1999

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effects of the addition of activated charcoal (AC) on the ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient disappearance, and ruminal gas production. AC was added at the levels of 0.00, 0.25, and 0.50 % to each of the four types of diets (roughage/concentrate ratio : 8/2, 6/4, 4/6 and 2/8), respectively. Although not significant, ruminal pH tended to increase by adding AC, and as the concentrate level increased, ruminal pH decreased (P<0.05). Acetate concentration and acetate/propionate molar ratio tended to decrease in AC diets. but molar % of propionate tended to increase by the addition of AC. Ruminal degradation of dry matter, crude protein, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose in AC diets tended to increase than in non-AC diet, however, no tendency in ruminal degradation of crude fat was observed. As the concentrate level increased, rumunal degradation of dry matter and nutrients in AC diets increased significantly(P<0.05). Ruminal gas production tended to decrease in the 0.50 % AC diets, however, it tended to increase in high roughage diets. Although there appeared some beneficial effects in adding AC to ruminant diets in this study, more works should be done with AC before we can make clear conclusion on the use of AC in the ruminant diets.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.35-42
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of activated charcoal (AC) and oak charcoal on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient disappearance, and ruminal gas production. AC and oak charcoal were added at the levels of 0.50, and 1.00 % to experimental diet (roughage/concentrate ratio ; 2/8). Ruminal pH and ammonia-N tended to increase by adding AC(P<0.05). But oak charcoal did not affect the ruminal pH and ammonia-N. Although not significant, ruminal total VFA and molar percentage of butyric acid tended to decrease in AC diets. but molar percentage of acetate and propionate were not affected by adding AC. Ruminal degradation of dry matter, crude protein, NDF, and ADF in AC diets tended to increase than in non-AC diet, however, no tendency in ruminal degradation of hemicellulose was observed. Ruminal gas production tended to increase in the AC and oak charcoal diets(P<0.05). Although there appeared some beneficial effects in adding AC to ruminant diets in this study, more works should be done with AC before we can make clear conclusion on the use of AC in the ruminant diets.