• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 1989

The effect of IAA on lysine decarboxylase(LDC)activity, diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and the polyamine level in seedlings of soybean were investigated. The seedlings of soybean were treated with IAA (10-8M, 10-6M, 10-4M) and LDC activity, DAO activity and polyamine levels of cotyledon, elongating hypocotyl, elongated hypocotyl and the root were measured after 4, 6, 8, 10 days. Increased concentration of IAA stimulated the LDC activity and increased the level of polyamine in the seedlings, which reducing the DAO activity and polyamine level was increased in the seedlings. The light also stimulated the IAA effect on polyamine level and DAO activity, and polyamine level was higher in the seedlings grown in the light than those in the dark. Cadaverine was the most abundant polyamine in the seedlings of soybean. The levels of diamines, cadaverine, putrescine were higher in the elongated hypocotyl and root than in the elongating hypocotyl, but the levels of spermidine and spermine were relatively higher in the cotyledon than in the other parts. Accumulation of diamines by high concentration of IAA is postulated to be a phenomenon of inhibition in seedlings growth.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2008

In this paper, we would like to show unexpected morphogenic potential of cell suspensions derived from seedling explants of Gentiana kurroo (Royle). Suspension cultures were established with the use of embryogenic callus derived from seedling explants (root, hypocotyl and cotyledons). Proembryogenic mass proliferated in liquid MS medium supplemented with $0.5mg\;l^{-1}$ 2,4-D and $1.0mg\;l^{-1}$ Kin. The highest growth coefficient was achieved for root derived cell suspensions. The microscopic analysis showed differences in aggregate structure depending on their size. To assess the embryogenic capability of the particular culture, 100 mg of cell aggregates was implanted on MS agar medium supplemented with Kin ($0.0-2.0mg\;l^{-1}$), $GA_3$ ($0.0-2.0mg\;l^{-1}$) and AS ($80.0mg\;l^{-1}$). The highest number of somatic embryos was obtained for cotyledon-derived cell suspension on $GA_3$-free medium, but the best morphological quality of embryos was observed in the presence of $0.5-1.0mg\;l^{-1}$ Kin, $0.5mg\;l^{-1}$ $GA_3$ and $80.0mg\;l^{-1}$ AS. The morphogenic competence of cultures also depended on the size of the aggregate fraction and was lower when size of aggregates decreased. Flow cytometry analysis reveled luck of uniformity of regenerants derived from hypocotyl suspension and 100% of uniformity for cotyledon suspension.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.7-12
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• 1982

Growth of soybean sprouts(Glycine Max L.) and amounts of some chemical components were measured when they were exposed to blue light (120lux, 3hrs/day) during their growth. Hypocotyl length of irradiated soybean sprouts exceeded slightly that of control (dark) soybean sprouts, but the tfresh weight of whole sprouts as well as each part of the sprout showed no difference between the two groups. Chlorophyll content of cotyledon under blue light increased significantly with the lapse of days (3.57 and $8.45\;{\mu}g/100g$ fresh weight on the 3rd and 7th day). Bluelight irradiated sprouts contained more vitamin C than control sprouts (21.7% and 30.8% higher for the cotyledon and hypocotyl). Total amount of protein was not affected. Hypocotyl protein content was 8% of that in original soybean. Blue light did not affect the activity of trypsin inhibitor of sprouts. Similar activity of the inhibitor was observed in the cotyledon whereas hypocotyl showed activity corresponding to 23.7% of original bean. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretogram for the protein showed 10, 9, and 11 bands in the original bean. 5th day cotyledon and hypocotyl respectively. Especially, band 3 of low Rm value was major protein component for the hypocotyl. Band 5 and 11 could be seen only in the protein of hypocotyl from bluelight irradiated sprouts, whereas no effect of blue light on the electrophoretogram was observed for the cotyledon.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1970

