• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 학술발표 논문집
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• pp.163-167
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• 2000

The eligibility is used to solve the credit-assignment problem which is one of important problems in reinforcement learning. Conventional eligibilities which are accumulating eligibility and replacing eligibility make ineffective use of rewards acquired in learning process. Because only an executed action in a visited state is learned by these eligibilities. Thus, we propose a new eligibility, called the weighted eligibility with which not only an executed action but also neighboring actions in a visited state are to be learned. The fuzzy Q-learning algorithm using proposed eligibility is applied to a cart-pole balancing problem, which shows improvement of learning speed.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2004

The paper describes the up going and frustration of electronic commerce development in China during the past ten years. All the changes are classified as EC application trends and the trends on EC supporting environment construction. Later, some problems affecting EC development are raised, and one of them: social credit system construction is discussed in detail. The trends of EC development discussed in the paper are based on the practices in China, but it is generally analogous in the rest of the world.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.88-101
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• 1993

This study is aimed at evaluating the present management status of the rural special production area development projects and identifying managerial problems to propose new direction of the political countermeasures for the projects. In the con text of implementing the five year's economic developent plans for the past three decades, agricultural production and farm-household income have also been grown rapidly. However the income gap between rural and urbarn laborer, as an internal problem, has widened during the decades and the UR problems concerning free trade of agricultural products, as an external problems, are now agonizing the small-holder farm economy in Korea. The internal and external farm problems could be solved through improvement of agricultural structure and provision of off-farm jobs for farm household income increase. As a part of the off-farm income sources, the rural special production area development projects have propelled by the government throughout the country. The main problems to be solved for the successful implementation of the projects are as follows : 1. Present loan amount by the financial fund was estimated at 6-7% of the total installation costs required. To expand and implement the project successfully, enough financial credit support with favorable terms and conditions have to be considered by the government. 2. The operation patterns of the special production area development project should be recommended from the view point of cooperative and private operation to maximize farm household incomes including profits, marketing charges and dividens. 3. Improvement of the marketing channel of the products and marketing information through TV program and other mass communication should be implemented strongly to promote marketsales by the financial supports of the government. 4. In connection with the off-farm income increase, the population migrating to urban area in outside Chungnam province equivalent to 10-12 thousand persons with age of 20-49 years should be taken into account politically to be employed in the projects in the province. 5. Surplus farm labors should be created by means of improvement of agricultural structure including large farm management with farm mechanization and job opportunities have also to be provided in connection with the rural special production area development projects. The two imminent subjects are the prerequisites to increase off-farm incomes for the farmers living in Chungnam province. 6. Required credit supports for investment and operation costs of the projects should be taken actions by the government.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.579-590
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• 2018

'14.5월 앱카드는 스미싱 기법과 전화번호 취득불가 취약점으로 명의도용사고를 당하였고, 그 후 카드사들은 해당 취약점을 보완하기 위해 인증수단을 추가 도입하는 등 보완하여 운영해 오고 있다. 하지만, 인증 적용환경, 목적 및 인증수단에 대한 분석이 부족하여 기존 사고에서 나타난 취약점 및 리스크수준을 낮추지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 전자금융서비스 중 앱카드의 인증과정을 미(美)NIST의 인증가이드라인을 적용하여 분석하고, 문제점을 파악하여 개선 방향을 제안하고자 한다. 본 연구에서 분석한 방식은 앱카드외에도 인증수단의 분석에 전반적으로 적용할 수 있어 활용가치가 높을 것이다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.85-103
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to examine determinant to purchase decisions by consumers using the home shopping of cable TV. For the purpose accomplishment, this researcher surveyed demographic characteristics of cable TV users to determine what differences in types of goods purchased by the users were made in accordance with the characteristics. Findings from the study may be reflected in bisiness policies seeking the fulfillment of consumer needs, and be used as a basic information for the establishment of consumer policies pursuing increased qualities of consumption life by providing information on goods shown through the of home shopping on cable TV. The result of the study can be summarized as follow. First, purchased goods were greatly different in their types depending on demographic characteristics of consumers such as gender, marital status, age, educational backgrounds, income and jobs. Second, experiential characteristics of cable TV users including holding or non-holding credit cards, main channels used, the main time of watching cable TV and purchase frequency per year contributed to differences in types of purchased goods. Third, factors influencing purchase decisions were somewhat different according to types of goods. However, previous purchase experiences were most influential irrespective of the types. The result as described so far suggests that previous purchase experiences by consumers raised their chances of repurchase by removing possible risks perceived by consumers. Based on the result as above, the researcher would make the following conclusion. First. companies operating the of home shopping on cable TV should increase satisfaction by consumers by providing reliable goods and information to them. In this sense, those companies need to establish marketing strategies that vary according to demographic characteristics of consumers and at the same time provide product information necessary for fulfilling consumers' requirements. Second, consumers should be moderate in the use of credit cards to avoid unplanned purchases via home shopping on cable TV and have some knowledge to solve problems related to goods and to the use of credit cards.

