• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.544-552
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• 1998

A random study of 574 dairy farms in Gyeongnam area was designed to determine 1) management factors that may be associated with the occurrence of drug residues; 2) the dairy farmer's attitudes and knowledge about residues; 3) how these variables influence the occurrence of residues in dairy cattle. Management factors perceived as having the greatest influence on drug residues in milk were insufficient knowledge about withdrawal periods, errors due to hired help, insufficient identification and record of animals treated for mastitis, dry cow treatment for mastitis, and metritis treatment. Seventy-one percent of farms with residues problem used mixed own feeds compared with twenty-nine percent of farms with premedicated feeds. Factors significantly associated with the occurrence of residues were herd size, increased number of hired persons, increased frequency of use of mixed-own feeds, category of medicated feed, and producer's attitude toward the public health significance of residues. Our findings suggest that residue occurrence was mainly associated with errors due to hired help, insufficient knowledge about withdrawal periods, poor animal identification and records of treatment animals and use of medicated feeds. Any residue avodiance educational program needs to stress how to deal with these factors. This educational program should be directed to dairy farmers and employees, especially temporary employees. In addition, Dairy farmer's attitudes and knowledge about drug residues need to be improved. More evidence on the public healths significance of residues should be available to them. Because belife in importance of public healths concerns was related to successful residue avidance and because 81.3% of the dairy farmers with residue problem thought public healths concerns were less important than economic ones, it would be helpful to provide educational programs specifically directed to this issue. it may be useful to provide programs not only for the dairy farmers but also change of their concerns about on the public healths.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2011

Incidence of mastitis is highest in dairy cows and it is a leader of all diseases and the economic losses, in dairy farms. The objective of this study is to analyse the incidence of clinical mastitis using the lactation number, lactation month and season of calving. In this study, we used 3,779 lactation data and animal health records collected from 1990 to 2006 at the National Institute of Animal Science. Out of 3,779 cows, a total of 1,721 cows were reported with clinical mastitis, which was 46.3%. The frequency of mastitis increased from 36.9% from first lactation to 56.0% by the fifth lactation. As many as 766 cows (46.9%) showed a recurrence of mastitis after 14 days, apart for two or more and chronic mastitis that were recorded for 657 cows (20.3%). This came to a total of 3,010 cases that had clinical mastitis in the herd for sixteen years. The distribution of incidence of clinical mastitis was highest during the first month of lactation at 24.4%, and it reached to 43.4% by the third month. The incidence of mastitis was even higher for cows in first lactation, showing 28.6% in the first month, and 42.9 percent by third month of lactation. Cows calved during the summer and winter months showed higher rate of incidence with 59.9% and 57.9% within 30 days of lactation, respectively. It is urgently needed to establish a preventative management for heifer cows during their expected first lactation and the clinical specific dry-period management strategies that influence the rate of clinical mastitis during the next lactation. The aim of this study is to present information that might be useful to improve clinical mastitis prevention.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2017

A diverse of recommendation has been made for the structure and management of dairy cows, despite demanding research, the relationship between lactation number and various factors is yet to be established. The present study was aimed to investigate the covariance among lactation number, growth performance, calving interval, and milk production was considered to increase an efficiency of selection schemes and to manage more efficiently Holstein dairy cows that have been raised on small-scale family farms in Republic of Korea. For that purpose, the data were observed from 850 Holstein dairy cows, which a total of 3929 milking, since April 2016 - January 2017. We measured the body weight, height, age, calving interval, and milk production of the each dairy cow. Also, information about the date of lactation, calving interval, and milk production was recorded using an automatic milking system(AMS) with identification numbers. Milk production was calculated per udder quarter in the AMS. Our study results showed the increased average body weight(p>0.05) in 1, 2, 3, and $4^{th}$ lactating dairy cows and afterwards, we noticed the tendency on the average body weight(p<0.05) per lactation progressed. There was no significant difference noticed on height measurement of dairy cows. From the processing data of 850 Holstein dairy cows, the lactation number 1 and 7 had a greater calving interval with significantly lowered milk production, and the lactation number 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 had significantly lowered the calving interval(p<0.05) with a greater milk production. From our study results, we evidenced that there is a significant relationship between the lactation number, growth performance, calving interval, and milk yield, and the maximum production of milk occurring in the $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ lactation dairy cows. The achieved results from this study can be used by the small-scale farmers to encourage the structure and management of growth performance, calving interval, and milk yield in Holstein dairy cows in Korea.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2011

