• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• no.39
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• pp.343-364
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• 2008

Using data from Korea Welfare Panal Study(KWPS), this study examines the relationship between public income transfers and private income transfers in Korea. This research is analyzed by the procedure of OLS regression analysis. The results are as follows. First, the paper shows that public income transfers crowded out the private income transfers. Specially public assistance crowed out the private income transfers. The amount of public income transfers has negative correlation with the amount of private income transfers. The amount of public assistance income has negative correlation with the amount of private income transfers. But social insurance transfers do not have influence on the private income transfer. Second, the private income transfers in Korea are altruistically motivated.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2010

Apartment complex, buildings, markets and department stores have inner parking lots which can accept many cars but drivers waste lots of times to find the empty parking spaces in crowding parking lots. In this paper, we proposed the inner parking information support system based on microprocessor which can decrease roaming times to find vacant parking spot in confusing parking lots through notice monitor and provide SMS to make it easy to find parked place. Proposed system consist with RFID system for detecting access of cars, microprocessor system for processing data of checking existence of cars on parking spots and communicating with server, and server system which processes information of cars' in and out, guides empty parking spots and parked location to drivers. Suggested system is realized by handmade model parking lot size of 8 cars, and we confirmed practicality by providing information using parking notice monitor and single message service.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.313-320
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of chewing gum and low-level laser therapy in alleviating orthodontic pain induced by the initial archwire. Methods: Patients with 3-6 mm maxillary crowding who planned to receive non-extraction orthodontic treatment were recruited for the study. Sixty-three participants (33 females and 30 males) were randomly allocated into three groups: laser, chewing gum, and control. In the laser group, a gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) diode laser with a wavelength of 820 nm was used to apply a single dose immediately after orthodontic treatment began. In the chewing gum group, sugar-free gum was chewed three times for 20 minutes-immediately after starting treatment, and at the twenty-fourth and forty-eighth hours of treatment. Pain perception was measured using a visual analog scale at the second, sixth, and twenty-fourth hours, and on the second, third, and seventh days. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups at any measured time point (p > 0.05). The highest pain scores were detected at the twenty-fourth hour of treatment in all groups. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the study, we could not detect whether low-level laser therapy and chewing gum had any clinically significant effect on orthodontic pain. Different results may be obtained with a higher number of participants or using lasers with different wavelengths and specifications. Although the study had a sufficient number of participants according to statistical analysis, higher number of participants could have provided more definitive outcomes.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.346-354
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• 2021

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and chewing gum for orthodontic pain relief and to assess if chewing gum can be a non-pharmacological alternative for orthodontic pain relief. Methods: The study enrolled 106 patients of both sexes, aged ≥ 12 years, with body weight > 50 kg, and mild-to-moderate dental crowding in the upper arch. After randomization and allocation concealment, the intervention groups were either administered with ibuprofen (400 mg) or acetaminophen (500 mg) or chewed sugar-free chewing gum immediately after initial archwire placement and every 6 hours for 1 week if the pain persisted. The control group did not receive any pain relief. The pain was assessed on a 100-mm visual analog scale at rest and while biting down at T1 (2 hours), T2 (24 hours), T3 (2 days), T4 (3 days), T5 (7 days), and T6 (21 days). Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Results: The chewing gum group experienced more pain relief than the ibuprofen group at while biting down at T3 (p = 0.04) and at rest at T4 (p < 0.001). The chewing gum group reported more pain relief than the acetaminophen and control groups while biting down at T3 (p = 0.03 and p = 0.0006, respectively) and T4 (both p < 0.001). Conclusions: Chewing gum can be a non-pharmacological alternative for orthodontic pain relief at 2 and 3 days after initial archwire placement.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.61-84
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• 2016

Competing theories predict that others' contributions might be either substitutes or complements to one's own. Based on such competing theoretical discussions, this study attempted to examine the relationship between information about other citizens' giving behavior and citizens' giving. To achieve study objective, this study utilized a natural field experiment that investigates citizens' voluntary contributions to three types of kettle (transparent kettle with no money, transparent kettle with a large amount of bills and coinage, and red invisible kettle) during Salvation Army Red Kettle Campaign in 2011 and 2012. The experiment took place at subway stations which does not differences in the amount donated in previous years. In this field experiment, this study manipulated information about other citizens' giving behavior available to citizens by altering the different red kettle donation boxes. This study found that there are no positive or negative information effect on individual citizens' contributions. The results did not show either crowding-out effect or crowing-in effect. Thus, this study showed that social information has statistically non-significant impact on the propensity to donate and the amount donated.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.250-259
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the differences in mandibular posterior anatomic limit (MPAL) distances stratified by vertical patterns in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: CBCT images of 48 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion (mean age, 22.8 ± 3.1 years) categorized according to the vertical patterns (hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent; n = 16 per group) were analyzed. While parallel to the posterior occlusal line, the shortest linear distances from the distal root of the mandibular second molar to the inner cortex of the mandibular body were measured at depths of 4, 6, and 8 mm from the cementoenamel junction. MPAL distances were compared between the three groups, and their correlations were analyzed. Results: The mean ages, sex distribution, asymmetry, and crowding in the three groups showed no significant differences. MPAL distance was significantly longer in male (3.8 ± 2.6 mm) than in female (1.8 ± 1.2 mm) at the 8-mm root level. At all root levels, MPAL distances were significantly different in the hypodivergent and hyperdivergent groups (p < 0.001) and between the normodivergent and hyperdivergent groups (p < 0.01). MPAL distances were the shortest in the hyperdivergent group. The mandibular plane angle highly correlated with MPAL distances at all root levels (p < 0.01). Conclusions: MPAL distances were the shortest in patients with hyperdivergent patterns and showed a decreasing tendency as the mandibular plane angle increased. MPAL distances were significantly shorter (~3.16 mm) at the 8-mm root level.

