• Title/Summary/Keyword: cotyledon

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Studies on the Seed's Germinability test by the T.T.C. testing method. (T.T.C 검정방법에 의한 종자의 발아력검정에 관한 연구)

  • 전우방
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.70-77
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    • 1988
  • In order to determine and to reduce the differences between biochemical test method for the seed viability with T.T.C. (2, 3, 5. Triphenyl tetrazolium Chloride) reagent and germinator method, the topographical diagram of red colored formazan was carried out in 15-16 parts differences. From this resulted information, the classification of the typical staining reaction given for 3 species were derived into 3-4 parts for the germinable in normal seedling, the same as the following results. 1. Corn (Gram inaceae) * Entier embryo stained in bright red color. * Both extremities of scutellum unstained * Both extremities of scuttlium, coleorhiza and non-critial portions of radicle unstained. 2. Soybean (Leguminosae) *Seed completely stained in red color. *Minor unstained areas on cotyledons. *Extreme tip of radicle unstained; minor unstained areas on cotyledons 3. Radish (Cruciferae) *Seed completely stained. *Minor unstained areas on cotyledons. *Outer cotyledon mostly unstained: inner cotyledon completely stained Extreme tip of radicle unstained: large portion of outer cotyledon unstained.

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A New Soybean Cultivar "Gaechuck#1" : Black Soybean Cultivar with Lipoxygenase2,3-free, Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor-free and Green Cotyledon

  • Chung, Jong Il
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.603-606
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    • 2009
  • Lipoxygenase and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein of mature soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed are main anti-nutritional factors in soybean seed. A new soybean cultivar, "Gaechuck#1" with the traits of black seed coat, green cotyledon, lipoxygenase2,3 and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein free was developed. It was selected from the population derived the cross of "Gyeongsang#1" and C242. Plants of "Gaechuck#1" have a determinate growth habit with purple flowers, brown pubescence, black seed coat, black hilum, oval leaflet shape and brown pods at maturity. Seed protein and oil content on dry weight basis have averaged 39.1% and 16.2%, respectively. It has shown resistant reaction to soybean necrosis, soybean mosaic virus, Cercospora leaf spot and blight, black root rot, pod and stem blight, and soybean pod borer. "Gaechuck#1" matured on 5-10 October with a plant height of 50 cm. The 100-seed weight of "Gaechuck#1" was 23.2g. Yield of "Gaechuck#1" was averaged 2.2 ton/ha from 2005 to 2007.

Studies on Nitrate and Nitrite in Foods (II) -Relationship between Nitrate, Nitrite Contents and Nitrate Reductase Activity during Soybean Germination- (식품중(食品中)의 질산염(窒酸鹽) 및 아질산염(亞窒酸鹽)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)(제 2보)(第 2報) -대두발아과정중(大豆發芽過程中) 질산염(窒酸鹽) 및 아질산염(亞窒酸鹽)과 Ascorbic Acid 함량변화(含量變化)에 관(關)하여-)

  • Yoon, Hyung-Sik;Kwon, Joong-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.47-52
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    • 1981
  • Changes of nitrate and nitrite contents in various parts (cotyledon, hypocotyl, root) of germinating soybean were studied in relation to activities of nitrate reductase (NR). The optimal pH and temperature of the NR were around pH 6.5 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The stable pH range of the enzyme was between pH 4.0 to 6.5. The enzyme was stable at $40^{\circ}C$. Activities of NR in each part of germinating soybean increased in order of root, hypocotyl and cotyledon. Hypocotyl and root were maximum activity around 10 days after germination, and cotyledon around 9 days. Relationship between nitrate contents and NR activities was observed except the middle period of germination, and that of nitrite contents and NR activities was partially observed.

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Morphological Observation of Somatic Embryogenesis in Leaf Explant Cultures of Bupleurum falcatum L. (시호(Bupleurum falcatum L) 잎절편으로부터 형성된 체세포배 발생의 형태학적 관찰)

  • 조덕이;소웅영
    • Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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    • v.22 no.5
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    • pp.291-298
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    • 1995
  • This study describes plant regeneration from leaf explant of Bupleurum falcatum through somatic embryogenesis, and the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on somatic embryo abnormalities. The relationship between the cotyledon number of somatic embryo and its germinability is also described. Embryogenic calli were selected from calli formed on explants cultured on MS solid basal medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D. Cotyledonary abnormalities were observed in somatic embryos which were developed from calli cultured on MS medium with 1 mg/L 2,4-D for 6-week and then subcultured on 2,4-D free MS medium for 3 weeks. The frequency of abnormalities was as follows: 7% of somatic embryos had one cotyledon, 65% of them had two cotyledons, 25% three cotyledons, 5% four cotyledons, 2% five cotyledons, and 3% trumpet-like cotyledons. The two cotyledon somatic embryos were germinated at a frequency of 80%. However the germination frequency of one cotyledon embryo and multicotyledonary embryo was lower than that of the two cotyledon somatic embryo. All of trumper-like somatic embryos did not germinate. Histological observations of multicotyledon embryo showed circular procambium in the root but pocambial strands in the cotyledonary node or upper hypocotyl. The number of the strands was equal to the cotyledon number.

