• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.253-258
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• 2002

We compared the long-term metabolic effects of equal amounts of carbohydrate from potato, rice and buckwheat on glycemic indices and blood lipids in healthy subjects. Nine healthy volunteers-2 men and 7 women were studied. All subjects ate diets based on the same-7-day rotating menu differing only in that the major source of carbohydrate (about 50% of daily total calories) came either from buckwheat, rice or potato. The study was conducted with a triple crossover design over three 7 day periods. On the morning of the 8th day, fasting blood was drawn from each subject to determine serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total and HDL-cholesterol. Subjects were then asked to eat breakfast with their respective carbohydrate within a 20 min period. Blood samples were drawn at 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after the start of breakfast to determine glucose and insulin levels. At 30 min the glucose response to the rice meal(7.15mmol/L) and potato meal(6.71mmol/L) were greater than the response to the buckwheat meal(5.855mmol/L) (P < 0.05). The mean area under the glucose response to the curve following the rice meal was greater than that following the buckwheat meal(P < 0.05). The insulin responses to the potato and rice meals at 30 and 60 min were greater than those to the buckwheat meal (P < 0.05). The mean area under the serum insulin response curve after the rice meal was greater than of buckwheat. Blood lipids, uric acid and glycosylated hemoglobin were not affected by the three meals. The study shows that the buckwheat meal has more beneficial effects on glycemic indices than either the rice meal or potato meal in healthy subjects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.653-659
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• 2017

Objective: This trial was performed to examine the effects of ruminally degradable starch (RDS) levels in total mixed ration (TMR) with low corn-based starch on the milk production, whole-tract nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in dairy cows. Methods: Eight multiparous Holstein cows (body weight [BW]: $717{\pm}63kg$; days in milk [DIM]: $169{\pm}29$) were assigned to a crossover design with two dietary treatments: a diet containing 62.3% ruminally degradable starch (% of total starch, low RDS) or 72.1% ruminally degradable starch (% of total starch, high RDS). Changes to the ruminally degradable levels were conducted by using either finely ground corn or steam-flaked corn as the starch component. Results: The results showed that dry matter intake, milk yield and composition in dairy cows were not affected by dietary treatments. The concentration of milk urea nitrogen was lower for cows fed high RDS TMR than low RDS TMR. The whole-tract apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and crude protein decreased, and that of starch increased for cows fed high RDS TMR over those fed low RDS TMR, with no dietary effect on the whole-tract apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. The proportion of urinary N excretion in N intake was lower and that of fecal N excretion in N intake was higher for cows fed high RDS TMR than those fed low RDS TMR. The N secretion in milk and the retention of N were not influenced by the dietary treatments. Total purine derivative was similar in cows fed high RDS TMR and low RDS TMR. Consequently, estimated microbial N flow to the duodenum was similar in cows fed high RDS TMR and low RDS TMR. Conclusion: Results of this study show that ruminally degradable starch levels can influence whole-tract nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in dairy cows fed low corn-based starch diets, with no influence on performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1252-1261
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• 2008

Twenty-four yearling Boer$\times$Spanish goats were used in a crossover design experiment to determine effects of tethering on forage selection, intake and digestibility, grazing behavior and energy expenditure (EE) with forage high in nutritive value and low to moderate in mass. Objectives were to determine if tethered goats could be used as a model for study of unrestrained animals and to characterize tethering as a production practice. Four 0.72-ha pastures of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrium) were grazed in December and January. Each pasture hosted six animals, three with free movement and three attached to a 4.11-m tether for access to a circular area of $53.1m^2$. Tethering areas were moved each day. One animal of each treatment and pasture was used to determine forage selection, fecal output or grazing behavior and EE; therefore, there were eight observations per treatment. Mass of forage DM before grazing in Tethered areas averaged 1,280 and 1,130 kg/ha in periods 1 and 2, respectively. The CP concentration in ingesta was greater ((p<0.05) 239 and 209 g/kg; SE = 8.0) and the NDF level was lower (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (503 and 538 g/kg; SE = 12.0); in vitro true DM digestion was similar between treatments (0.808 and 0.807 for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 0.0096). Intakes of DM (1,013 and 968 g/d; SE = 78.6), NDF (511 and 521 g/d; SE = 39.9) and ME (10.9 and 10.7 MJ/d; SE = 0.90) were similar between treatments, but CP intake was greater (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (241 and 203 g/d; SE = 17.2). There were small treatment differences in in vivo apparent digestibility of OM ((p<0.05) 0.780 and 0.814; SE = 0.0049), CP ((p<0.05) 0.800 and 0.817; SE = 0.0067) and NDF ((p<0.09) 0.777 and 0.760 for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 0.0078). There were no treatment effects on time spent ruminating or grazing (346 and 347 min/d for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 42.5), but EE was considerably greater (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (571 and 489 kJ/kg $BW^{0.75}$; SE = 8.9). In conclusion, with forage of high nutritive value and low to moderate in mass, tethering can offer a production advantage over free grazing of less energy used for activity despite similar grazing time. With forage removal considerably less than that available for grazing, effects of tethering on chemical composition of selected forage were small and less than needed to markedly affect digestion. Tethering may offer a means of studying some aspects of grazing by ruminants, but would not seem suitable for energy metabolism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.973-979
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• 2005

