• 제목/요약/키워드: cross-presentation

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미륵사지서탑 축조의 구조 원리에 관한 기초 연구 6~7세기 전반 목탑과의 비교분석을 중심으로 (Basic Study on the Building Principles of Structure in Mireuksaji Stone Pagoda)

  • 조은경
    • 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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    • 제42권2호
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    • pp.86-109
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    • 2009
  • 미륵사는 백제 무왕(재위 600~641)이 창건한 사찰로 이와 관련한 창건 기록이 "삼국유사(三國遺事)" 기이(紀異) 제이(第二) 무왕조(武王條)에 언급되어 있다. 서원의 미륵사지서탑은 해체 전 6층까지의 일부가 남아있었으며 미륵사지 내의 유일한 현존 건축물로서 최근 사리장엄 발견으로 639년이라는 건립연대가 밝혀졌다. 또한 백제 사찰의 발굴조사 자료가 축적되고 동아시아의 학술적 교류가 활발해지면서 미륵사지서탑의 조영을 당시 불탑 건축의 발전 과정과 연관시켜 해석할 수 있는 가능성이 한층 높아졌다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 미륵사지서탑의 축조에 적용된 구조원리와 1층 평면의 형성을 중심으로 6~7세기 불탑 건축의 발전과정에 있어서 대형의 불탑건축이 어떻게 이루어졌는지에 관한 기초적 연구를 시도하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 미륵사지서탑은 내부와 외부가 독립적인 개념으로 축조되었는데 이는 당시의 고층 불탑건축에서 나타나는 구조원리의 표현으로 보여진다. 영녕사 목탑지에서 확인된 탑실심체와 같이 내부의 구조체를 형성하는 개념과 유사하게 내부 적심을 형성하고 외부 부재를 부가하는 방식으로 축조된 것이라 판단된다. 둘째, 미륵사지서탑에서는 상부의 적심부와 동시에 심주석이 동시에 존재하는 혼합 구조를 표현하고 있는데 이는 중국의 영녕사 목탑과 같은 실심체의 구조보다 발전된 것으로 조팽성 불사의 심초석과 항토 실심체의 구조와 유사한 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 혼합 구조는 황룡사 목탑이나 일본의 목탑과 같이 내외진을 전부 목구조로 형성하고 심주가 독립적으로 지지되는 구조 방식보다 선행되는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 셋째, 미륵사지서탑의 경우 1층에 십자형의 공간이 형성된 것은 심주석에 위치한 사리 봉안에 의한 것일 가능성이 높다. 이는 심주석을 중심으로 하는 4방향의 구심적 공간이며 사리의 본질적 의미에 기인하여 백제 6~7세기의 횡혈식 석실분과 유사한 방식으로 축조되었다. 횡혈식 석실분의 축조기법은 사리가 봉안되어 있는 상징적 공간을 효과적으로 표현하기 위한 방법인 동시에 석재를 사용하여 축조된 서탑에 있어서 재료적 동일성으로 인하여 수용이 더욱 용이하였던 것으로 추정된다.

박물관의 비정형건축형태분류와 전시공간과의 융합상관성 고찰 - 네덜란드, 독일, 싱가포르를 중심으로 - (A study of convergence correlation between freeform architecture classification of museum and exhibition space -Focus on the Netherlands, Germany and Singapore-)

