• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.1-31
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• 2010

Biotechnology has strategic importance related to the development of start-up companies, industries and nations in the near future. Therefore, many countries have promoted and developed biotechnology. The United States has led the world in promoting biotechnology. American biotechnology policies are diverse, and thus no comprehensive systematic studies have been done on it. In our paper, we will discuss American biotechnology policy in detail. For effective analysis, we will rely on the concept of a national innovation system, which emphasizes the institutional settings of innovation actors and their interaction. This paper deals with the American national innovation system for biotechnology. We will analyze the role of major actors, academia, public research institutes, and venture companies and their interactions. The American biotechnological innovation system is composed of diverse actors and numerous start-up companies in the biotechnology industry. In addition, there are many diverse policy programs for promoting biotechnology. Because of country-specific frame conditions, every country has different institutional settings and policies for promoting biotechnology. Our paper will render meaningful implications for various countries. We also think that this paper will be of interest for international readers.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.149-171
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• 2020

Purpose With the advent of the 4th Industrial Revolution, related technologies such as IoT, big data, and artificial intelligence technologies are developing through not only specific companies but also a number of unspecified developers called open collaboration. For this reason, it is important to understand the nature of the collaboration that leads to successful open collaboration. Design/methodology/approach We focused the relationship between the collaboration characteristics and collaboration performance of developers who participating in open source software development, which is a representative open collaboration. Specifically, we create the country-specific network and draw the individual developers characteristics from the network such as collaboration scope and collaboration intensity. We compare and analyze the characteristics of developers across countries and explore whether there are differences between indicators. We develop a Web crawler for GitHub, a representative OSSD development site, and collected data of developers who located at China, Japan, Korea, the United States, and Canada. Findings China showed the characteristics of cooperation suitable for the form of weak tie theory, and consistent results were not drawn from other countries. This study confirmed the necessity of exploratory research on collaboration characteristics by country considering that there are differences in open collaboration characteristics or software development environments by country.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.91-101
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• 2024

Background: The radiation safety regulation system, characterized by its critical and domestically tailored features, encountered unexpected challenges due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Accordingly, each country implemented diverse measures to ensure the continuous efficacy of its regulatory system. This study investigates the responses of five institutions concerning radiation safety, collecting data aiming to enhance preparedness through systematic procedure. Materials and Methods: The data were extracted from official documents or websites of respective regulatory bodies (RBs) that discussed their responses to the radiation safety regulation system from COVID-19. From this data, it was observed that each country responded uniquely based on its specific conditions. Results and Discussion: Due to the repercussions of COVID-19, the regulatory system faced challenges, particularly regarding on-site inspections. In response, many countries published COVID-19 annual reports, with a few set up dedicated websites addressing its impact on the radiation regulatory frameworks. This data observed the distinct and situation-specific approaches adopted by each country in response to the pandemic. Notably, several nations introduced digital technologies into their regulations, including remote systems and online methods, while also customizing their regulatory systems according to respective circumstances. Conclusion: A variety of responses from the national RB regarding the radiation safety regulation system after the outbreak of COVID-19 highlight the importance of crisis preparedness and indicate that the current regulatory system could be enhanced.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.56
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• pp.3-27
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• 2012

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a relational model which can explain consumer selection for exporting goods and analyze the effect of corporate image on the relations between country image and consumer selection under global trade environment. The specific objectives are as follows: 1) to suggest a concept of consumer selection and measurement criteria, 2) to analyze correlations among country image, corporate image and consumer selection and 3) to find out the effect of corporate image on the relations between country image and consumer selection. The SPSS program for window and LISREL program were used to analyze the data for this study. The statistical method used in this study was the covariance structure analysis estimating parameters by maximum likelihood method. Path coefficients were tested for t-tests with a statistical significance level of .05. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, significant correlations were observed among all sub-variables proposed in this study. In addition, significant correlations were detected among country image, consumer selection and corporate image. Second, a hypothetical model proposed in this study was mostly appropriate. Country image had a positive direct effect on consumer selection and corporate image with statistical significance. In addition, it has an indirect impact on consumer selection with statistical significance with corporate image as an intervening variable. Third, corporate image had a significant moderation effect in country image-consumer selection relations. As corporate image levels increased, the effect of country image on consumer selection increased as well. In other words, it has been confirmed that if corporate image levels are high, country image could end up with consumer selection.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 1999.11c
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• pp.557-575
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• 1999