The present study was planned to examine the effect of different feeding regimens on milk urea concentration and milk protein concentration. The objectives are to describe the diurnal variations of milk urea (MU) concentration and to predict plasma urea (PU) concentration from MU concentration. Six lactating Murrah buffaloes were distributed in two groups and were fed two different diets in a crossover design. The diets consisted of leguminous crops as diet 1 (berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum)+concentrate mixture 1+wheat straw)) and non-leguminous crops as diet 2 (oats (Avana sativa)+concentrate mixture 2+wheat straw). All the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Each diet was fed to the animals for a period of 28 days, followed by a 10 day gap to obviate the carry over effect of the previous diet and then a switch over to the other diet. Digestibility trials were conducted on the last 7 days of each feeding period. Milk samples were collected on day 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24 and 28 of the feeding period and blood samples were collected on the same day at morning within 30 minutes after morning milking. The average milk urea (MU) values (mg/dl) differed significantly (p<0.01) and were 44.83${\pm}$0.62 and 42.53${\pm}$0.73, respectively, for diets 1 and 2. Milk urea concentrations (mg/dl) also varied (p 0.01) among the days of feeding period, but were stabilized after 10th day of feeding period. In contrast, diets and days of feeding period had no significant effect on percent milk protein. Plasma urea concentration showed a significant (p<0.01) positive correlation (r = 0.93) with MU concentration. To predict the PU from MU the following equation was developed 'PU = 10.67${\pm}$0.76${\times}$MU (mg/dl) with $R^2$ = 0.87'. A clear diurnal variation of MU was found with lowered morning value (42.04${\pm}$0.68 mg/dl) than the evening value (45.32${\pm}$0.66 mg/dl). Present findings suggested that MU or PU concentration could be used as an indicator to monitor the feeding strategy. Plasma urea can be predicted from MU, whenever interpretation of milk urea data required consideration of diurnal variation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2020