  • 오선애
    • 한국과학예술포럼
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    • 제37권4호
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    • pp.205-216
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    • 2019
  • 본 연구는 박물관 비정형건축형태가 늘어나고 있는 현시점에서 학술적 건축형태계보에 관한 패러다임의 변화를 초래하고 있으며 이에 따른 전시공간에 미치는 영향에 관한 유무의 논증이 요구되어 진다. 따라서 선행되어야 하는 단계로서 비정형 건축형태와 전시공간과의 상관관계를 검증하기 위해 최근 2000년 이후 다양한 박물관 설립 또는 재개관한 사례의 현황분석을 통한 실질적인 비정형 형태의 경향을 파악한다. 이에 전시공간이 관람자의 공간체험에 더욱 효과적인가를 유추하기 위해 비정형건축과 전시공간과의 관계성에 대한 결론을 도출하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 연구방법 및 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 박물관의 비정형건축 형태적 개념 및 건축형태의 분류에 관한 문헌조사와 선행연구의 고찰을 통해 기준을 정립하여 도입하였다. 둘째, 싱가포르, 독일, 네덜란드 등을 직접 방문하여 사례 고찰을 통해 비정형 건축형태와 전시공간의 현황과 특성을 고찰하였다. 이때 Kare Vollers의 비정형 형태기준을 차용하여 분석을 하였다. 셋째, 비정형건축형태와 전시공간과의 관계성을 증명하기 위해 Kare Vollers의 비정형 형태기준과 비정형 전시공간을 중심으로 사례별 크로스 체크하여 결과를 도출하였다. 연구 결과의 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 비정형건축형태의 EX(Extruder)(angle, ortho)와 전시공간 사선형은 유의미한 상관성을 가진다. 이는 싱가포르보다는 네덜란드와 독일에서 92.3% 명확하게 검증되었다. 반면, 전시공간 곡면형은 불명확한 관계성을 보이며 싱가포르 경우 RO(Rotor), FR(Free Shaper), TW(Twister) 등을 통해 곡면형 관계성을 가진다. 둘째, 비정형 건축형태와 전시공간의 사선 및 곡면형이 복합적 형태조합을 가진다. 특히 N-02, G-02는 융합된 형태로써 EX를 기본적 가지며 부분적 다양하게 형태를 함유하여 비정형의 복잡함을 유도하였다. 이와같이 비정형 형태는 다양한 조합으로 무한정의 변형이 가능하며 이를 대응하기 위해 다각도에서의 융합적 접근이 요구된다. 차후 본 연구를 기반으로 박물관의 비정형 건축형태와 전시연출디자인과의 관계성 유무를 논증하고자 한다.

Distribution of the Population at Risk of Cholangiocarcinoma in Bua Yai District, Nakhon Ratchasima of Thailand Using Google Map

  • Kaewpitoon, Soraya J;Rujirakul, Ratana;Sangkudloa, Amnat;Kaewthani, Sarochinee;Khemplila, Kritsakorn;Cherdjirapong, Karuna;Kujapun, Jirawoot;Norkaew, Jun;Chavengkun, Wasugree;Ponphimai, Sukanya;Polsripradist, Poowadol;Padchasuwan, Natnapa;Joosiri, Apinya;Wakkhuwattapong, Parichart;Loyd, Ryan A;Matrakool, Likit;Tongtawee, Taweesak;Panpimanmas, Sukij;Kaewpitoon, Natthawut
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제17권3호
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    • pp.1433-1436
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    • 2016
  • Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a major problem of health in Thailand, particularly in Northeastern and Northern regions, is generally incurable and rapidly lethal because of presentation in stage 3 or 4. Early diagnosis of stage 1 and 2 could allow better survival. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a distribution map of populations at risk for CCA in BuaYai district of Nakhon Ratchasima province, Northeast Thailand. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 10 sub-districts and 122 villages, during June and November 2015. The populations at risk for CCA were screened using the Korat CCA verbal screening test (KCVST) and then risk areas were displayed by using Google map (GM). Results: A total of 11,435 individuals from a 26,198 population completed the KCVST. The majority had a low score of risk for CCA (1-4 points; 93.3%). High scores with 6, 7 and 8 points accounted for 1.20%, 0.13% and 0.02%. The population at risk was found frequently in sub-district municipalities, followed by sub-district administrative organization and town municipalities, (F=396.220, P-value=0.000). Distribution mapping comprised 11 layers: 1, district; 2, local administrative organization; 3, hospital; 4, KCVST opisthorchiasis; 5, KCVST praziquantel used; 6, KCVST cholelithiasis; 7, KCVST raw fish consumption; 8, KCVST alcohol consumption; 9, KCVST pesticide used; 10, KCVST relative family with CCA; and 11, KCVST naive northeastern people. Geovisual display is now available online. Conclusions: This study indicated that the population at high risk of CCA in Bua Yai district is low, therefore setting a zero model project is possible. Key success factors for disease prevention and control need further study. GM production is suitable for further CCA surveillance and monitoring of the population with a high risk score in this area.

