• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.52-59
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• 2018

To control chloride attacks which is a representative deterioration in RC(Reinforced Concrete) structures, many studies have been conducted. Above all, a method using mineral admixture was known to be effective for corrosion protection. In this study, durability test about chloride attacks was carried out for concrete specimens containing FA(Fly Ash)-representative concrete mineral admixture and OPC concrete specimens considering 3 different levels of W/B(Water to Binder). Accelerated chloride diffusion coefficient tests referred to Tang's method, total passed charge tests referred to ASTM C 1202, and compressive strength tests based on KS F 2405 were performed at each target age day. Also, based on previous studies of 28 days, time-parameter which is a key parameter for diffusion behavior is evaluated and its relations with compressive strength at the age of 365 days is evaluated. After the age of 49 days, chloride resistance of FA concrete is much improved than that of OPC concrete, which arose out of stable hydrates due to pozzolan reaction of fly ash. Time-parameter of FA concrete is evaluated to be about 1.5 times larger than that of OPC concrete. Also, time-parameter of FA concrete has a linearly decreasing relation while that of OPC concrete has a linearly increasing relation with compressive strength development.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.83-91
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• 2015

With varying conditions of concrete surface, induced chloride contents are changed and this is a key parameter for steel corrosion and service life in RC (Reinforced Concrete) structures. Many surface enhancement techniques using impregnation have been developed, however the evaluation techniques for chloride behavior through doubly layered media and time-dependent diffusion are rarely proposed. This paper presents an analysis technique considering double-layer concrete and time-dependent diffusion behavior, and the results are compared with those from the previous test results through reverse analysis. The chloride profiles from the surface-impregnated concrete exposed to atmospheric, tidal, submerged zone for 2 years are adopted. Furthermore surface chloride contents and diffusion coefficients are obtained, and are compared with those from Life365. Through consideration of time effect, the relative error decreases from 0.28 to 0.20 in atmospheric, 0.29 to 0.11 in tidal, and 0.54 to 0.40 in submerged zone, respectively, which shows more reasonable results. Utilizing the diffusion coefficients from Life365, relative errors increases and it needs deeper penetration depth (e) and lower diffusion coefficient ratio ($D_1/D_2$) due to higher diffusion coefficient.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.4013-4018
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• 2014

A 0.45 $cm^2$ DSSC device with a glass/FTO/blocking layer/$TiO_2$/N719(dye)/electrolyte/50 nm-Pt/50 nm-Au/FTO/glass was prepared to examine the stability of the Au/Pt bilayered counter electrode (CE) with electrolyte and the energy conversion efficiency (ECE) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). For comparison, a 100 nm-thick Pt only CE DSSC was also prepared using the same method. The photovoltaic properties, such as the short circuit current density ($J_{sc}$), open circuit voltage ($V_{oc}$), fill factor (FF), and ECE, were checked using a solar simulator and potentiostat with time after assembling the DSSC. The microstructure of the Au/Pt bilayer was examined by optical microscopy after 0~25 minutes. The ECE of the Pt only CE-employed DSSC was 4.60 %, which did not show time dependence. On the other hand, for the Au/Pt CE DSSC, the ECEs after 0, 5 and 15 minutes were 5.28 %, 3.64 % and 2.09 %, respectively. The corrosion areas of the Au/Pt CE determined by optical microscopy after 0, 5, and 25 minutes were 0, 21.92 and 34.06 %. These results confirmed that the ECE and catalytic activity of Au/Pt CE decreased drastically with time. Therefore, a Au/Pt CE-employed DSSC may be superior to the Pt only CE-employed one immediately after integration of the device, but it would degrade drastically with time.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.247-261
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• 2023

Due to the non-uniform distribution of meso-structure, the diffusion of chloride ions in concrete show the characteristics of characteristics of randomness and fuzziness, which leads to the non-uniform distribution of chloride ions and the non-uniform corrosion of steel rebar in concrete. This phenomenon is supposed as the main reason causing the uncertainty of the bearing capacity deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. In order to analyze and predict the durability of reinforced concrete structures under chloride environment, the random features of chloride ions transport in concrete were studied in this research from in situ meso-structure of concrete. Based on X-ray CT technology, the spatial distribution of coarse aggregates and pores were recognized and extracted from a cylinder concrete specimen. In considering the influence of ITZ, the in situ mesostructure of concrete specimen was reconstructed to conduct a numerical simulation on the diffusion of chloride ions in concrete, which was verified through electronic microprobe technology. Then a stochastic study was performed to investigate the distribution of chloride ions concentration in space and time. The research indicates that the influence of coarse aggregate on chloride ions diffusion is the synthetic action of tortuosity and ITZ effect. The spatial distribution of coarse aggregates and pores is the main reason leading to the non-uniform distribution of chloride ions both in spatial and time scale. The chloride ions concentration under a certain time and the time under a certain concentration both satisfy the Lognormal distribution, which are accepted by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Chi-square test. This research provides an efficient method for obtain mass stochastic data from limited but representative samples, which lays a solid foundation for the investigation on the service properties of reinforced concrete structures.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.618-625
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• 2018