• 무역학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.199-215
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• 2016

국제상거래시장에서 화환신용장의 이용이 감소하고 외상거래와 같은 신용거래가 증가되고 있는 시점에서 국제팩토링은 우리나라 중소수출기업의 수출경쟁력 강화를 위하여 반드시 필요한 무역금융이다. 하지만 우리나라에서는 외국계은행을 제외하고는 한국수출입은행만이 실질적으로 국제팩토링서비스를 제공하고 있다. 최근 한국에서 국제팩토링 거래규모는 정부적의 정책적 지원으로 증가하였지만 아직도 한국의 무역규모에 비하여 국제팩토링시장의 규모는 미약한 것이 현실이다. 또한 국제팩토링은 전도금융제공 및 신용담보 등의 기능을 제공하기 때문에 중소수출기업에게 더 효용이 있지만 한국에서는 중소기업보다는 대기업을 위주로 국제팩토링서비스를 제공하고 있는 문제점이 있다. 이러한 이유는 다양하겠지만 국제팩토링에 관한 채권양도에 관한 법제도의 미비, 국제팩토링을 도입하는 과정에서의 이해부족 및 보수적 태도와 같은 운영상의 문제점으로 기인한다고 볼 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 우리나라의 주요 무역상대국인 중국과 일본의 국제팩토링시장의 현황 및 문제점과 개선방안을 비교하여 한국의 국제팩토링 활성화 방안을 검토하고자 한다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제33권
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• pp.63-89
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• 2007

The UCP is an authoritative compilation of the customs and practice of letters of credit observed by most of the participants in the transaction. It remains the most successful set of private rules for trade ever developed. First issued in 1933, the UCP has been through five revisions, the latest being the present UCP 500, which came into force in 1994. Since 1994, new developments in transport, insurance, electronic commerce and banking industry have spurred the current revision of the rules. The ICC Banking Commission approved UCP 600 on October 25, 2006 by a unanimous vote of 91 to 0. The revision, which will come into effect on July 1, 2007, incorporates a number of changes from UCP 500 as follows : UCP 600 has a leaner set of rules, with 39 articles rather than 49 articles of UCP 500; New sections on "definitions" and "interpretations" have been added to clarify the meaning of ambiguous terms; The phrase "reasonable time" for acceptance or refusal of documents has been replaced by a firm period of five banking days; UCP 600 allows for the discounting of deferred payment credits. However, UCP 600 has two main problems such as the inconsistency with insurance industry and the banking community-oriented rules. We have some months before the commencement of UCP 600. From today to the commencement of UCP 600, we should study the full contents of UCP 600 and the influences on the trade industry.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제33권
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• pp.91-118
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• 2007

In the transaction of credits, banks must examine the presentation to determine, on the basis of the documents alone, whether or not the documents appear on their face to constitute a complying presentation. And bank shall each have a maximum of five banking days following the day of presentation to determine if a presentation is complying. This period does not depend on any upcoming expiry date or last day for presentation. Data in a document, when read in context with the credit, the document itself and international standard banking practice, need not be identical to, but must not conflict with, data in i) that document; ii) any other stipulated document; or iii) the credit. When a bank determines that a presentation is complying, it must honour or negotiate. But, when a bank determine that a presentation does not comply, it may refuse to honour or negotiate. When a bank decides to refuse to honour or negotiate, it must give a single notice to that effect to the presenter. That notice must be given by telecommunication or, if that is not possible, by other expeditious means no later than the close of the fifth banking day following the day of presentation.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.233-257
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• 2009

The 21st century is witnessing the explosive increase in the usage of internet and international electronic transactions. Due to the unique characteristics of the electronic information, substantial part of such transaction can and do take the form of cross-border transactions. However, there have not been settled appropriate set of rules applicable to the international electronic transactions. Currently, in respect to e-L/C transactions in international trade, there are laws such as Electronic Transaction Basic Act in our country, E-Trade Promotion Act, E-Signature Law, Act on Promotion of Information and Communication Network Utilization and Information Protection and Marine Charter 5 in the Commercial Law. Nevertheless, a complete legislation, that is a uniform rule for e L/C which could support e L/C transactions fully hasn't been established yet. Accordingly, those laws concerned need to improve to regulate e-L/C transactions. The purpose of this paper is to look into the national status for law readjustment to prepare for a new electronic environment and to use appropriately the e-L/C issued by electronic means, and to conduct a comparative analysis on the related regulations to introduce a pertinent laws and propose related regulations to contribute to the making of effective laws to regulate e-L/C.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.181-193
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• 2016

농업연구와 지도의 연계는 농업인의 역량을 증진시키는데 있어서 매우 중요하다. 이 연구의 목적은 농업연구지도 분야의 핵심 담당자를 대상으로 면접을 통하여 가족농 육성을 위한 농업연구와 지도의 연계에 관한 방안을 도출하고자 하였다. 농촌지도의 방법, 내용 그리고 농촌연구의 내용 등과 관련한 현안들이 인터뷰를 통해 양적, 질적 자료를 수집하였다. 파라과이 농업기술전파의 구조적 문제점은 기술지원서비스, 신용 서비스, 농가 계획과 기본 인프라의 부족 등이었다. 더욱이 요구되는 농촌지도내용은 유기농업, 토양관리와 보전, 농업신용, 조직역량강화, 마케팅, 참여연구, 기술이전 장비와 인프라, 농업기계화였다.