• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.563-575
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in craniofacial characteristics of professional sportsmen who have practiced since their prepubertal periods. From the standardized lateral and P-A cephalograms of 137 sportsmen, 7 angular, 19 linear, 4 ratio, and 2 index measurements were measured and evaluated by means of statistical methods. The samples were divided into three groups: Group 1; ice hockey(n=17), foot-ball(n=27), basketball(n=16) Group 2; baseball(n=16), gymnastics(n=13), and Group 3; judo(n=18), ssireum(n=10), weight lift(n=20). The results were as follows: It seemed obvious that the cephalic indices of the 3 groups exhibited brachycephalic headform (Group 1; $0.85{\pm}0.04$, Group 2; $0.84{\pm}0.04$, Group 3; $0.83{\pm}0.06$) and there was no statistical difference among the groups (p>0.05). The facial indices of the Group 1 ($0.93{\pm}0.05$) and Group 2 ($0.93{\pm}0.04$) exhibited definite leptoprosopic facial forms while the Group 3 ($0.90{\pm}0.04$) showed more or less euryprosopic facial form, and there appeared significant difference between the Group 1 and 3 (p<0.05), and also between the Group 2 and 3 (p<0.05). There appeared strong relationships between the facial indices and the facial axis angle, mandibular plane angle, total craniofacial height, total facial height, upper anterior dental height, lower anterior dental height, mandibular length, lower anterior facial height ratio, and especially with lower anterior facial height (p<0.001). It seemed that most of the vertical facial measurements of the Group 1 and 2 appeared to be larger than those of the Group 3.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.4 s.81
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• pp.467-473
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• 2000

As a rectangular wire Is inserted into edgewise brackets the wire exerts a force system three-dimensionally. The force system may include bending force in first and second orders and a torsional force in third order Analytical and experimental studies on bending force have been Introduced, but information about torsion is still lack. The purpose of this study was to estimate the torsional moment in the force system of rectangular arch wires through theoretical and experimental studies. Wires most frequently used for third order control were selected as study materials. Cross sections of 0.016x0.022, 0.017x0.025, 0.019x0.025 inch rectangular wires in foot different materials such as stainless steel(Ormco), TMA(Ormco), NiTi(Ormco), and braided stainless steel (DentaFlex, Dentaurum) were used. The torque/twist rate of each test material was calculated using the torsion formula. Torque/twist rate, yield torsional moment, and ultimate torsional moment were measured with a torque gauge. The torsion formula assesses that the torque/twist rate (T/$\theta$) is proportional to the characteristics of material (G) and cross section (J), and is inversely proportional to the length of wire (L). Most experimental results corresponded with the formula. The relative stiffness was calculated for reference to a logical sequence of wire changes.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.136-142
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• 2015

Background: The incidence and etiology of facial bone fracture differ widely according to time and geographic setting. Because of this, prevention and management of facial bone fracture requires ongoing research. This study examines the relationship between socioeconomic status and the incidence of facial bone fractures in patients who had been admitted for facial bone fractures. Methods: A retrospective study was performed for all patients admitted for facial bone fracture at the National Medical Center (Seoul, Korea) from 2010 to 2014. We sought correlations amongst age, gender, fracture type, injury mechanism, alcohol consumption, and type of medical insurance. Results: Out of the 303 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 214 (70.6%) patients were enrolled in National Health Insurance (NHI), 46 (15.2%) patients had Medical Aid, and 43 (14.2%) patients were homeless. The main causes of facial bone fractures were accidental trauma (51.4%), physical altercation (23.1%), and traffic accident (14.2%). On Pearson's chi-square test, alcohol consumption was correlated significantly with accidental trauma (p<0.05). And, the ratio of alcohol consumption leading to facial bone fractures differed significantly in the homeless group compared to the NHI group and the Medical Aid group (p<0.05). Conclusion: We found a significant inverse correlation between economic status and the incidence of facial bone fractures caused by alcohol consumption. Our findings indicate that more elaborate guidelines and prevention programs are needed for socioeconomically marginalized populations.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.87-91
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• 2020