세계화의 진전으로 기업 간의 경쟁은 날로 치열해지고 있으며 그동안 단순 비용으로만 인식되던 물류분야가 비용과 서비스 제고 측면에서 제3의 이익원으로 인식되고 있다. 이에 물류경로 상에서 공급자와 판매자 및 수송과 보관의 연계를 원활하게 수행하도록 하는 핵심 인프라인 물류센터의 관심이 고조되고 있으며 본 연구에서는 물류센터의 활성화 및 발전을 위한 방안을 모색하고자 한다. 먼저 이론적 고찰을 통하여 선행연구 및 물류센터의 개요 및 역할, 현황 등에 대하여 알아보았으며 물류센터의 문제점 파악과 더불어 물류시설의 수요조사 및 표준화 구축을 위한 가이드 제시, 관련 법령 및 제도 정비, 규제 보완, 불공정 거래 척결을 위한 방안 등의 정책 개선, 공동화, 정보화 등을 통한 효율적 운영을 위한 시스템 구축, 안전관리, 원가산정을 통한 비용개선, 파트너쉽 구축, 재정적 지원, 부처별 협력 등의 발전방안을 제시하였으며, 이러한 방안은 물류센터의 활성화 및 선진화에 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.573-584
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• 2002

젖소의 에너지 및 단백질 영양상태를 평가할 수 있는 MP와 MUN을 측정하여 농장의 사료급여 실태를 평가하기 위해서 1999년 1월부터 2001년 12월까지 전국 4,856개 목장, 132,636두를 대상으로 유성분을 측정하였다. 조사된 개체유의 평균 MP와 MUN 수준은 각각 3.30${\pm}$0.35%와 16.0${\pm}$5.2mg/dl였으며, MP에 있어서는 3.10${\sim}$3.20%를 중심으로, MUN은 15.0mg/dl을 중심으로 하는 정규곡선을 나타내었다. 계절별 MP와 MUN의 수준은 외기 온도가 높은 하절기에는 MP의 함량이 3.2% 이하로 감소한 반면, MUN 수준은 16.5mg/dl 이상으로 가장 높았고, 반대로 동절기에는 MP가 3.35% 이상으로 가장 높았으며, MUN 수준은 15.0mg/ dl 이하로 가장 낮았다. MP 함량과 MUN 농도와의 관계에서는 MP가 정상 기준보다 낮은 2.90% 미만에서는 MUN 농도가 전체 평균보다도 높았고(17.3${\pm}$5.2mg/dl), MP가 정상 기준보다도 높은 3.70% 이상에서는 전체 평균과 비슷한 수준을 나타내었다. 개체유 및 집합유를 대상으로 MP 및 MUN 측정에 의한 사료내 에너지와 단백질 균형상태를 예측하였다. 그 결과 전반적으로 단백질은 부족보다는 과다가, 그리고 에너지는 과다보다는 부족이 많은 것으로 조사되었으며, 그 중에서도 비유초기에는 에너지 부족이, 비유말기에는 단백질 과다가 상대적으로 많은 것으로 조사되어 국내의 경우 무엇보다도 에너지 및 단백질의 균형적인 사료공급의 필요성이 제시되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.236-240
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• 1993