With the passing of time, exposed concrete structures are affected by a range of environmental, chemical, and physical factors. These factors seep into the concrete and have a deleterious influence compared to the initial performance. The importance of identifying and preventing further performance degradation due to the occurrence of deterioration has been greatly emphasized. In recent years, evaluations of the target life have attracted increasing interest. During the freezing-melting effect, a part of the concrete undergoes swelling and shrinking repeatedly. At these times, chloride ions present in seawater penetrate into the concrete, and accelerate the deterioration due to the corrosion of reinforced bars in the concrete structures. For that reason, concrete structures located onshore with a freezing-melting effect are more prone to this type of deterioration than inland structures. The aim of this study was to develop a high performance mortar mixed with a mineral admixture for the durability properties of concrete structures near sea water. In addition, experimental studies were carried out on the strength and durability of mortar. The mixing ratio of the silica fume and meta kaolin was 3, 7 and 10 %, respectively. Furthermore, the ultra-fine fly ash was mixed at 5, 10, 15, and 20%. The mortar specimens prepared by mixing the admixtures were subjected to a static strength test on the 1st and 28th days of age and degradation acceleration tests, such as the chloride ion penetration resistance test, sulfuric acid resistance test, and salt resistant test, were carried out at 28 days of age. The chloride diffusion coefficient was calculated from a series of rapid chloride penetration tests, and used to estimate the life time against corrosion due to chloride ion penetration according to the KCI, ACI, and FIB codes. The life time of mortar with 10% meta kaolin was the longest with a service life of approximately 470 years according to the KCI code.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.208-227
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• 2013

Twenty-seven bronze bowls excavated from the Goryo burial complex at Deobu-gol were examined for their microstructure and chemical composition to characterize the bronze technology practiced by commoners at the time. Results showed that the objects examined can be classified into four groups: 1) objects forged out of Cu-near 22%Sn alloys and then quenched; 2) objects cast from Cu-below 10% Sn alloys containing lead; 3) objects cast from Cu-10%~20% Sn alloys containing lead and then quenched; 4) objects forged out of Cu-10~20% Sn alloys containing lead and then quenched. This study revealed that the fabrication technique as determined by alloy compositions plays an important role in bronze technology. The use of lead was clearly associated with the selection of quenching temperatures, the character of inclusions and the color characteristics of bronze surfaces. It was found that the objects containing lead were quenched at temperatures of $520^{\circ}{\sim}586^{\circ}C$ while those without lead were quenched at the range of $586^{\circ}{\sim}799^{\circ}C$. The presence of selenium in impurity inclusions was detected only in alloys containing lead, suggesting that the raw materials, Cu and Sn, used in making the lead-free alloys for the first group were carefully selected from those smelted using ores without lead contamination. Furthermore, the addition of lead was found to have significant effects on the color characteristics of the surface of bronze alloys when they are subjected to corrosion during interment. In leaded alloys, corrosion turns the surface light green or dark green while in unleaded alloys, corrosion turns the surface dark brown or black. It was found that in fabrication, the wall thickness of the bronze bowls varies depending on the application of quenching; most of the quenched objects have walls 1mm thick or below while those without quenching have walls 1mm thick or above. Fabrication techniques in bronze making usually reflect social environments of a community. It is likely that in the late Goryo period, experiencing lack of skilled bronze workers, the increased demand for bronze was met in two ways; by the use of chief lead instead of expensive tin and by the use of casting suitable for mass production. The above results show that the Goryo bronze workers tried to overcome such a resource-limited environment through technological innovations as apparent in the use of varying fabrication techniques for different alloys. Recently, numerous bronze objects are excavated and available for investigation. This study shows that with the use of proper analytical techniques they can serve as a valuable source of information required for the characterization of the associated technology as well as the social environment leading to the establishment of such technology.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.147-151
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• 2009

