• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.445-448
• /
• 1999

Beef and dairy cattle are the primary ruminant livestock in Korea, but there is a serious shortage of both fresh and dry forages. Small areas of forage crops or pastures, unfavorable soil and climatic conditions, high costs for pasture production, low establishment and management technologies, etc. are the main factors limiting roughage production in Korea. To meet the roughage demand of cattle several suggestions are presented. About 845,000 ha of hilly area could be developed for pastureland. Almost the same area of paddy field, and more than 200,000 ha of reclaimed land could be used for pasture production. If all the potential area is developed for pastureland, the area could be extended to 10 times more than is presently used for pasture crops and pastureland. Productivity would be increased by developing new technologies of establishment and management. Silvo-pastoral systems should be introduced to Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.183-186
• /
• 1990

Monensin administered as a slow release capsule to Droughtmaster steers grazing mixed pastures containing Stylosanthes hamata or grass pastures fertilized with N, had no effect on growth rate over 111 day period. Monensin significantly increased the level of propionic acid (p<0.001) and decreased the level of butyric acid (p<0.01) in the rumen. The lack of response to monesin was partly attributed to the poor pasture conditions and growth rate of the steers during part of the experimental period. An implant of oestradiol improved growth rates during the period of poor forage quality and in the subsequent 56 days when pastures were of high quality following rain. Mean growth rates over the entire 157 days for control, monensin and monensin/oestradiol treatments were 0.37, 0.37 and 0.50 kg/d respectively. It was concluded that when pasture conditions are sufficient only for the maintenance of liveweight, production can be improved by an oestradiol implant but not by feeding an ionophore such as monensin.

• 물과 미래
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.87-99
• /
• 1973

The calculation of the comsumptive use by crop can be most accurate when it is actually measured. The mankind is not yet able tole grasp all the natural conditions or phenomena. The induces of actual measurement at a representive observatory and the formula abtained from the area werowere made as close as possible, which is called as the Blaney Criddle formcula, published in 1945. In calculating the water require-ment of consumptive use of water by farm crops, a more accurate and reasonable formula should be induced as the factors other than temperature and day-time hours according to the location of project area have also influences. The formula of Mr. Jerald E. Christianen published in 1969 is based on the induces of the records of actural measurements for 3, 928 months at 80 different stations and his formula couers a wider range of functions that calculate water requirement to induce the functions of moisture, wind, velocity, sunshine at elevatons, in addition to temperature and daytime hours in accordance with latitude and was modified to be fit to natural phenomena. The formula is being widely in use in many contries with their modification since it is worth while for usealso in korea, the formula is introduced and explained in the following.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제14권9호
• /
• pp.1233-1237
• /
• 2001

A study was conducted to determine the effects of maturity at harvest and wilting days on the quality of round baled rye (Secale cereale L.) silage. This study was a $3{\times}3$ factorial arrangement in a split plot design with 3 replicates. The main plot was 3 harvesting dates at the stage of boot (20 Apr.), heading (29 Apr.) and flowering (14 May). The subplot was wilting day : 0 (unwilted), 0.5 and 1 day (0, 1, and 2 days at boot stage). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of rye silage were significantly greater than those of rye before ensiling, but crude protein (CP) content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were vice versa. Buffering capacity (BC) of rye harvested at flowering stage was decreased from 264 to 202 meq/kg at 1 day wilting, however, it was increased when harvested at boot or heading stage. The pH in wilted silage was the highest while that of flowering stage was the lowest. Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of wilting rye was lower than that of unwilted, and the lowest at late harvesting stage. All plots had minimal WSC content for silage fermentation. Wilting treatment and delayed harvesting date caused an increase in dry matter (DM) content of round bale silage. The content of ammonia-N expressed as a portion of total N showed negative correlation with DM content. High quality silage according to ammonia-N content could be obtained from mid-harvest with wilting. There were highly significant differences in each organic acid between harvesting dates and wilting periods. Acetic and butyric acid contents were increased with delayed harvesting and prolonged wilting period, the lactic acid content, however, was decreased. This study demonstrated that harvest of rye from heading to flowering stage with wilting would be a recommendable method for making high quality rye silage using round bale system.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.719-729
• /
• 2018