In an effort of determine the metabolism and bio-synthesis of nitrogen, was studied at variance of souble nitrogens, free amino acids and total alcohol soluble amino acids during the growth of younger soybean plants, and saybean divides into cotyledon and embryonic organ (shoot and root system) in this experiment. 1. In the soluble nitrogen of soybean, ratio of increase and decrease in the amino acids of them was displayed the near phenomena both cotyledon and embryonic organ of soybean. But, in the 17th days after seed germination, that is the developmeatal stage of adult leaf of soybeans, was appear the maximum value. It has been suggested that the stage of first half period of growth as boundary the stage of adult leaf development which indicated clear morphologically, at the younger soybean plants, is the step that nitrogen assimilation. 2. It was investigated the amino acids of seventeen kinds in the seed state, but at the third days after seed germination, was investigated the amino acids of nineteen kinds. Ultimately, it appears the translocation from cotyledon to embryonic organ in the distribution of amino acid, the nineth day which differentiation begining day of embryonic organ, then after, it happen the variation of number of inspected amino acid in the cotyledon and embryonic organ but only the variance changes in the distribution and quantitative aspects. Especially, the most conspicuous fact was indicated the accumulation of Asparagine, that is the phenomena of Asparagine-accumulation was constitute, not with standing no fertilization from outside. It may be concluded from the results of this investigation that the difference of special phenomena of soybean from the embryo of other plans. 3. In the initial stage of differentiation at embryonic organ number of inspected amino acid was very few, and then, it was slightly appeared the increase-phenomena in the number of them. It was that the amino acid inspecting the initial stage was translocated from the cotyledon. It is suggested that the intermediate-metabolism of amino acid was constituted on the basis of above the result. 4. The phenomena of increase and decrease of total alcohol soluble amino acid were essentially identical to the water soluble amino acid of soybean, but it was appeared the severe difference of amounts in both of them.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.941-946
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• 2010

For the long-term goal of using peanut sprouts as a functional food material, the total polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity of methanol extracts were examined with use of 9 day-old peanut sprouts and peanuts collected in Chungbuk, Gyeongbuk and Jeonbuk provinces of Korea, China and Vietnam. The polyphenol levels in the sprout extracts were higher than those of the peanut extracts. The phenolic content of the Gyeongbuk peanut sprout extract (20.4 mg/g) was the highest of the tested samples. After 9 days of germination the peanut sprout extracts had higher activities than those of the peanut extracts. In particular, the activity of Gyeongbuk peanut sprout extract was the highest (37.67% at a concentration of $200\;{\mu}L/mL$), and its reducing power demonstrated a similar trend. The DPPH radical scavenging activities were measured for methanol extracts of cotyledon, root and stem of Gyeongbuk peanut sprouts; the highest (90.96% at a concentration of $200\;{\mu}L/mL$) was the activity of cotyledon. ABTS radical scavenging and $\beta$-carotene bleaching activities also were higher in the cotyledon extract than in those of the root or the stem. The resveratrol content was higher in the Gyeongbuk peanut sprout extract than in the Gyeongbuk peanut extract ($15.05\;{\mu}g/g $and $1.42\;{\mu}g/g$, respectively). These results suggest that peanut sprouts potentially could be used as a functional food material exhibiting antioxidant effects.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.165-169
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• 2001

Seed coat of sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) is very thick and hard, it is difficult to absorb water during germination and it requires much time that cotyledon come out from seed coat since seminal root appearanced. Therefore this experiment was carried out to increase the germination rate by easing water absorption through mechanical scarification on seed coat. Non-scarification seed did not germinated at 7 days after treatment but scarification seed showed germination rate of 98%. Therefore mechanical scarification of seed coat was increased germination rate. Non-scarification seed absorbed less than 10% water of dry weight at 8 hours after treatment but scarification seed absorbed about 90% water at 7 hours after treatment and more than 150% water at 8 hours and swelled about 1.4-1.5 times in length and width of seed. Germination rate of scarification seed was high under high temperature and it was 96% and 93% at $25^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The rate of cotyledon emergence on clay loam soil was the highest among bed soils. Soaked seed after mechanical scarification in distilled water was germinated faster than non-soaked seed on early in bed soil. The rate of cotyledon emergence was more than 92% at 9 days after sowing but non-scarification and soaked seed was germinated late and showed very low germination rate as 67%.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.315-319
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• 2001

The study was carried out to develop a simple and efficient system to regenerate plants from cotyledon and hypocotyl tissues of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis cv Seoul). Among the various combinations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (BA) tested, the best shoot induction medium for cotyledon, with 2.67 shoots per explants, contained $2.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA, $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA and $16.7mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $AgNO_3$. The shoot induction medium with $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA, $5.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA and $16.7mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $AgNO_3$, was best for shoot induction from hypocotyl explants, with 1.87 shoots per explants. After shoot induction, regenerated shoots were excised and rooted on rooting medium. Rooted plantlets were then hardened in the high humidity growth chamber and transplanted to pots, and then grown in the greenhouse. Regenerated plants appeared phenotypically normal and there were no changes in chromosome number.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.327-332
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• 1994