Background: The incidence of skin cancer, which is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, has steadily increased in recent years. The authors of the present study sought to investigate changes in the epidemiology of skin cancer by conducting a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with skin cancer who received related care at a single medical institution. Methods: The present study included patients who were diagnosed with skin cancer and received treatment at Gyeongsang National University Hospital from 2008 to 2018. The site and type of skin cancer, the number of patients with skin cancer each year, the sex and sex ratio of the patients, and changes in patients' age at first diagnosis were examined through retrospective chart reviews. Results: The number of patients with skin cancer significantly increased, but statistically significant changes were not found in patients' sex, skin cancer sites, or the types of skin cancer. However, patients' age at the first diagnosis of skin cancer showed a statistically significant decrease starting in 2015. Conclusion: In this study, the number of patients with skin cancer increased over time. However, patients' age at first diagnosis has decreased since 2015. Therefore, younger patients should take care to prevent skin cancer, and further research on the causes of skin cancer in younger patients is needed.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.19 no.1 s.27
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• pp.187-200
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to find out the craniofacial skeletal characteristics and to establish standards in facial patterns of Korean adolescences with normal occlusion. The subjects consisted of 54 males and 71 females ranging in age from 12 to 16 years. To classify facial patrons, number the clinical deviations from the normal five key measurements: the facial axis, facial angle, mandibular plane angle, lower face height, mandibular arc, are added and averaged with the proper sign to divide subjects into three groups ; brachyfacial, mesofacial dolichofacial groups. For the comparison of each group, a total of 43 morphologic variables were employed and the data were analyzed by statistical methods. The findings of this study can be summerized as follows; 1. The mesofacial group was $54.4\%$, the brachyfacial group was $29.6\%$ and the dolichofacial group was $16.0\%$ in this subjects. 2. There were no significant differences in size and shape of cranial base among each groups. 3. The brachyfacial group manifested the forward positioned maxilla and mandible to anterior cranial base, smaller cant of the mandibular plane, square shaped mandible, and prominent symphysis as compared with dolichofacial group. 4. There were no significant differences in the cant of the maxilla to the anterior cranial base among each groups. 5. Ramal height and madibular body length of brachyfacial group were larger than those of dolichofacial group. 6. Brachyfacial group indicated the smallest degree in divergency of maxilla and mandible while dolichofacial group showed the largest degree.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.1 s.44
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• pp.199-220
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• 1994

This study was conducted to determine the electromyographic features in the perioral muscles of class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips, and to grope the correlation between its activities and craniofacial morphology. Tn this study, 14 subjects with class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips(mean age of 20.5 years) and 20 subjects with normal occlusion(mean age of 23.9 years) were investigated. Electromyographic data were recorded from orbicularis oris, mentalis, buccinator and suprahyoid muscles durig rest lip posture, lip position at sealing, maximum sealing, maximal blowing, maximal biting, sipping milk, sipping and swallowing milk, chewing gum, masticating almond, swallowing almond and phonation utilizing the Medelec MS-25 electromyographic apparatus. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken with the mandible in intercuspal position on all subjects. All data were recorded statistically processed. The findings of this study can be summerized as follows : 1. In class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips, the overall augmentations of perioral muscle activities during various functionel movements set for lip sealing were manifested and particular swelling in mentalis activity at rest was detected. 2. On the other hand remarkable diminution of upper lip acitivities at lip sealing movements was drawn. 3. In Class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips, negative correlations existed between the diversity of upper lip activities and upper incisor position and overjet as well in contrast to positive correlations in the lower lip. 4. It was suggested that the abnormal function of lower lip and mentalis muscle contributed somewhat the revelation of the characteristics of Class II division 1 malocclusion.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 2010

Purpose: The nasal bones are the most common fracture sites of the facial bones, and a careful reduction may still result in secondary deformities, such as saddle nose, deviated nose, hump nose etc, requiring secondary cosmetic rhinoplasty. Therefore, this study examined the clinical characteristics of nasal bone fractures to propose guidelines for patient selection and surgical procedures to achieve more satisfactory results and to prevent secondary deformities with simultaneous augmentation rhinoplasty and bony reduction. Methods: The study was based on 26 out of 149 nasal bone fracture patients who underwent simultaneous augmentation rhinoplasty with bony reduction between May 2008 and April 2009. Retrospective analysis was performed according to the clinical data, surgical techniques and postoperative results. Results: Of the 26 patients, there were 15 males and 11 females. The incidence according to the Stranc's classification revealed that 62% of patients were injured by a frontal impact and 38% by a lateral impact. Frontal impact plane I (50%) was the most frequent type. At the follow up, 18 (81.2%) out of 22 patients were satisfied with their postoperative outcome, and the remaining 4 patients were fair. No one was dissatisfied. However, 5 cases in 3 patients (23%) had some complications; minimal implant deviation in 2 cases, minor irregularity on the nasal dorsum in 2 cases and palpable implant movement under palpation in 1 case. None of these cases required surgical correction. Conclusion: With the proper guidance, simultaneous augmentation rhinoplasty with bony reduction can prevent secondary deformities and satisfy the cosmetic outcomes.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.107-110
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• 2010