CYP2C19 Genotype Could be a Predictive Factor for Aggressive Manifestations of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Related with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection in Thailand

  • Nun-anan, Pongjarat;Chonprasertsuk, Soonthorn;Siramolpiwat, Sith;Tangaroonsanti, Anupong;Bhanthumkomol, Patommatat;Pornthisarn, Bubpha;Vilaichone, Ratha-korn
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제16권8호
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    • pp.3253-3256
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    • 2015
  • Background: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem in the Asia-Pacific region including Thailand. Several factors have been proposed as contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of CYP2C19 genotypic polymorphism in HCC related to chronic HBV infection in Thailand. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed between April 2014 and January 2015. Chronic HBV patients with HCC (n=50) and without HCC (n=50) were included. Clinical information and blood samples of all patients were collected. The CYP2C19 genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, and was classified as rapid metabolizer (RM), intermediate metabolizer (IM) or poor metabolizer (PM). Results: The CYP2C19 genotype frequencies of RM, IM and PM in HBV patients were found to be 19/50 (38%), 25/50 (50%) and 6/50 (12%), respectively. The CYP2C19 genotype frequencies of RM, IM and PM in HBV with HCC patients were 21/50 (42%), 25/50 (50%) and 4/50 (8%), respectively. The distribution of CYP2C19 genotype was not different between patients with and without HCC. Interestingly, among HBV with HCC patients, the RM genotype of CYP2C19 tended to increase risk of aggressive manifestation (OR=2.89, 95%CI=0.76-11.25, P-value=0.07), compared with non RM genotype carriers. Conclusions: CYP2C19 genotype IM was the most common genotype in Thai patients with chronic HBV infection. In addition, genotype RM could be an associated factor for aggressive presentation in HCC related to chronic HBV infection.

In Situ Spectroscopy in Condensed Matter Physics

  • Noh, Tae Won
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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    • pp.92-92
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    • 2014
  • Recently, many state-of-art spectroscopy techniques are used to unravel the mysteries of condensed matters. And numerous heterostructures have provided a new avenue to search for new emergent phenomena. Especially, near the interface, various forms of symmetry-breaking can appear, which induces many novel phenomena. Although these intriguing phenomena can be emerged at the interface, by using conventional measurement techniques, the experimental investigations have been limited due to the buried nature of interface. One of the ways to overcome this limitation is in situ investigation of the layer-by-layer evolution of the electronic structure with increasing of the thickness. Namely, with very thin layer, we can measure the electronic structure strongly affected by the interface effect, but with thick layer, the bulk property becomes strong. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is powerful tool to directly obtain electronic structure, and it is very surface sensitive. Thus, the layer-by-layer evolution of the electronic structure in oxide heterostructure can be investigated by using in situ ARPES. LaNiO3 (LNO) heterostructures have recently attracted much attention due to theoretical predictions for many intriguing quantum phenomena. The theories suggest that, by tuning external parameters such as misfit strain and dimensionality in LNO heterostructure, the latent orders, which is absent in bulk, including charge disproportionation, spin-density-wave order and Mott insulator, could be emerged in LNO heterostructure. Here, we performed in situ ARPES studies on LNO films with varying the misfit strain and thickness. (1) By using LaAlO3 (-1.3%), NdGaO3 (+0.3%), and SrTiO3 (+1.7%) substrates, we could obtain LNO films under compressive strain, nearly strain-free, and tensile strain, respectively. As strain state changes from compressive to tensile, the Ni eg bands are rearranged and cross the Fermi level, which induces a change of Fermi surface (FS) topology. Additionally, two different FS superstructures are observed depending on strain states, which are attributed to signatures of latent charge and spin orderings in LNO films. (2) We also deposited LNO ultrathin films under tensile strain with thickness between 1 and 10 unit-cells. We found that the Fermi surface nesting effect becomes strong in two-dimensions and significantly enhances spin-density-wave order. The further details are discussed more in presentation. This work was collaborated with Hyang Keun Yoo, Seung Ill Hyun, Eli Rotenberg, Ji Hoon Shim, Young Jun Chang and Hyeong-Do Kim.