이 보고는 1992년(年) 서울 근교(近郊) 시설채소(施設菜蔬) 재배지(栽培地)인 경기(京畿) 북부지역(北部地域)(양주군(楊州郡), 파주군(坡州郡)) 시설(施設) 재배(栽培) 농가(農家) 포장(圃場)에서 채취(採取)한 토양(土壤)의 화학성분(化學成分)을 조사한 결과(結果)이다. 이를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 토성별(土性別) 분포(分布)는 양토(壤土)와 식양토(植壤土)가 각(各) 5%, 미사질(微砂質) 양토(壤土)가 25%였고 사양토(砂壤土)가 65%고 가장 많은 분포(分布)를 보였다. 2. 경작자(耕作者)의 토양관리(土壤管理) 방법(方法)과 재배년수(栽培年數)의 차이(差異)에 따라 토양양분(土壤養分) 함량(含量)의 차이(差異)를 보였으며, 산도(酸度)를 제외(除外)한 전성분(全成分)이 적정치(適正値) 보나 높은 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 3. 각 토양(土壤)의 화학성분별(化學成分別) 적정치(適正置)에 대한 과(過), 부족율(不足率)을 보면 pH와 Ca/Mg, Mg/K비(比)에서는 부족율(不足率)이 높았고 다른 성분(成分)은 과다율(過多率)이 높은 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 4. 시설재배지(施設栽培地) 농가(農家)에서 가축분(家畜糞)을 시용(施用)하는 비율(比率)은 계분(鷄糞)(48%) > 우분(牛糞)(36%) > 돈분(豚糞)(16%) 순(順)이었고 평균(平均) 시용량(施用量)은 각각(各各) 6.0, 4.5, 2.0 ton/10a이였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.672-678
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate whether milk performance is impacted by the housing of heifers from the second to the seventh day of life, the method of feeding milk from the second week of life to weaning, the sire lineage and by the season of birth and season of calving. From 32 Holstein heifer-calves, which spent their first day of life in a loose housing maternity pen with their mother, 19 heifers were randomly placed in hutches (IH), and 13 stayed in a loose housing maternity pen (MP). At the seventh day IH heifers were assigned to one of two treatments, 10 heifers were randomly taken from IH and relocated to a loose housing pen with an automatic feeding station (AD), 9 calves stayed in hutches with bucket drinking (BD). MP heifers were moved to a group pen with nursing cows (UD). All animals were weaned at the age of 8 weeks (56 days) and kept in group pens. After calving, they were in free-stall housing. Trial cows were divided according to the sire, season of birth and calving. The five-factorial ANOVA revealed that among all the factors taken into account in this study, only sire lineage and season of birth had significant effects. The production of milk, FCM and protein were higher in the MP group than in the IH group. The UD group tended to have the highest production of milk, FCM, protein, lactose, SNF and total solids (TS) and the AD group the lowest. The content of fat and TS were highest in the AD group. Effects of the sire were significant for average daily gains (ADG) from birth to weaning ($0.55{\pm}0.03kg$, p<0.05), contents of fat ($3.81{\pm}0.08%$, p<0.05), protein ($3.13{\pm}0.02%$, p<0.05), and TS ($12.67{\pm}0.12%$, p<0.05). In the season of birth evaluation, statistical difference was found only in the content of protein ($3.13{\pm}0.13%$, p<0.05). Cows born in March-May had the highest % protein and cows born in June-August the lowest ($3.21{\pm}0.04$ vs. $3.06{\pm}0.05%$). Dairy cows born and subsequently calving in December-February had the highest production of milk, protein and TS, and dairy cows born in June-August the lowest. FCM and fat yields were highest in the group born in September-November and lowest in the group born in June-August.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.285-293
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 산지초지에서 가축 방목 시 효율적인 개체 관리를 위한 소의 생체 데이터 수집 시 데이터 전송이 가능한 데이터 중계시스템을 제안하였다. 산지초지 방목 시 소의 먹이활동 및 초지의 훼손 면적을 고려하여 방목지를 여러 구획으로 구분하고 순환 방목하는 방법이 일반적이고, 대부분 초지가 데이터를 수집할 사무실과 거리가 멀기 때문에 데이터 전송 및 시스템 전원 공급이 어렵다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 중계기를 개발하고 중계기의 전력소모량을 측정하여 태양전지모듈 60W, 배터리 12V/100A, 태양전지의 단락전류 6A이상의 성능으로 태양광 충전 시스템을 구축했다. 방목지에서 발생하는 데이터의 전송을 위해 다수의 중계기를 배열시켜 거리를 확장하였다. 그리고 산지초지에서 중계 전송할 수 있도록 중계 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 시스템과 알고리즘에 대한 성능 검증은 여러 가지 지형에 대한 테스트 포인트를 설정하였고, 데이터 전송 여부로 중계 거리에 대한 검증을 하였다. 태양광 충전 시스템의 전력 수급 유효성 검증은 일정기간동안 연속적으로 중계기를 동작시켜 데이터를 송수신하고 날씨의 변화에 따라 시스템이 데이터 송수신을 위한 전력을 안정적으로 공급하는지 검증하였다. 또한, 산지초지에서 제안된 중계기 및 중계 알고리즘을 이용하여 데이터를 송수신함으로써 제안된 태양광 충전을 이용한 데이터 중계 시스템이 유효함을 보였다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

