• 제목/요약/키워드: credit problems

검색결과 276건 처리시간 0.024초

다양한 다분류 SVM을 적용한 기업채권평가 (Corporate Bond Rating Using Various Multiclass Support Vector Machines)

  • 안현철;김경재
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.157-178
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    • 2009
  • Corporate credit rating is a very important factor in the market for corporate debt. Information concerning corporate operations is often disseminated to market participants through the changes in credit ratings that are published by professional rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's (S&P) and Moody's Investor Service. Since these agencies generally require a large fee for the service, and the periodically provided ratings sometimes do not reflect the default risk of the company at the time, it may be advantageous for bond-market participants to be able to classify credit ratings before the agencies actually publish them. As a result, it is very important for companies (especially, financial companies) to develop a proper model of credit rating. From a technical perspective, the credit rating constitutes a typical, multiclass, classification problem because rating agencies generally have ten or more categories of ratings. For example, S&P's ratings range from AAA for the highest-quality bonds to D for the lowest-quality bonds. The professional rating agencies emphasize the importance of analysts' subjective judgments in the determination of credit ratings. However, in practice, a mathematical model that uses the financial variables of companies plays an important role in determining credit ratings, since it is convenient to apply and cost efficient. These financial variables include the ratios that represent a company's leverage status, liquidity status, and profitability status. Several statistical and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been applied as tools for predicting credit ratings. Among them, artificial neural networks are most prevalent in the area of finance because of their broad applicability to many business problems and their preeminent ability to adapt. However, artificial neural networks also have many defects, including the difficulty in determining the values of the control parameters and the number of processing elements in the layer as well as the risk of over-fitting. Of late, because of their robustness and high accuracy, support vector machines (SVMs) have become popular as a solution for problems with generating accurate prediction. An SVM's solution may be globally optimal because SVMs seek to minimize structural risk. On the other hand, artificial neural network models may tend to find locally optimal solutions because they seek to minimize empirical risk. In addition, no parameters need to be tuned in SVMs, barring the upper bound for non-separable cases in linear SVMs. Since SVMs were originally devised for binary classification, however they are not intrinsically geared for multiclass classifications as in credit ratings. Thus, researchers have tried to extend the original SVM to multiclass classification. Hitherto, a variety of techniques to extend standard SVMs to multiclass SVMs (MSVMs) has been proposed in the literature Only a few types of MSVM are, however, tested using prior studies that apply MSVMs to credit ratings studies. In this study, we examined six different techniques of MSVMs: (1) One-Against-One, (2) One-Against-AIL (3) DAGSVM, (4) ECOC, (5) Method of Weston and Watkins, and (6) Method of Crammer and Singer. In addition, we examined the prediction accuracy of some modified version of conventional MSVM techniques. To find the most appropriate technique of MSVMs for corporate bond rating, we applied all the techniques of MSVMs to a real-world case of credit rating in Korea. The best application is in corporate bond rating, which is the most frequently studied area of credit rating for specific debt issues or other financial obligations. For our study the research data were collected from National Information and Credit Evaluation, Inc., a major bond-rating company in Korea. The data set is comprised of the bond-ratings for the year 2002 and various financial variables for 1,295 companies from the manufacturing industry in Korea. We compared the results of these techniques with one another, and with those of traditional methods for credit ratings, such as multiple discriminant analysis (MDA), multinomial logistic regression (MLOGIT), and artificial neural networks (ANNs). As a result, we found that DAGSVM with an ordered list was the best approach for the prediction of bond rating. In addition, we found that the modified version of ECOC approach can yield higher prediction accuracy for the cases showing clear patterns.

고교학점제도 문제점 해결을 위한 운영 방향 탐색 (Exploring Operational Directions to Solve the Problem of High School Credit System)

  • 윤옥한
    • 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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    • 제21권8호
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    • pp.236-246
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    • 2021
  • 이 연구의 목적은 고교학점제도의 운영 방향을 탐색하여 고교학점제도의 문제점들을 해결하고 고교학점제도를 효과적·효율적으로 운영하도록 도움을 주는 것이다. 연구방법은 문헌연구로 문헌연구대상은 선행연구, 공청회자료, 언론보도자료, 2015개정교육과정, 교육부의 고교학점제 추진방안 등이다. 연구 결과 고교학점제도의 문제점을 해결하기 위한 교육과정 편성의 기본적인 방향은 첫째, 보통 교과 과목 위주로 편성해야 한다. 둘째, 자신이 원하는 분야의 관련 과목을 깊이 있게 학습할 수 있게 해야 한다. 셋째, 교육과정 편성의 근거도 확인해야 한다. 고교학점제도 문제점 중 진로지도를 위한 고교학점제도 운영 방향은 첫째, 진로 학습·코칭을 위한 진로 교육과정위원회 구성 및 운영이다. 둘째, 교원의 업무 체계 재 구조화이다. 셋째, 진로 희망 설계 및 진학 방향 탐색의 시간 마련이다. 넷째, 진로 및 학업 설계 지도 코칭 북 제공이다. 다섯째, 진로 및 학업 설계 지도 교사의 역할이다. 여섯째, 과목 선택에 대한 책임감 강조 및 재 이수 프로그램 마련이다.