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알코올 사용 장애자의 알코올 단서에 의해 유발된 갈망 특성 (Alcohol Craving in Subjects with Alcohol Use Disorders in Response to Alcohol Cues)

  • 박미숙;손선주;박지은;김숙희;유인규;손진훈
    • 감성과학
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    • 제10권4호
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    • pp.603-611
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    • 2007
  • 남용 약물에 대한 갈망은 중독적인 행동을 지속하는 데 있어 중요하다. 갈망은 강화적이거나 보상적인 약물을 복용하고자 하는 강한 욕구와 관련된 다차원적인 현상으로 여겨진다. 본 연구에서는 알코올 사용 장애자와 정상인이 알코올 관련 자극(소량의 술을 마시기, 알코올 관련 시각 자극)에 노출되었을 때 갈망에 대한 심리적인 반응의 차이를 밝히고자 하였다. 알코올 관련 시각 자극을 개발하기 위하여 Normative Appetitive Picture System(NAPS)과 1차 집단 심리 실험을 통하여 알코올 자극을 선정하고 자극의 적합성과 효과성을 검증하여 자극을 최종 개발하였다. 본 실험을 위해 알코올 사용 장애를 가진 9명의 남녀 대학생(남:8명)과 9명의 비의존 남녀 대학생(남:8명)을 선정하였다. 실험참여자는 5cc 정도의 알코올을 복용하고, 알코올 자극, 음료 자극, 통제 자극(흐릿하게 변형된 알코올 자극)과 고정점 자극(십자가 기호)에 무선적으로 노출되었으며, 각 종류의 자극이 제시되고 나면 마우스를 이용하여 심리적 갈망 수준을 보고하였다. 심리반응 결과, 강박음주갈망척도, 음주 전, 음주 후 알코올 갈망에서 두 집단 간 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 알코올 사용 장애 집단은 알코올 자극을 포함한 모든 자극에서 정상인 집단보다 높은 알코올 갈망 수준을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 알코올 사용 장애자는 알코올 자극에 의해 유발된 심리적 갈망이 정상인과 다른 것으로 나타났다.

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Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Fungi on Plants Studied by Modern Electron Microscopy

  • Sanwald, Sigrun-Hippe
    • 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국식물병리학회 1995년도 Proceedings of special lectures on Molecular Biological Approaches to Plant Disease National Agricultural Science and Technology Institute Suwon, Korea
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    • pp.27-53
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    • 1995
  • In plant pathology there is an increasing necessity for improved cytological techniques as basis for the localization of cellular substances within the dynamic fine structure of the host-(plant)-pathogen-interaction. Low temperature (LT) preparation techniques (shock freezing, freeze substitution, LT embedding) are now successfully applied in plant pathology. They are regarded as important tools to stabilize the dynamic plant-pathogen-interaction as it exists under physiological conditions. - The main advantage of LT techniques versus conventional chemical fixation is seen in the maintenance of the hydration shell of molecules and macromolecular structures. This results in an improved fine structural preservation and in a superior retention of the antigenicity of proteins. - A well defined ultrastructure of small, fungal organisms and large biological samples such as plant material and as well as the plant-pathogen (fungus) infection sites are presented. The mesophyll tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana is characterized by homogeneously structured cytoplasm closely attached to the cell wall. From analyses of the compatible interaction between Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei on barley (Hordeum vulgare), various steps in the infection sequence can be identified. Infection sites of powdery mildew on primary leaves of barley are analysed with regard to the fine structural preservation of the haustoria. The presentation s focussed on the ultrastructure of the extrahaustorial matrix and the extrahaustorial membrane. - The integration of improved cellular preservation with a molecular analysis of the infected host cell is achieved by the application of secondary probing techniques, i.e. immunocytochemistry. Recent data on the characterization of freeze substituted powdery mildew and urst infected plant tissue by immunogold methodology are described with special emphasis on the localization of THRGP-like (threonine-hydrxyproline-rich glycoprotein) epitopes. Infection sites of powdery mildew on barley, stem rust as well as leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) on primary leaves of wheat were probed with a polyclonal antiserum to maize THRGP. Cross-reactivity with the anti-THRGP antiserum was observed over the extrahaustorial matrix of the both compatible and incompatible plant-pathogen interactions. The highly localized accumulation of THRGP-like epitopes at the extrahaustorial host-pathogen interface suggests the involvement of structural, interfacial proteins during the infection of monocotyledonous plants by obligate, biotrophic fungi.