본 연구는 가축분뇨의 자원순환 및 Zero emission 개념에서 강원도내에서 발생되는 가축분뇨의 퇴비화 가능성을 검토하였다. 현재 우리나라 가축사육가구의 대규모화 추세를 고려할 때, 적용 대상에 따라 축종별로 차이가 크므로 법규제 대상을 가축사육두수 외에도 가축사육가구를 기준으로 하는 법적 검토가 필요하다. 미신고대상에 해당되는 강원도 가축분뇨 발생량의 비율은 한육우가 가장 높았으며, 이에 대한 처리기술로는 퇴비화기술이 적합하였다. 돼지는 분뇨 특성상 액비화기술이 적합할 것으로 사료된다. 오염물질 발생량은 돼지, 한육우, 젖소, 닭 순으로 많았으며, 오염물질 중 비료로써 대체 가능한 T-N과 T-P의양은 각각 13천톤과 2천톤이었다. 법 규제대상에 따른 강원도의 가축분뇨내 BOD 발생량은 돼지가 가장 많고, 미신고대상의 BOD 발생량은 한육우가 가장 많았다. 또한, 강원도의 가축분뇨내 연간 비료성분량은 질소가 10,149톤으로 가장 많았고, 산화칼륨($K_2O$)과 인산($P_2O_5$)은 각각 4,894톤과 3,098톤이었다. 비료성분별로는 질소는 돼지, 인산은 한육우, 산화칼륨은 닭과 돼지에서 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 가축분뇨의 비료로써 대체비율은 질소 51%, 산화칼륨 38%, 인산 34%로 나타났다. 따라서, 가축분뇨를 퇴비화나 액비화 할 경우 비료로써의 대체효과가 클 것으로 예상된다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2013

Objectives: As a newcomer to the medical tourism industry, Korea needs to differentiate itself from the leading competing countries to vitalize its early-stage medical tourism industry. This study aims to introduce a strategic plan to vitalize the Korean integrated medical tourism so that Korea can differentiate itself from competing countries and create high added value. Methods: The concept and actual conditions of medical tourism and Oriental medical tourism were examined. A plan to differentiate Korea from the competing countries in the medical tourism industry was studied to create high added-value through strategic vitalization of its medical tourism industry. Results: Korean integrated medical tourism must be developed differently from those of other South-East Asian countries in order to strategically promote the cash-cow medical tourism industry. In order to develop such medical tourism, Korean medical practice, which integrates Western and Oriental medicine, is to be developed through mutual understanding and fusion of other disciplines among medical doctors and Oriental medical doctors who are working in local healthcare for health promotion of local residents and disease prevention and control. This will play a key role in developing a unique medical tourism product of Korea by means of strategic alliances as an integrated medicine. Manpower specialized for integrated medicine is to be specially supplied for Oriental medicine-related business lines at city, county and borough levels, among local governments, that are enthusiastically carrying forward Oriental medical tourism with an interest to promoting more active and strategic business development and raise the effectiveness and efficiency of public health centers handling related medical tourism. Manpower specialized for Korean integrated medical tourism is to be specially supplied for the Ministry of Culture, Health and Tourism, a policy control tower to develop and vitalize high value-added fusion (theme) tourism products such as the Korean integrated medical tourism, in order to discover, promote and support Korean integrated medical tourism's differences from existing medical tourism. Conclusions: The differentiated integrated medical tourism that only Korea can offer in a variety of forms, in order to create a key area of high value-added medical tourism, should be strategically vitalized through a liaison between integrated medicine and tourism and the realization of patient-centered health care services with medical technology developed based on mutual understanding of Western and Oriental medicine.