Purpose: 2-[$^{18}F$]Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([$^{18}F$]FDG) particularly plays as a important role in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging in nuclear medicine. Domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizers are installed in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH) at June 2008, these modules were known that it's synthetic yields were guaranteed in average $45{\pm}5%$ so far. To improve yields and convenience of domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizer, numerous trials in reaction time, base concentration, pressure and temperature were performed to increase [$^{18}F$]FDG yields. Materials and Methods: Several synthetic factors (temperature, time and pressure) and shortcoming were corrected based on many evaporation test. Syringe dispensing of tetra-butylammonium bicarbonate (TBAB) was replaced with micro pipette to prepare tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride salt ([$^{18}F$]TBAF). Troublesome refill of liquid nitrogen every 2 hours which was used to protect vacuum system was changed to charcoal cartridge, base guard filter. To monitor the volume of delivered $[^{18}O]OH_2$ from cyclotron by surveillance camera, we set up the volumetric vial on the cover of the module. In addition to, the recovery vial was added in [$^{18}F$]FDG production system to recover [$^{18}F$]FDG loss due to the leak of valve ($V_{13,14}$) in [$^{18}F$]FDG purification process. Results: When we used micro pipette for adding TBAB ($30\;{\mu}L$ in 12% $H_2O$ in acetonitrile), this quantitative dispensation has enabled to improve $5.5{\pm}1.7%$ residual fluorine-18 activity in fluorine separation cartridge compared to syringe adding. Besides, the synthetic yields of [$^{18}F$]FDG has increased $58{\pm}2.6%$ (n=19), $58{\pm}2.9%$ (n=14), $60%{\pm}2.5%$ (n=17) for 3 months. The life cycle of charcoal cartridge and base vacuum was 3 months prior to filling liquid nitrogen every 2 hours and additional side separator can prevent pump corrosion by organic solvent. After setting of volumetric indicator vial, the operator can easily monitor the total volume of irradiated $[^{18}O]OH_2$ from cyclotron. The recovery vial can be used for the stabilizer when an irregular [$^{18}F$]FDG loss was generated by the leak of valves ($V_{13,14}$). Conclusions: We has optimized appropriate synthetic conditions (temperature, time, pressure) in domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizer. In addition to, the remodeling with several accessories improve yields of domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizer with reliable reproducibility.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.582-588
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• 2002

IrO$_2$-RuO$_2$ films were deposited on plasma sprayed TiO$_2$ buffer layer above Ti metal by sol-gel and dip-coating method. Organic vehicle (ethyl cellulose and $\alpha$-terpineol) and glass frit were added to improve adherence of the coatings. Taguchi method and L$_{18}$ (2$^1$$\times$3$^{7}$ ) orthogonal arrays were evalvated in terms of current density to determine the optimal combination of levels of factors that best satisfy the bigger is better quality characteristic. The observed conditions were as fellows: ethyl cellulose (100 cp), drying temperature and time (17$0^{\circ}C$,20 min), heat treatment temperature and time (75$0^{\circ}C$,10 min), the weight ratio of IrO$_2$-RuO/powders to glass frit (99:5), final heat treatment time (120 min) and flow rate of air (5 sccm), respectively. ANOVA analysis suggested that the influence of the factors within $\alpha$= 0.1 was significant with a 90% confidence level.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2015

The chloride ions, responsible for the initiation of the corrosion mechanism, intrude from the external medium into the concrete. A part of the intruding chloride ions will be retained by the hydration products of the binder in concrete, either through chemical adsorption or by physical adsorption. Since the hydration products of cement are responsible for the chloride binding in concrete, this study focused on the chloride binding in individual hydrate. The purpose of this study is to explore the time dependant behaviors of chloride ions adsorption with cement hydrates, focused on its mechanism. AFt phase and CH phase were not able to absorb chloride ion, however, C-S-H phase and AFm phase had a significant chloride adsorption capacity. In particular, AFm phase showed a chemical adsorption with slow rate in 40 days, while C-S-H phase showed binding behaviors with 3 stages including momentary physical adsorption, physico-chemical adsorption, and chemical adsorption. Based on the results, this study suggested theoretical approach to depict chloride adsorption behavior with elapsed time of C-S-H phase and AFm phase effectively. It is believed that the approach suggested in this study can provide us with a good solution to understand the mechanism on chloride adsorption with hydrates and to calculate a rate of chloride penetration with original source of chloride ions, for example, marine sand at initial time or sea water penetration later on.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.98-104
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• 2014

Photovoltaic (PV) cell is considered as one of the finest ways to utilize the solar power. A study of improving solar cell's efficiency is important because the lifetime of solar cell is determined by photovoltaic module technology. Therefore, oxidation (and/or corrosion) of solder materials will be one of the primary yield and long-term reliability risk factor. Recently, the development of lead-free solder alloy has been done actively about lead-free solder alloys of the thermodynamic and mechanical properties. However, the oxidation behavior have rarely been investigated In this study, the oxidations of 60 wt% Sn-40 wt% Pb, 62 wt% Sn-36 wt% Pb -2 wt% Ag, 50wt% Sn-48 wt% Bi-2 wt% Ag alloys for the interconnect ribbon after exposure in atmosphere at $100^{\circ}C$ for several times were investigated. The wettability of 62 wt% Sn-36 wt% Pb-2 wt% Ag and 50 wt% Sn-48 wt% Bi-2 wt% Ag solders was also studied to compare with that of 60 wt% Sn-40 wt% Pb alloy. The results howed that the zero cross time and the wetting time of 50 wt% Sn-48 wt% Bi-2 wt% Ag solder were better than other two samples. The surface of tested samples was analyzed by XPS. The XPS result showed that in all samples, SnO grew first and then the mixture of SnO and $SnO_2$ was detected. $SnO_2$ grew predominantly for the long time aging. Moreover XPS depth profile analysis has found surface enrichment of tin oxide.