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'요리 및 식당'의 리얼리티 프로그램의 구성과 재현의 의미와 문화 함축성 - tvN <윤식당1>과 <윤식당2>에 대한 기호학적 비교분석 ('Cook and Restaurant' reality program, structure, representation, and its cross-cultural implications: A comparative study between and of tvN)

  • 이지혜;백선기
    • 기호학연구
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    • 제56호
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    • pp.71-107
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    • 2018
  • 본 연구는 tvN의 리얼리티 프로그램 <윤식당>의 시즌1과 시즌2를 비교분석해 봄으로써 미디어를 통해 표현되는 음식과 요리 과정의 재현, 그리고 그것이 의미하는 문화적 함의에 대해 알아보았다. 이론적 논의를 통해 '요리행위 - 음식제공 - 식사행위'로 이어지는 일련의 과정이 사회 문화적으로 어떤 의미를 내포하는지 살펴보았으며, 통합체 분석, 계열체 분석, 행위주 분석, 레비-스트로스의 요리 삼각형 개념을 적용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 리얼리티 프로그램 <윤식당>이 외국에 한식당을 운영함으로써 소박한 일상과 여행을 통해 느낄 수 있는 여유와 느림의 가치에 주목했는데 반해, 실제로는 한국음식의 소비태도와 이를 반영하기 위한 요리 및 음식 제공 행위의 변형된 의미가 발견되었다. 나아가 한국음식의 변용이 현지화 또는 세계화라는 이름에 감춰진 '한국음식의 혼종성과 비정체성'을 뜻하며 한식의 세계화를 내세웠지만 그로인해 한국음식의 고유성 훼손이라는 부작용을 낳게 되었다. 이는 오락성을 위해 한국음식을 변형하여 제공했으며, 역설적으로 한국 음식문화의 문화적 혼종성 및 정체성 훼손을 생성한 것은 아닌가 하는 우려를 낳게 했다.

"Post-Decompressive Neuropathy": New-Onset Post-Laminectomy Lower Extremity Neuropathic Pain Different from the Preoperative Complaint

  • Boakye, Lorraine A.T.;Fourman, Mitchell S.;Spina, Nicholas T.;Laudermilch, Dann;Lee, Joon Y.
    • Asian Spine Journal
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    • 제12권6호
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    • pp.1043-1052
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    • 2018
  • Study Design: Level III retrospective cross-sectional study. Purpose: To define and characterize the presentation, symptom duration, and patient/surgical risk factors associated with 'post-decompressive neuropathy (PDN).' Overview of Literature: PDN is characterized by lower extremity radicular pain that is 'different' from pre-surgical radiculopathy or claudication pain. Although it is a common constellation of postoperative symptoms, PDN is incompletely characterized and poorly understood. We hypothesize that PDN is caused by an intraoperative neuropraxic event and may develop early (within 30 days following the procedure) or late (after 30 days following the procedure) within the postoperative period. Methods: Patients who consented to undergo lumbar laminectomy with or without an instrumented fusion for degenerative lumbar spine disease were followed up prospectively from July 2013 to December 2014. Relevant data were extracted from the charts of the eligible patients. Patient demographics and surgical factors were identified. Patients completed postoperative questionnaires 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Questions were designed to characterize the postoperative pain that differed from preoperative pain. A diagnosis of PDN was established if the patient exhibited the following characteristics: pain different from preoperative pain, leg pain worse than back pain, a non-dermatomal pain pattern, and nocturnal pain that often disrupted sleep. A Visual Analog Scale was used to monitor the pain, and patients documented the effectiveness of the prescribed pain management modalities. Patients for whom more than one follow-up survey was missed were excluded from analysis. Results: Of the 164 eligible patients, 118 (72.0%) completed at least one follow-up survey at each time interval. Of these eligible patients, 91 (77.1%) described symptoms consistent with PDN. Additionally, 75 patients (82.4%) described early-onset symptoms, whereas 16 reported symptoms consistent with late-onset PDN. Significantly more female patients reported PDN symptoms (87% vs. 69%, p=0.03). Patients with both early and late development of PDN described their leg pain as an intermittent, constant, burning, sharp/stabbing, or dull ache. Early PDN was categorized more commonly as a dull ache than late-onset PDN (60% vs. 31%, p=0.052); however, the difference did not reach statistical significance. Opioids were significantly more effective for patients with early-onset PDN than for those with late-onset PDN (85% vs. 44%, p=0.001). Gabapentin was most commonly prescribed to patients who cited no resolution of symptoms (70% vs. 31%, p=0.003). Time to symptom resolution ranged from within 1 month to 1 year. Patients' symptoms were considered unresolved if symptoms persisted for more than 1 year postoperatively. In total, 81% of the patients with early-onset PDN reported complete symptom resolution 1 year postoperatively compared with 63% of patients with late-onset PDN (p=0.11). Conclusions: PDN is a discrete postoperative pain phenomenon that occurred in 77% of the patients who underwent lumbar laminectomy with or without instrumented fusion. Attention must be paid to the constellation and natural history of symptoms unique to PDN to effectively manage a self-limiting postoperative issue.