Purpose: Chondroid syringoma is a rare mixed tumor of the skin that was first described by Hirsch and Helwig (1961). Characteristically, it is composed of the proliferation of epithelial cells in a myxoid and chondroid matrix. Most lesions occur on the head and neck region, and their size may range from 0.5~3 cm. Since a chondroid syringoma presents similar characteristics to other masses on the head and neck region, it is significantly important to distinguish with other masses by a surgical biopsy. Methods: A 51-year old woman presented with a painless nodular mass ($0.5{\times}0.5{\times}0.5cm$) on the philtrum, which appeared during the previous year. The mass was treated with a laser without a surgical biopsy. However, the size of the mass showed no changes. Surgical excision under local anesthesia was performed and sent for histopathology. Results: Gross examination showed a mass surrounded by a well developed capsule within the dermal layer. After complete excision without injury to the orbicularis oris muscle, the wound was covered with a local flap. The histology examination revealed numerous cuboid epithelial cells with tuboalveolar structures and keratinous cysts within a chondroid stroma. No recurrence or metastasis was observed at the follow-up visits. Conclusion: Chondroid syringoma is a rare mass on the face. An accurate diagnosis is essential for optimal treatment. This paper reports a case of a chondroid syringoma on the philtrum with a brief review of the relevant literature.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

Osteomas are most often located in the femur, tibia, humerus, spine, and talus. They are rare in the skull. Osteomas in the head and neck regions are benign bone neoplasms usually found in the frontoethmoid area. The developmental theory postulates that osteomas develop at the sites of fusion of tissues different embryological origin such as occur at the junction of the embryonic cartilaginous frontal and ethmoid bones. Trauma and infection have also been implicated as causative factors, but many patients with osteoma deny any preceding history of these. Osteomas are usually produce symptoms primary to cosmetic problems and secondary to pressure on adjacent structures. The objects of this study are from a 5-year period of April of 2002 to April of 2007, consisting of 48 male patients and 52 female. There were 33 cases of frontal bone osteomas, 5 cases of madibular bone osteomas, 5 cases of occipital bone osteomas, 6 cases of symptomatic paranasal sinus osteomas, 48 cases of asymptomatic paranasal sinus osteomas, and 3 cases of mastoid osteomas. We reviewed medical records of patients to find out their presentations, diagnostic considerations, therapeutic options, and outcomes. Patients were followed up six months postoperatively on the average. The authors experienced 48 cases of osteoma in the head and neck lesion, which were removed via direct approach or endoscopic approach. The 100 cases who came to the hospital with or without symptoms after diagnosis healed completely without sequelae. During the follow-up periods, excellent functional and cosmetic results were observed with an inconspicuous scar. There was no specific complications related to this procedure. Results of surgery in most cases were satisfied. We discussed the surgical procedure and the characteristics of the osteomas, and we report several cases with the review of literatures.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 2008

Introduction: Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the skin (LELCS) is a rare cutaneous tumor of low grade malignancy and microscopically resembles lymphoepitheliomatous malignancies in the nasopharynx, palatine tonsils, salivary glands and uterine cervix. LELCS presents as scarlet-colored firm nodules or plaques on the face, scalp, or shoulder of middle-aged to elderly individuals. Material and Methods: A 72 year-old female had complained a papule like lesion with intermittent pruritis on the left temple for 2 years. But the lesion was changed to scarlet-colored firm nodule with ulceration. The mass was diagnosed as LELCS on the biopsy. And to confirm that the mass is not metastatic lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma from other sites or direct tumor extension from the nasopharynx, selective radiographic and laboratory tests were done carefully. Results: Wide excision was performed with general endotracheal anesthesia. The tumor is composed of island of large epithelial cells surrounded by as dense infiltrate of lymphocytes. Immunohistochemical staining with cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen(EMA), the tumor cells were positive reaction for stain. And Epstein-Barr virus genome was not detected by in situ hybridization. So, the tumor was confirmed as LELCS. Conclusion: LELCS was described by Swanson at 1988, but has not been reported in the field of plastic surgery of Korea. We report a case of primary LELCS that occurred in the left temple with clinical characteristics, histologic features and references.