The task evaluating science and technology is becoming more important in every country trying to develop and improve overall national R&D capability in an effort to sustain national prosperity and public welfare. However, the way in which evaluation organisation is approached in each country may differ from nation to nation reflecting national R&D systems and S&T policies as well as the specific roles of scientists and policy- makers at various levels. Over the past two decades or so, Korean evaluation system has been transplanted form the West and they modified, In addition, Korea borrowed elements from the Japanese. Whether such systems have been well rooted in our specific circumstances is a critical question. In this context, it would be meaningful to diagnoses the current Korean evaluation system and also makes some suggestions for improving this system. For this purpose, this paper also attempts to approach to the theoretical aspects of evaluation as a starting-point.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.136-138
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• 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is a newly emerging infectious disease worldwide, can be categorized as an occupational disease, because employees, particularly in the healthcare system, can be infected at the workplace. As of December 15, 2020, we summarized the occupational safety and health practices in selected countries on the recognition of COVID-19 as one of the occupational risks. The situation has differed among countries, including the recognition status and whether a specific regulation existed. International organizations, namely the International Labour Organization, World Health Organization, and European Union, should plan and conduct studies on the work-relatedness of COVID-19, propose criteria for recognition, and add the infection to the occupational disease list to provide a basis for specific country regulations. Stakeholders should also act to adjust country-level legislation.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.49-62
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• 2020

This research investigates how interest develops across a set of tasks within a course defined by a specific knowledge domain. The current study examined the relationships among self-concept, self-efficacy, Korea-related factors, and evaluation, in the context of learning about the Hanbok costume at Chinese universities. A survey (n=300) was conducted using an online survey website (www.sojump.com) from the 1st to the 25th of June. The structural equation model (SEM) analysis, including total and specific forms of self-evaluation with Hanbok courses, showed that self-concept was positively associated with self-efficacy. Conversely, K-culture interest and K-country image did not significantly affect self-efficacy in clothing, but positively affected Hanbok's self-efficacy. Meanwhile, the more self-efficacy perceived, the higher the level of evaluation. Overall, our findings imply that supporting the students' Korean culture interest, country image perception, and self-concept for regulation can enhance self-evaluation and self-realization success. Theoretical and practical implications for Hanbok courses are discussed.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-18
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• 2012

South Korea has made remarkable achievements and gained many experiences on waste disposal and recycling, which help our country to develop cyclic economy and construct a harmonious society. This paper summarizes the policies, regulations and specific practices on waste disposal and recycling including industrial waste and household waste in South Korea so as to provide some references for the establishment of policies related to the waste recycling in our country.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.57
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• pp.221-241
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• 2013

Country of origin is very important in terms of consumers right to know, protection of producer, national finance and tariff preference etc. The principal issues related to country of origin are breaches of origin mark, determination of origin of OEM products, domestic products using imported raw materials, exports products, and fairness of penalties. This study focus origin mark issues on key components and set products which have not been treated so far. First, Origin mark issues on key components need to introduce multiple countries of origin for the same products. Some specific products, which are considered important key components or materials, has to mark multiple country of origin in terms of portion and significance. Next, Origin mark issues on set products need to expand the objects from 15 listed items of Korea Foreign Trade Act to all items of HS tariff schedules of Korea Customs Act. A set products which below 15% of components can mark single country of origin like FTA agreement such as Korea-EU FTA, Korea-EFTA, Korea-US FTA and Korea-Peru FTA.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.161-174
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• 2014

The methodology report '2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories' shows higher tier method can be a good practice, which uses country-specific or plant-specific data when calculating greenhouse gas emissions by country. We review the methodology report to present principles of using plant-level data and also examine examples of using plant-level data in chemical and metal industry in 20 countries for the purpose of quality improvement of national greenhouse gas inventories. We propose that Korea consider utilizing plant-level data, as reported according to 'Greenhouse gas and Energy Target Management Scheme', in the following order as a preference. First, the data can be utilized for quality control of Korea's own parameters, when Tier 2 method is adopted and bottom-up approach is not applicable. Second, both plant-level data and IPCC default data can be used together, combining Tier 1 method with Tier 3 method. Third, we can also use acquired plant-level data and country specific parameters, combining Tier 2 method with Tier 3 method. Fourth, if the plant-level data involves all categories of emissions and the data is proven to be representative, we can apply Tier 3 method. In this case, we still need to examine the data to check its reliability by a consistent framework, including appropriate quality control.