• Journal of Research and Publication Ethics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to check the direction of KODISA's pursuit of complex and convergence studies by confirming the research trends of KODISA's direct academic journals such as JDS, JIDB, JBEES and JAFEB. To this end, we tried to compare and confirm the research trends of the papers in four academic journals targeting keywords. Research Design, data and methodology: The analysis was conducted from 2014 to 2020 on 867 papers from JDS, 315 papers from JIDB, 120 papers from JBEES, and 867 papers based on the publication year of the most recently published journal from JAFEB. For the analysis, frequency analysis, word crowding, topic modeling, and frequency analysis by applying weights for each year group were performed on the keywords crawled using Python. Results: The results of frequency analysis showed that each journal is properly oriented toward its target direction. In addition, it was confirmed that the results of topic modeling significantly reflected the results of frequency analysis. Finally, it could be concluded that the results of frequency analysis using the weights of keywords by year group were also developing in the direction the target journals were analyzed. Specifically, in the case of JDS, 20 keywords such as Service Quality, Distribution were found to increase continuously according to the year group. Meanwhile, the keywords that continued to increase according to JIDB's year group were India, Social Capital, and Job Stress. The keywords that continued to increase according to the year group of JBEES were Micro Finance Institutions and Microfinance, and the keywords that of JAFEB were confirmed to be Vietnam and Service Quality. Conclusion: It was confirmed that KODISA's direct management journals responded appropriately to convergence issues. In particular, it was confirmed that researches in various fields of JDS are continuously increasing. However, it seems that JIDB needs to deal with various issues additionally in the service industry field and JBEES in the environment field. Finally, it was found that JAFEB needs to be wary of the relatively low level of interest in some countries such as Kazakhstan and India in recent years.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2021

Purpose: Despite the fact that emergency medical centers (ED) are used by emergency patients, more than 50% of non-emergency patients have been reported to be admitted in EDs, of which more than 10% of them used the 119 ambulance. Therefore, this study investigated whether there was a change in the severity of patients visiting EDs during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients who visited the ED through the 119 ambulance in 2019 (13,735) and 2020 (11,015). Patient data were analyzed using the medical information system. Results: There was an increase in non-emergency patients at the emergency departments (KTAS levels 4-5) in 2020 with a rate of 58.0% (6,393), as compared to the 2019 data with a rate of 44.9% (6,169). However, the 2020 median length of stay in the emergency department was 188 minutes (IQR: 0-5,909minutes) (p=.000), which was decreased as compared to the 2019 median length of stay of 231 minutes (IQR: 5-6,211minutes) (p=.003). Conclusion: Providing emergency ambulance guidelines for selecting proper hospitals and educating patients to refrain from using the ED for non-emergency patients should be taken into consideration to prevent overcrowding and construct a more effective emergency medical system (EMS).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.211-247
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• 2021

Livestock species experience several stresses, particularly weaning, transportation, overproduction, crowding, temperature, and diseases in their life. Heat stress (HS) is one of the most stressors, which is encountered in livestock production systems throughout the world, especially in the tropical regions and is likely to be intensified due to global rise in environmental temperature. The gut has emerged as one of the major target organs affected by HS. The alpha- and beta-diversity of gut microbiota composition are altered due to heat exposure to animals with greater colonization of pathogenic microbiota groups. HS also induces several changes in the gut including damages of microstructures of the mucosal epithelia, increased oxidative insults, reduced immunity, and increased permeability of the gut to toxins and pathogens. Vulnerability of the intestinal barrier integrity leads to invasion of pathogenic microbes and translocation of antigens to the blood circulations, which ultimately may cause systematic inflammations and immune responses. Moreover, digestion of nutrients in the guts may be impaired due to reduced enzymatic activity in the digesta, reduced surface areas for absorption and injury to the mucosal structure and altered expressions of the nutrient transport proteins and genes. The systematic hormonal changes due to HS along with alterations in immune and inflammatory responses often cause reduced feed intake and production performance in livestock and poultry. The altered microbiome likely orchestrates to the hosts for various relevant biological phenomena occurring in the body, but the exact mechanisms how functional communications occur between the microbiota and HS responses are yet to be elucidated. This review aims to discuss the effects of HS on microbiota composition, mucosal structure, oxidant-antioxidant balance mechanism, immunity, and barrier integrity in the gut, and production performance of farm animals along with the dietary ameliorations of HS. Also, this review attempts to explain the mechanisms how these biological responses are affected by HS.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.478-488
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• 2021

This study analyzes the change in the contribution of the elderly to income inequality by using the Gini coefficient and the decile distribution ratio from the data of the Korea Welfare Panel Survey from 2007 to 2018 on economic inequality in old age. According to the study, the Gini coefficient of total income gradually decreased from 0.430 in 2007 to 0.383 in 2018. As a result, inequality decreased. Also, the higher the income quintile, the higher the income growth rate. Market income inequality has increased and inequality between public and private transfer income has decreased. Analysis of the contribution of income inequality to total income confirmed that public transfer income has replaced the role of private transfer income in reducing inequality over time. The expansion of public transfer income for the maintenance of basic living of the elderly is an important source of income for the elderly despite the crowding-out effect of private transfer income, market income, public and private transfer income, which are components of the income structure of the elderly, mutually complement total income. Therefore, it is important to identify income sources that contribute to alleviating income inequality among the elderly and reflect them in policy-making process.