Objective: This study investigated the effects of oral administration of rumen-protected L-tryptophan (RPL-T) on duodenal starch digestion and gastrointestinal hormones (GIH) secretions using Hanwoo beef steers as the animal models. Methods: Four steers (423±24 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were employed in a crossover design replicated twice. Treatments were control (basal diet) and RPL-T (basal diet+191.1 mg/kg body weight [BW]) group. Blood and duodenal samples were collected to measure serum GIH levels and pancreatic α-amylase activity at day 0, 1, 3, and 5 (-30, 30, 90, 150, and 210 min) of the study. Samples from each segment of the gastrointestinal tract were collected via ruminal and duodenal cannulas and were used to determine soluble protein and the starch digestion rate at days 6 (-30, 180, 360, and 540 min) and 8 (-30, 90, 270, and 450 min) of the experiment. Results: No significant difference in ruminal pH, NH₃-N, and total volatile fatty acid including the levels of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate, and the acetate-to-propionate ratio was observed between groups (p>0.05). Crude protein uptake was higher and feces starch content was lower in RPL-T group than the control group (p<0.05). The D-glucose contents of feces in RPL-T group decreased at day 5 compared to those in the control group (p<0.05), however, no change was found at day 0, 1, or 3 compared to the control group (p>0.05). Serum cholecystokinin (CCK), melatonin, duodenal pancreatic α-amylase activity, and starch digestion were significantly higher in RPL-T group than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Taken together, oral administration of RPL-T at the rate of 191.1 mg/kg BW consistently increased CCK concentration, pancreatic α-amylase activity in duodenal fluids, and starch digestion rate in the small intestine and thus found to be beneficial.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.275-292
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to recognize the aesthetic characteristics of the Maximalism depicted in contemporary costumes of new millennium. This is done by analyzing and examining the social and cultural background of fashion in the few years of 21st century. The fashion trend of the beginning of 21st century was coexisted conflicting factors with ultramodern factor and past recurrent factor. For that reason, new millennium is to be existence background of Maximalism style in contemporary costumes. The social and cultural background of Maximalism was regarded as characteristics of the Glocalism, fusion style, bobos. Glocalism means a compound word of Globalism and Localism, and used various fields of policy, economics, society etc. Consequently, the aesthetic formativeness of Maximalism of the contemporary costumes was investigated as the 'Romantic Hippie Look' and 'Romantic Sports Look' 1) Romantic Hippie Look New millennium fashion trend is affected by hippie style of 1970's. That is major reason that the antiwar consciousness of 9.11 terror, USA-Afganistan war and the economic depression is similar to 1970's situation. Accordingly, fashion trend is developed into bright, light, romantic style and fashion designers chose materials with flowers, butterflies, dragonflies pattern. Because the clothing of these material reflects well modern people's feeling to escape misgivings, unrest of political terror, war etc. The characteristics of hippie style expressed freedom as the greatest merit was raised new trend, so called 'Romantic Hippie Look' on new millennium. That is, the romantic hippie look of the contemporary costumes is depicted as the formative beauty of the multiculturalism and nationalism. 2) Romantic Sports Look : The beginning of new millennium, many fashion designers intend to graft the details of sports wear on order made or ready made clothing and try to show luxury and cheerful fashion design with combination of sporty and romantic factors. Accordingly, theses fashion trends expressed 'Romantic Sports Look' with a harmony or disharmony of unusual factors. The fashion trend of new millennium centering around special cities like New York, Paris, Milan moved to various regional culture. Accordingly, the features of fashion depicted not unique theme but multiplicity of the clothing of dissimilar style or material by the mixture of 2 or 3 factors like the fusion of femininity and masculinity and the combination of past and present of details. That is, the romantic sports look of the contemporary costumes is depicted as the formative beauty of the multi-functional and crossover.

• 인간행동과 음악연구
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.53-67
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• 2012

즉흥음악치료는 자폐아동들의 사회적 상호작용을 증진시킨다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 즉흥음악치료에서 치료사-내담자간의 상호작용의 음악적 동시성 및 선택대상을 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 또한 즉흥음악치료 상황에서 일어나는 상호작용의 핵심적 요인을 음악요소 분석을 통해 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 악기를 주로 사용하는 즉흥음악치료를 장난감을 사용하는 놀이치료 상황과 비교했으며, 두 가지 치료를 무작위 배치하는 교차설계를 이용하였다 (n = 10). 특정 회기별 목표행동분석(1, 4, 8, 12회기)을 실시하고, 반복측정 분산분석을 활용하였다. 분석결과 치료사와 아동간의 음악적 동시성의 빈도와 기간이 즉흥음악치료에서 장난감 놀이치료 상황에 비해 현저히 높게 나타났다 (p < .001). 또한 리듬과 다이내믹이 치료사와 아동간의 음악적 동시성을 가능케 하는 주요 요소로 측정되었다. 즉흥음악치료에서 자폐아동들은 나팔과 각종 호루라기를 가장 자주 선택했고, 장난감 놀이 상황에서는 인형의 집을 제일 많이 선택했다. 본 연구는 학령 전 자폐아동과 일하는 음악치료 임상가들에게 유용한 정보를 제공한다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2004

A bioequivalence study of $Roxithrin^{TM}$ tablet (Kukje Pharma. Ind. Co., Ltd.) to $Rulid^{TM}$ tablet (Han Dok Pharma. Ind. Co., Ltd.) was conducted according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty four healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the roxithromycin dose of 300 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week wash-out period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of roxithromycin were monitored by a high-performance liquid chromatography for over a period of 36 hours after drug administration. $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 36 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the cross-over design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for $Roxithrin^{TM}/Rulid^{TM}$ were 1.00 - 1.13 and 0.98 - 1.10, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of 0.80 - 1.25. Thus, our study demonstrated the bioequivalence of $Roxithrin^{TM}$ and $Rulid^{TM}$ with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.95-100
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• 1998