국내 유기농 밭 토양은 가축분퇴비, 유기질비료 등의 지속적인 투입에 의해 인산을 포함한 다량 양분이 축적되고 있다. 친환경 토양관리를 위하여 가축분퇴비나 유기질비료의 대안으로 보리(B)와 헤어리베치(H)의 혼파를 활용하고자 한다. 보리와 헤어리베치의 혼파가 녹비작물의 수량 및 양분 생산성에 미치는 효과를 평가하기 위하여, 가축분퇴비 연용으로 토양 양분이 축적된 유기농 밭 토양에 보리와 헤어리베치를 2016년 11월에 기준 파종량(B 160 kg/ha ; H 90 kg/ha) 대비 B 66%와 H 33%, B 33%와 H 66% 비율로 혼파 재배하였다. 수확기에 녹비작물 수량, 양분생산성을 분석하여 혼파 효과를 평가한 결과는 아래와 같다. 보리와 헤어리베치를 혼파 할 경우 녹비작물 수량이 헤어리베치 단파 보다 78~132% 증가되어, 혼파시 수량증대 효과가 있었다. 질소 생산성도 혼파에서 보리 단파보다 43~44% 증가, 인산 생산성도 헤어리베치 단파보다 200% 이상 증가되어 혼파의 양분생산성 증대 효과를 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과 보리와 헤어리베치의 혼파재배는 녹비작물의 수량 및 질소와 인생산성 증대에 효과적이라는 결과를 얻었으며, 2가지 측면을 모두 고려할 때, 기준 파종량 대비 보리 66%와 헤어리베치 33%를 혼파하여 파종한 처리(B66H33)가 가장 비료로써의 가치가 높아 양분이 축적된 유기농경지에서 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.419-432
• /
• 2010

본 실험에서는 월동작물로 재배되는 청보리와 호밀에 화학비료, 유기질비료 및 가축분뇨의 시용 그리고 콩과작물의 혼파재배가 작물의 생산성과 사료가치를 평가함으로써 토양의 지력향상과 함께 양질의 유기조사료를 확보하여 단위면적당 유기가축 사육능력을 추정하고자 무비구, 화학비료 인산칼리 시비구, 화학비료 질소인산칼리 시비구, 유기질비료 시용 액상우분뇨 시용구, 액상우분뇨 시용에 헤어리베치 혼파구 및 액상우분뇨 시용에 사료용완두 혼파구 등 7처리 3반복 난괴법으로 배치하여 실험이 실시되었다. 청보리의 연간 건물, 조단백질 및 가소화양분총량 수량은 화학비료 질소인산칼리 시비구가 액상우분뇨를 시용한 구를 제외하고 다른 처리구보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 청보리의 조단백질함량은 화학비료 질소인산칼리 시비구(9.8%)와 액상우분뇨 시용과 콩과작물 혼파구(8.6~9.7%)가 처리구보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 보리를 급여시 유기 한우 암소는 액상우분뇨 시용에 콩과작물 혼파구가 연간 ha당 평균 l.7~1.8두를 사육할 수 있다 호밀의 연간 건물, 조단백질 및 가소화양분총량 수량은 액상우분뇨에 콩과작물을 혼파한 구가 ha당 각각 6.9~7.1, 0.5~0.6 및 4.3~4.4톤으로 나타났다. 호밀의 조단백질함량은 화학비료 시비구가 10.8%로 모든 처리구보다 높았다(p<0.05). 호밀을 급여한 유기한우 암소의 연간 ha당 사육두수는 액상우분뇨 시용에 콩과작물 혼파구가 평균 1.9두를 사육할 수 있다. 단위당 생산수량 및 유기가축 사육능력측면에서 청보리 및 호밀에 대한 가축분뇨의 시용은 화학비료에 준하는 생산성적을 나타내었다. 가축분뇨 시용구내에서 청보리는 헤어리베치와 혼파 시에, 호밀은 사료용완두와 혼파 시에 더 많은 생산수량을 나타내었다. 또한, 가축분뇨 시용구내 콩과작물과의 혼파는 조단백질수량과 가소화양분총량을 증가시켰다. 결론적으로 가축분뇨 시용과 콩과작물과의 혼파는 유기가축사양 시 단백질공급원으로 이용 되는 수입유기곡류를 대체하는 효과를 가질 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 기술사
• /
• 제45권2호
• /
• pp.48-52
• /
• 2012

Global warming is worsen and worsen every day, But we have no result to overcome this crisis omen. With regret we have no means of curing the circumstances. Firstly we must know exact causes of the warming, Secondly we have to reduce any consumable materials use qnd find a new green way to cultivate crops productions. I suggest, we, the P.E should do the work for retardation of global warming.