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Anomalous somatic embryos formation and plant regeneration from the cultures of immature embryos of Camellia japonica L. (동백나무 미숙배 배양으로부터 비정상 체세포배 형성과 식물체 재생)

  • Choi, Jong-Hye;Kwon, Suk-Yoon;Choi, Pil-Son
    • Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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    • v.38 no.4
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    • pp.258-262
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    • 2011
  • Embryogenic callus was induced from the cultures of immature embryos of Camellia japonica L. on Murashige & Skoog's (MS) solid medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), and then the embryogenic callus was proliferated on same medium for 4 weeks over. The embryogenic callus was sub-cultured on MS basal medium without 2,4-D to produce coyledonary stage of somatic embryo. The frequency (%) of somatic embryogenesis was 25.1%, and the majority of somatic embryos formed had a abnormal morphology with cupshaped cotyledon (48.3%), one cotyledon (12.6%), three cotyledons (9.4%), four cotyledons (1.9%), whereas was only normal morphology with two cotyledon (27.5%). When the somatic embryos with normal or abnormal cotyledons transfer to MS basal medium or $\frac{1}{2}$ MS medium with/or without plant growth regulators ($GA_3$, IBA) for regeneration, the frequency (%) of two-cotyledon embryos regenerated into plantlets was higher 11.1% than one cotyledon (0.0~8.3 %), three cotyledons (0.0~5.8%), four cotyledons (0.0%), cup-shaped (0.3~4.2%). These results demonstrated that the anomalous cotyledons of somatic embryos could caused to decrease the rate of plant regeneration.

Detection of Precise Crop Locations under Vinyl Mulch using Non-integral Moving Average Applied to Thermal Distribution

  • Cho, Yongjin;Yun, Yeji;Lee, Kyou-Seung;Lee, Dong-Hoon
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.117-125
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    • 2017
  • Purpose: Damage to pulse crops by wild birds is a serious problem. The damage is to such an extent that the rate of damage during the period between seeding and cotyledon stages reaches 54.6% on an average. In this study, a crop-position detection method was developed wherein infrared (IR) sensors were used to determine the cotyledon position under a vinyl mulch. Methods: IR sensors that helped measure the temperature were used to locate the cotyledons below the vinyl mulch. A single IR sensor module was installed at three locations of the crops (peanut, red lettuce, and crown daisy) in the cotyledon stage. The representative thermal response of a $16{\times}4$ pixel area was detected using this sensor in the case where the distance from the target was 25 cm. A spatial image was applied to the two-dimensional temperature distribution using a non-integral moving-average method. The collected data were first processed by taking the moving average via interpolation to determine the frame where the variance was the lowest for a resolution unit of 1.02 cm. Results: The temperature distribution was plotted corresponding to a distance of 10 cm between the crops. A clear leaf pattern of the crop was visually confirmed. However, the temperature distribution after the normalization was unclear. The image conversion and frequency-conversion graphs were obtained based on the moving average by averaging the points corresponding to a frequency of 40 Hz for 8 pixels. The most optimized resolutions at locations 1, 2, and 3 were found on 3.4, 4.1, and 5.6 Pixels, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, to solve the problem of damage caused by birds to crops in the cotyledon stage after seeding, the vinyl mulch is punched after seeding. The crops in the cotyledon stage could be accurately located using the proposed method. By conducting the experiments using the single IR sensor and a sliding mechanical device with the help of a non-integral interpolation method, the crops in the cotyledon stage could be precisely located.