Piroxicam-$\beta$-cyclodextrin은 piroxicam을 $\beta$-cyclodextrin으로 포접시킨 비스테로이드성 항염증약물이다. 이러한 포접형 약물은 위장관에서의 흡수속도가 증가하는 것으로 외국자료에서 보고되고 있으며 이는 이 약물의 위장관 내성에 보다 나은 영향을 끼칠 수 있음을 시사하고 있다. 본 연구는 정상성인 한국인을 대상으로 randomized, crossover design에 의해 piroxicam-$\beta-cyclodextrin(Brexin^{(R)})$과 piroxicam 확산정$(Feldene^{(R)})$ 흡수속도를 비교하고자 하였다. 건강한 성인 8명의 피험자를 2군으로 나누어 시험약 또는 대조약을 각각 20 mg씩 20일의 휴약 기간을 두고 이중 맹검으로 교차 투여하였다. 시험약 또는 대조약의 투여 후 24시간 동안 일정 간격으로 채혈하여 HPLC 방법으로 혈장 내 piroxicam 농도를 측정하였다. $AUC_{0-24}\;({\mu}g/mL)$는 piroxicam-$\beta$-cyclodextrin군에서 $56.1\pm4.9$, piroxicam군에서 $57.3\pm5.6$으로 통계적인 유의성이 없었으나, 투여 후 0.5시간에서의 혈중농도는 piroxicam-$\beta$-cyclodextrin군 $2.9\pm0.4\;{\mu}g/mL$, piroxicam군 $1.6\pm0.3\;{\mu}g/mL$으로 통계적인 유의성을 보였다(p<0.05). 또한 최고혈중농도는 piroxicam-$\beta$-cyclodextrin$(4.3\pm0.5\;{\mu} g/mL)\;piroxicam(3.5\pm0.3\l{\mu}g/mL)$,으로 유의성이 있었으며(p<0.05), 흡수 속도상수는 piroxicam-$\beta$-cyclodextrin$(3.00\pm0.49\;h^{-1}), \;piroxicam(1.80\pm0.21\;h^{-1})$이었다(p<0.1). 이상의 결과에서, piroxicam-$\beta$-cyclodextrin정은 piroxicam 확산정과 비교하여 흡수되는 정도는 서로 비슷하지만 흡수 초기의 혈장농도 및 흡수속도상수에서 보다 빠른 약동학적 특성을 나타내었다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.71-75
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• 2002

This study was carried out to compare the bioavailability of $Ceclex^{(R)}$ (test drug, cefaclor 250 mg/capsule) with that of $Ceclor^{(R)}$ (reference drug) and to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefaclor in healthy Korean adult. The bioavailability was examined on 20 healthy volunteers who received a single dose (250 mg) of each drug in the fasting state in a randomized balanced 2-way crossover design. After dosing, blood samples were collected for a period of 6hours. Plasma concentrations of cefaclor were determined using HPLC with UV detection. The pharmacokinetic parameters $(AUC_{0-6hr},\;C_{max},\;T_{max},\;AUC_{int},\;K_e,\;t_{1/2},\;Vd)$ F, and CL/F) were calculated with non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. The ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the $T_{max},\;log-transformed\;AUC_{0-6hr}\;log-transformed\;C_{max},\;t_{l/2},\;V_d/F$, and CL/F. The ratios of geometric means of AUC0-6hr and $C_{max}$ between test drug and reference drug were $103.2\%\;(6.74\;{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/ml\;vs\;6.53{\pm}g{\cdot}hr/ml)\;and\;100.4\%\;(4.85\;{\mu}g\ml\;vs\;4.82\;{\mu}g/ml)$, respectively. The $T_{max}$ of test drug and reference drug were $0.9\pm0.38\;hr\;and\;0.83\pm0.34$ hrs, respectively. The $90\%$ confidence intervals of mean difference of logarithmic transformed $AUC_{0-6h},\;and\;C_{max}$ were log $0.98{\sim}log$ 1.08 and log $0.88{\sim}log1.15$, respectively. It shows that the bioavailability of test drug is equivalent with that of reference drug. The estimated half-life of this study was longer $(1.21\pm0.27\;hrs\;vs\;0.5-1\;hr)$, the Vd/F was larger $(68.89\pm25.72L$ vs 24.9L), and the CL/F was higher $(38.62\pm7.09\;L/hr$ vs 24.9 L/hr) than the previously reported values.