The effect of methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) and ethylene synthesis inhibitors on adventitious root formation from soybean cotyledon in relation to ethylene production and endogenous polyamine content was investigated. Cotyledon explants cultured on rooting medium formed numerous adventitious rook on the cut surfaces after 2 weeks of culture. However when cultured on rooting medium supplemented with MGBG, the root formation was strongly inhibited, its inhibitory effect was reserved when cultured on medium with MGBG + spermine, MGBG + CoCl$_2$ and MGBG + spermine+CoC1$_2$. A slight reversion of the rooting inhibition was observed in 10$^{-3}$ M MGBG +10$^{-5}$ M spermine treatment, whereas it caused a significant effect in 10$^{-3}$ M MGBG +10$^{-4}$ M treatment .Ethylene production and endogenous polymine content was investgated in 10$^{-3}$ M MGBG , 10$^{-3}$ M MGBG +10$^{-5}$ Mspermine, 10$^{-3}$ M MGBG +10$^{-4}$ M CoCl$_2$and 10$^{-3}$ M MGBG +10$^{-5}$ M spermine +10$^{-4}$ M CoCl$_2$treatments. Ethylene production highest in 10$^{-3}$ M MGBG +10$^{-5}$ M spermine treatment was higher than control. In 10$^{-3}$ M MGBG +10$^{-5}$ M spermine + 10$^{-4}$ M CoCl$_2$ treatment, ethilene production was lowest, whereas polyamine level was highest.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2000

This study was carried out to find the effects of plant growth regulators on callus formation, rooting and shooting from cotyledon explant in oriental me]on. Various combinations of 0.1 mg/L auxins (IAA, NAA) and 0.5, 1.0. 1.5, 2.0 mg/L cytokinins (BA, kinetin, zeatin) were treated to the MS basal medium, respectively. Callus was induced mort effectively as 2,437.0 mg (FW)/explant in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L NAA and 2.0 mg/L BA, but that was non-embryogenic callus as colored yellow white and broke easily. Root was induced most effectively at a frequency of 98.0% in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L NAA and 0-5 mg/L kinetin. Shoots formed on cut part of vein at a frequency of 98.0% in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L IAA and 2.0 mg/L BA, that were multiple shoots. in case of its concentration, BA and lower concentration of IAA and NAA (0.01 and 0.05 mg/L). respectively. shooting ratio was not increased. The result of treatment with BA 0-5 mg/L and IAA 0.1 mg/L, callus induced at a week, and shoot start to form multiple shoots about 3 weeks after inoculation. After 2 times subculture as 2 weeks intervals, divided shoots rooted and developed into intact plantlets at 10 weeks and then that grown normally on pots after acclimatization.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.382-388
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• 1994

For the comparision of the differences in dry matter weight and the chemical composition of soybean seeds in relation to utilization styles and storage durations, the seed coats and cotyledons including embryo axis separated from the seeds of 3 recommended cultivars stored for 3 years and of 5 recommended cultivars and 2 local varieties with black seed coat and green cotyledons were observed in dry weight, germination percentage, protein, oil, soluble sugar, oilgosaccharide, and starch. In the seeds stored for 3 years, dry weight and germination rate were decreased distinctively. This decrease of seed dry matter resulted from the decrease of the cotyledon weight, and the ratio of seed coat to whole seed was increased. For the change of chemical compositions by the decrement of seed dry weight during the storage, protein, oil, and carbohydrate contents of the seed coat were decreased, and protein content of the cotyledon was markedly decreased in the seeds stored for 3 years. The ratio of seed coat to whole seed was higher in small seed than large seed cultivars. In the local varieties, protein and oil contents were 43.59% and 18.25% in the cotyledons, respectively, which were lower than those of recommended cultivars. But starch and sugar contents were 5.70% and 11.58%, respectively, which were higher than those of recommended cultivars. Sucrose, raffinose and stachyose contents were also higher in the cotyledon of the local varieties.