Response to Plant Hormones of Senescence-related Genes for Cucumis sativus L. in Cotyledon Development (오이 떡잎에서 노쇠화 관련 유전자들의 식물 호르몬에 대한 반응 연구)

  • Cha, Hyeon Jeong;Kim, Dae-Jae
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.26 no.8
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    • pp.895-903
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    • 2016
  • This study was carried out to discover the response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) senescence- associated genes (SAGs) to several plant hormones in detached and developing cotyledon. Accordingly, a collection of cucumber SAGs were examined to characterize their gene expression response through semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Cotyledons were excised at day 14 after seed sowing from plantlets, then incubated in 100 μM each of IAA or zeatin solution for up to 4 days in light and darkness. They were collected at 2-day intervals and used for total RNA extraction and subjected to RT-PCR. Gene expression levels of several cucumber SAGs were significantly changed during the incubation period. More than five cucumber SAGs involving SAG 60 responded to the IAA and zeatin treatment. In the ethylene response study, cotyledons were exposed up to 10 days by ethylene gas. Most of the cucumber SAGs did not show immediate response to ethylene in green cotyledon. The exceptions were PCK, SAG 158, and SAG 288 genes, which responded after 1 day of exposure to green cotyledon, while ICL and SAG 281 revealed strong responses after 10 days of being exposed to yellowing cotyledon. These results suggest that several cucumber SAGs react actively in response to starvation or senescence against exogenously applied stimulus. This induced senescence response is able to understand the SAGs role in lipids and amino acids metabolism partly and function in organ senescence during development.

Effect of Shading Using Different Colored Fabrics on Burcucumber(Sicyos angulatus L.) Seedling Growth and Cotyledon Chlorophyll Content (차광막의 색상이 안동대목 유묘의 생장과 자엽의 엽록소 함량에 미치는 영향)

  • Cho, Gun-Hyun;Jeon, Seung-Ho;Lee, Chang-Woo;Kim, Hong-Young;Kang, Jin-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.20 no.5
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    • pp.466-470
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    • 2007
  • Nowadays burcucumber(Sicyos angulatus L.) has been widely used as a rootstock of Cucurbitaceae. The study was done to examine the effects of shading with different colored fabrics(white, red and aluminum-coated) on growth and cotyledon chlorophyll content of its seedling. Shading with the white colored fabric lengthened seedling height and hypocotyl length, but shading with the red colored fabric enlarged true leaf area. Total dry weight of each seedling was decreased in the order of no shading, white, red and aluminum, in which resulted from reductions of cotyledon dry weight in white colored fabric, cotyledon and true leaf dry weight in red colored fabric, and dry weight of cotyledon, true leaf and root in aluminum colored fabric. Cotyledon chlorophyll content was reduced by shading treatments although the 3 shading treatments showed nearly same content.

Morphological Characteristics and Proximate Compositions of the Recommended Soybean Varieties in Korea (장려품종 콩의 형태 및 성분특성)

  • Kim, Dong-Man;Jin, Jae-Soon;Kim, Kil-Hwan
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.398-404
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    • 1990
  • This study was carried out for investigation of morphological characteristics and for analysis of the relationships between morphological indices and proximate compositions of the recommended soybean varieties in Korea. The weight of 100 seeds and weight percentages of seed coat and germ to the whole soybean of 19 varieties were ranged from 12.28 to 25.54g, from 6.02 to 8.29% and from 1.66 to 3.35%, respectively. The average long and short widths and length were $5.95{\sim}7.59mm,\;5.03{\sim}6.95mm\;and\;6.44{\sim}8.38mm$, respectively. The Hunter b values(yellowness) ranged from 15.9 to 21.7 for seed coat and from 17.7 to 23.1 for cotyledon. From the statistical analysis, a strong positive correlation(r>0.97) existed between total weight and cotyledon weight and long width, and between cotyledon weight and long width. Protein content had low correlations(r<0.48) with total weight, cotyledon weight, length and long width.

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Cotylodon Development and Seeding Growth of Lotus corniculantus , Lotus tenuis and Their Reciprocal Hybrids (Lotus corniculantus , Lotus tenuis 및 이들 상호 교잡종의 자엽과 유식물의 생장발육)

  • S. N. Hur;P. R. Beuselinck;C. J. Nelson
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.13-18
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    • 1995
  • Seedling development among reciprocal FI hybrids and their parents, Lotus comiculatus and L renuis, were studies using a simple method of measuring cotyledon area. Cotyledon area attached to the plant could be measured with simple rapid method. Cotyledons expanded very rapidly during the first week, then slightly expanded until maximum size was reached around 3 weeks after emergence. Cotyledon area upon emergence was correlated with seed size (P=0.05), but after emergence there was a divergence in cotyledon expansion rate. Rapidity of photosynthetic area development was determinant factor for seedling growth of trefoil species. 2 $\times$ m2 and 1 $\times$ m2 among the hybrids promised the possibility increasing seedling vigor of birdsfoot trefoil.

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