미국(美國) 내셔널브랜드 C사(社)의 마케팅전략(戰略)을 통한 브랜드리뉴얼 성공사례(成功事例) 연구(硏究) (A Study on the Successful Case of Brand Renewal through American National Brand 'C' Company's Marketing Strategy)

  • 고희숙
    • 패션비즈니스
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.137-154
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    • 2002
  • It's not easy to renew old brand of over 50 years history to the tastes of new consumer of our time. Most of national brands that has a history of some 20 years in Korea have strove for continuation and growth of brand to no avails, which can be taken as a good example of current situation. For instance, C company, one of the National brand of US which has a history of 51 years, has made its position secure as a fashion group and based itself on a sound foundation by establishing new marketing strategy and completing successful brand renewal in the process of strategic M&A with Italian company. Those successful marketing strategies are as follows. 1) they regarded both market and consumer oriented marketing activity as company's highest priority strategy and put great emphasis upon concentration on target market and reestablishment of brand image of business casual wear. 2) Setting up and operating planning team composed of merchandizer alone in Milano, they set the direction of plan on the basis of concentrated research on potential item in market according to thorough market research done by buying office in Korea, branch office in Hong Kong and buyer in US prior to blueprint planning for season. 3) Great emphasis was placed on business which focused on intensive presentation of basic key item for apparel career women who are main consumer group in the midium-low prices market in US and on supplementation of size and color. they named this line 'collectibles' and helped their customer develop their own clothes plan without worrying about the change of color and fabric by supporting same fabric and color throughout the year and enabled them to add variation easily by supplementing new trend item. 4) Company set black as a main color that lots of apparel career women find easy to care and to express their own image and presented them with pebble which belongs to navy and beige and added fashion color such as wine and brown etc as season goes by. They constructed basic line in order for their customers to coordinate purchased item with new one or to add them to present collection, and to achieve efficient sale by setting up strategy which allows this cross coordination and changing pattern occasionally. 5) Though basic jacket for 99$, short slim skirt for 49$ are products within midium-low prices range, in the material planning stage aiming at production of item that has both resonable function appealing to consumer and is fashionable, synthetic material had to be used as a main source due to price competitiveness. Despite this situation, considering comfortable sense of fit and refined drape of silhouette that has no sign of cheap material, whole collectible line was divided into two items, which contributed to reduction of cost. In case of material that is composed of triacetate and polyester in 70 to 30 ratio, was used up to 4 million yard, which allowed drastic curtailment of cost accompanied by concentration. In case of 'collectibles' line, using Korean material mainly, C company chose to have their product sewed in Southeast Asian countries where transportation is well developed and both productivity and quality verified by operating global production system which aiming at cutdown of cost through outsourcing production from the country where labor cost is low and getting finished product. Polarization between present consumers telling us that consumers with the mind of middle classes in the past no longer exists between consumers who seek after only fine article of highest quality and wise consumers who are sensible enough to judge bubble on correlation between price and quality. To cope with this change in new consumer mind, apparel makes changing their policy so as to produce item that has reasonable quality and falls within affordable price range anywhere in the world. and they're striving to get out of difficult situation by operating global marketing strategy which stresses separation of planning, production and sale and sensibility of fashion shared worldwide. The marketing strategy of C company can be exemplified as a successful one.