• 한국유기농업학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국유기농업학회 2001년도 심포지엄
• /
• pp.192-206
• /
• 2001

A major challenge in the transition from conventional to organic production in a grain intensive region such as the Com Belt legion of the U.S.A. is how to profitably select and manage a crop relation. The opportunity cast of forgoing grain production for forage and green manure crops is significant. Many organic researchers and writers emphasize the need to bring an animal enterprise into the farming system for diversification and enhanced labor utilization. Livestock also add value to grain and forage crops to offset decreased grain production and can recapture nutrients used in crop production that can be recycled through manure. In grain intensive regions, organic farmers should consider swine production as a natural fit for the farming system. Swine are very efficient and adaptable animals that can add value to both grain and forage crops. While somewhat lacking, there is a reasonable body of literature on organic and sustainable swine production. However, there is relatively little specific information available to organic farmers to assist in the initial decision to enter organic swine production and to evaluate marketing alternatives. The primary focus of this paper is to give some background on organic animal production(emphasis on swine) in the Central United States and outline production and marketing decisions and considerations, relative to market trends, demographics and standards(U.S.). At the farm level, decisions must be made regarding resources, such as land, labor, financial and social capital, all relative to opportunities, all in the context of the standards and market forces beyond the farm. At the personal level the farmer must also make decisions about convictions regarding organic or environmentally friendly agriculture, willingness to change, impacts on lifestyle and family, and the transition to organic methods within the planning horizon of the farmer and the family business.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.796-808
• /
• 2018

The intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is widespread in arthropods. Recently, possibilities of novel Wolbachia-mediated hosts, their distribution, and natural rate have been anticipated, and the coconut leaf beetle Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which has garnered attention as a serious pest of palms, was subjected to this interrogation. By adopting Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) and multilocus sequence type (MLST) genotypic systems, we determined the Wolbachia infection density within host developmental stages, body parts, and tissues, and the results revealed that all the tested samples of B. longissima were infected with the same Wolbachia strain (wLog), suggesting complete vertical transmission. The MLST profile elucidated two new alleles (ftsZ-234 and coxA-266) that define a new sequence type (ST-483), which indicates the particular genotypic association of B. longissima and Wolbachia. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed a higher infection density in the eggs and adult stage, followed by the abdomen and reproductive tissues, respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in the infection density between sexes. Moreover, the wsp and concatenated MLST alignment analysis of this study with other known Wolbachia-mediated arthropods revealed similar clustering with distinct monophyletic supergroup B. This is the first comprehensive report on the prevalence, infection dynamics, and phylogeny of the Wolbachia endosymbiont in B. longissima, which demonstrated that Wolbachia is ubiquitous across all developmental stages and distributed in the entire body of B. longissima. Understanding the Wolbachia infection dynamics would provide useful insight to build a framework for future investigations, understand its impacts on host physiology, and exploit it as a potential biocontrol agent.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제47권
• /
• pp.175-185
• /
• 2002

Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop as a vegetable oil, concentrated feed and industrial materials. The name "canola" was registered in 1979 by the Western Canadian Oilseed Crushers Association to describe "double-low" varieties. Double low indicates that the processed oil contains less than 2% erucic-acid and the meal less than 3mg/g of glucosinolates. Today annual worldwide production of rapeseed is approximately 35 million tons on 24 million hectares. China accounts for 33% of the world production and the European Economic Community for nearly 32%. Canola ranks 3rd in production among the world's oilseed crops following soybeans, sunflowers, peanuts and cottonseed. The recent advances in genomics and in gene function studies has allowed us to understand the detailed genetic basis of many complex traits, such as flowering time, height, and disease resistance. The manipulation of seed oil content via transgene insertion has been one of the earliest successful applications of modern biotechnology in agriculture. For example, the first transgenic crop with a modified seed composition to be approved for unrestricted commercial cultivation in the US was a lauric oil, rape-seed, grown in 1995. There were also some significant early successes, mostly notably the achievement of 40% to 60% lauric acid content in rapeseed oil, which normally accumulates little or no lauric acid. The name "$\textrm{Laurical}^{TM}$" was registered in 1995 by Calgene Inc. Nevertheless, attempts to achieve high levels of other novel fatty acids in seed oils have met with much less success and there have been several reports that the presence of novel fatty acids in transgenic plants can sometimes lead to the induction of catabolic pathways which break down the novel fatty acid, i.e. the plant recognizes the "strange" fatty acid and, far from tolerating it, may even actively eliminate it from the seed oil. It is likely that, in the future, transgenic oil crops and newly domesticated oil crops will both be developed in order to provide the increased amount and diversity of oils which will be required for both edible and industrial use. It is important that we recognize that both approaches have both positive and negative points. It will be a combination of these two strategies that is most likely to supply the increasing demands for plant oils in the 21st century and beyond.ant oils in the 21st century and beyond.