우리나라에 있어서 중소기업에 대한 무역금융으로서 국제팩토링의 발전방안에 관한 연구 (A Study on Development Strategies of International Factoring as trade financing in Korea)

  • 배정한
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제39권
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    • pp.105-142
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    • 2008
  • For many companies, selling in an international market place is the ultimate challenge. One of the greatest problems facing exporters is the increasing insistence by importers that trade be conducted on open account terms. This often means that payment is received many weeks or even months after delivery. Unsurprisingly, many organisations find that giving buyers credit in this way can cause severe cash flow problems. Further problems can arise if the importer delays payment beyond originally agreed terms or makes no payment at all because of financial failure. In particular, many SMEs find it difficult to finance their production cycle, since after goods are delivered most buyers demand 30 to 90 days to pay. Therefore, International factoring for SME has been developing very rapidly in the world trade financing markets. Functions of international factoring as trade financing is a comprehensive financial service that includes credit protection, accounts receivable bookkeeping, collection services and financing. Factoring can be a powerful tool in providing financing to high-risk, informationally opaque sellers. International factoring is very helpful for international exporters to get competitiveness in the world markets. In Korea, a few banks are operating international factoring. But International factoring in Korea could not play a key roll as general trade supporting service. So, This study is to suggest importances of international factoring development for trade development and to investigate real operation situations and problems by way of interviews with operators in banks that are operating international factoring and suggest development strategies for international factoring in Korea.

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일반화부분점수 모형에 의한 디자인역량 검사 특성 분석 (An Item Characteristic Analysis of Competency Inventory for Designer via Generalized Partial Credit Mode)

  • 이대용
    • 수산해양교육연구
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    • 제27권6호
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    • pp.1546-1555
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    • 2015
  • This study was performed to analyze the item characteristics of competency inventory for designer (CID), which Gil (2011) developed for measurement of design competency. To accomplish the purpose of this study, general partial credit (GPC) model based on polytomous item response theory was applied. The findings were as follows: First, CID is a reliable instrument for measuring design competency. Second, most items of CID have low item discrimination and average item difficulty according to the GPC model. Especially, there are some problems to have low item discrimination in view of validation. To improve the goodness of CID, we will need to examine why CID has low item discrimination.

가계부채 연착륙 종합대책의 문제점과 그 해법으로써 수산업협동조합의 정체성 확립에 관한 논의 (Discussion on the Establishment of Identity of Fisheries Cooperatives as Solution of the Problems of Comprehensive Measures for a Soft Landing of Household Debts)

  • 전형수
    • 수산경영론집
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    • 제42권3호
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    • pp.95-107
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    • 2011
  • The Comprehensive Measures for a soft landing of Household Debts affecting the credit service of Fisheries Cooperative (FC) have been known to the public in June 2011. Its essential points are as follows: 1) Abolition of Tax-free Regulation, 2) Set limit of loans, etc. per person, 3) Introduce leverage regulations for credit-specialized financial sector i. e. FC, 4) Gradually strengthen loan-loss reserve requirements for card-loan and other credit loans. However, the Financial Policy Measures seem to pay no attention to the Cooperative's Values, Principles and Identity. In this paper, emphasis is be placed on the task of the regulators i. e. Financial Services Commission and Financial Supervice Service to lift the Financial Measures negatively affecting the operation of fund of FCs, and on the establishment of Cooperative identity in order to further develop FCs.

WTO/OECD하에서 공적수출기관인 한국수출입은행의 단기 및 중장기 수출자금 대출지원제도가 수출에 미치는 영향에 미치는 영향에 관한 실증연구 (An Empirical Study on the Influence of the Korean Short-term Export Loan System & Medium and Long-term Export Loan System upon Korean Export in WTO/OECD)

  • 이은재
    • 통상정보연구
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    • 제7권3호
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    • pp.247-268
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    • 2005
  • In this study, I analysed the influence of the Korean Officially Supported Export Credit System upon Improvement upon Korean Export, investigated Korean Officially Supported Export Credit System focussing on the Short-term Export Loan System & Medium and Long-term Export Loan System in Korea Eximbank and sought for the measures overcoming problems therewith. In my research I started from a basic model analyzing Short-term Export Loan & Medium and Long-term Export Loan using added several variables that have effect on export such export relative price, world income and the amount of post-shipment credit bank guarantee. As a result, amount of Short-term Export Loan & Medium and Long-term Export Loan, world income and export relative price showed expected responses and Short-term Export Loan was significant. In case of amount of Short-term Export Loan System was statistical significance.

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수준별 영어강좌 운영에 대한 사례연구 (A Case Study on Implementing Graded English Class)

  • 이창훈
    • 공학교육연구
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    • 제16권4호
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    • pp.15-20
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    • 2013
  • The result of the English test for freshmen showed wide difference in the ability of students, which means the graded class is strongly required. This paper describes the case study about the graded English class that was carried out for the freshman. Every freshman must take an English placement test from problems bank and were classified according to the result of the test. In order to resolve the dissatisfaction of the high level students, the statutes of my university for credit were modified. In order to analyze the effect of the graded class, evaluation test using similar problems was carried out at the end of the semester. The effect of the graded class was analyzed by using the paired samples t-test method and there was a meaningful performance improvement at the average score. Additional improvements in the method of classification and credit granted were made by analyzing the results of the evaluation test and survey.

전자자금이체상의 당사자의 권리와 의무상의 문제점 및 시사점 -UCC와 UNCITRAL Model Law 중심으로- (A Study on Problems and Implication of Obligations and Responsibilities in Electronic Funds Transfer -Focused on the UCC and the UNCITRAL Model Law-)

  • 김종칠;이병렬
    • 통상정보연구
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    • 제6권2호
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    • pp.339-358
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    • 2004
  • This article discusses the critical issues on obligations and responsibilities in electronic funds transfer(EFT) between Article 4A of the UCC and the Model Law on International Credit Transfers of UNCITRAL. The electronic fund transfers begin with the issue of the payment order by the originator to the receiving bank for the beneficiary. All obligations and responsibilities of parties concerned occur when the receiving bank accept the originator's payment order to executes. So far, some the most compelling studies have focused on the legal obligations and responsibilities of electronic fund transfer in Korea. Therefore, In this paper, we would like to examine some problems of obligations and responsibilities in electronic fund transfer from Article 4A of UCC and the Model Law on International Credit Transfers of UNCITRAL. And also we present some Implications to reform EFT Law for the efficient application.

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한국 간호교육의 실제와 문제점 - 전문대학 교육과정 - (A Study on Present States of Nursing Education - Junior College of Nursing -)

  • 박춘자
    • 한국간호교육학회지
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.24-31
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    • 1995
  • This study was attempted to identify the present state of the Junior College of Nursing such as philosophy of education and goal of education. The study was based on the data from 17 Junior colleges of nursing. The survey was conducted from Jun. 21st to 30th. 1994. Data was analyzed by percentage. The results of this .study was summarized as follows : 1. The number of Junior college of nursing is 44, the number of graduates is 776, and the rate of employment is 97.3% in 1993. 2. 6 of 17 schools present the philosophy of education and the chief concepts of them were idea of establishment, human being, health, environment, nursing, nursology, nursing education and nurses. The most frequent presented general goal of the education was to train professional nurse (64.7%). The most concrete goal of the education was fostering of the competence and quality of students to enhance self development which based upon scientific thinking and skillful activities. (58.8%). The average total credit was 142.3(range of 133 to 155). The average liveral art credit was 27.2 and major credit was 104.1. The credit of clinical pracetice was 20.6 (1153.6 hours). 3. The most important problems of Junior College of Nursing was multiprogram of nursing edcuation. It should be unionized into 4 year program. 4. There should be a good nursing curriculum and philosophy which meet the modern nursing concept and diversional social needs.

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국제간 신용카드 가맹점 수수료 비교를 통한 한국의 수수료 개선방안 연구 (A Study on Improvements of Merchant Fees System for Credit Cards Currencies based on International Comparison)

  • 김상봉;노재확
    • 통상정보연구
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.189-206
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    • 2013
  • 본 연구는 신용카드시장에서 문제가 되는 가맹점 수수료 문제에 대하여 국제간으로 비교하고 이를 바탕으로 향후 한국의 수수료 정책의 발전 방향에 대해 모색하였다. 국제 비교를 한 결과 우리나라 카드 수수료는 다음과 같은 발전방향이 제시될 수 있다. 첫째, 대형가맹점에 대한 가맹점 수수료 인상으로 인해 발생하는 물가상승 등을 고려하여 수수료율 인상이 최소화될 필요가 있다. 둘째, VAN과 관련한 부분에서 시장의 충격을 최소화하면서 정상적인 결제가 작동하도록 VAN의 역할을 부여할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 가맹점 수수료에 대한 자료의 주기적인 업데이트를 통해 자료의 신빙성을 획득할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 적격비용 항목에 대해 구성항목에 대해 고지하고 이해시킬 필요가 있다. 다섯째, 적격비용이 다른 항목인 체크카드 가맹점 수수료율에 대한 논의가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

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