• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.649-655
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• 1988

One hundred and one patients with tetralogy of Fallot who were older than 16 years of age underwent a total correction of the anomaly between May, 1964 and July, 1987. This group comprised 14.9% of the 679 consecutive patients who had repair of the tetralogy at our institution during the same period. Of the 101 patients, 8 had a previous shunt procedure for palliation. The preoperative mean hemoglobin value was 16.9*1.0% and the mean systemic oxygen saturation, 84.4*0.9%. In 76 patients[75.2%], a type II ventricular septal defect was seen whereas in 14 patients[13.9%], the defect was type I. In 72 patients[71.3%], other cardiac anomalies were present which included patent foramen ovale in 37.6%, atrial septal defect in 8.99b, vegetations in 6.9%, right sided aortic arch in 5.9% and coronary artery anomaly in 5.0%. The right ventricular outflow obstruction was caused most commonly by combination of infundibular and valvular stenosis[74.3%], followed by isolated infundibular stenosis[19.8%] and valvular stenosis [5.9%] alone in order. The preoperative mean diameter of the pulmonary valve ring size was 10.2*0.5 mm in diameter. A transannular patch enlargement of the right ventricular outflow tract was performed in 28 patients and, in 12 a pericardial monocusp was utilized. Major anomalous aorto-pulmonary vessels were encountered in 5 patients which were detected before or during the operation. In 3 patients, they were ligated beforehand to control the flooding of the operative field. Postoperatively, the mean systolic pressure gradient between the right ventricle and the main pulmonary artery was 16.2*2.3 mmHg and the mean systolic pressure- ratio between the right and the left ventricle was 45.3*2.0%. Perioperative complications including bleeding in 8.9%, pleural effusion in 7.9%, dysrrhythmia in 4.9%, and residual VSD in 4.0%. Operative mortality was 8.9%. There has been no operative death in the recent 65 cases since 1981. There were 2 late deaths, 68 and 113 months after surgery. There were 2 late detachment of the VSD patch during the follow-up period. Of the 6 patients with patch detachment found during the postoperative period, 3 had subacute bacterial endocarditis before or after the operation indicating The serious nature of this complication. Two of these patients subsequently underwent a successful reoperation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.101-108
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• 1988

Between July, 19S4. and July, 1987, 9 two-stage repair of symptomatic tetralogy of Fallot were carried out at the department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, Kyungpook national university hospital. Their age ranged from 5 years to 18 years [mean age 9.4 years] at the time of total correction, and there were improvement of systemic oxygen saturation values by 10% and decrease of hemoglobin by 1.6gm/dl after shunt procedures. The interval between the initial shunting procedure and total correction ranged for 7 to 101 months with a mean of 32.7 months. Four of these patients required patching of the infundibulum alone, three required patching of the right ventricular outflow tract across the pulmonary annulus, and valved conduit was used in one due to coronary artery anomaly. Aortic cross clamping time averaged 122.2minutes [range from 60minutes to 150minutes], and cardiopulmonary bypass time averaged 174.4 minutes [range from 80minutes to 300minutes]. The operative mortality rate was 22% [2/9].

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.313-321
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• 2004

폐동맥하 심실중격결손을 동반한 양대혈관 우심실기시증에서 동맥전환술은 심실내 교정의 제한된 적응증과 동맥전환술의 우수한 임상성적으로 인해 최근 이 기형의 선택적 치료법으로 자리잡고 있다. 이 기형에 대한 동맥전환술의 단기 및 중기 성적을 검토하였다. 대상 및 방법 1994년 8월부터 2002년 7월까지 8년 동안 동아대학교 병원에서 심실중격결손증 교정과 동맥전환술을 시행한 폐동맥하 심실중격결손을 동반한 양대혈관 우심실기시증 환자 13명을 대상으로 후향적 조사를 하였다. 양대혈관 우심실기시의 진단은 50% rule을 적용하였다. 중심나이와 평균체증은 각각 27일(범위, 3-120일)과 3.8$\pm$0.7kg (범위, 2.92-5.3kg)이었다. 대동맥궁기형은 6명(46.2%)에서 동반되었고 모두 일차 완전교정(one-stage repair)으로 교정되었다. 양대혈관의 위치관계는 좌우로 위치한 것이 8예(61.5%), 전후로 위치한 것이 5예(38.5%)였다. 관상동맥의 형태는 1LCx-2R과 좌관상동맥이 폐동맥의 뒤로 돌아가는 형태가 각각 6예씩(46.2%)이었으며 1명(7.7%)에서 벽속 좌관상동맥기형이 관찰되었다. 심실중격결손의 확장 및 패치를 이용한 우심실유출로 성형술이 각각 1명(7.7%)에서 시행되었다 좌우 대혈관 위치관계를 갖고 있는 3명(23.1%)을 제외한 모든 환자에서 Lecompte 술식을 시행하였다. 결과: 3예(23.1%)의 수술사망이 발생하였다. 3예 모두 대동맥궁기형을 갖고 있었던 경우였다. 수술 생존자의 평균추적기간 41.3$\pm$30.7개월(범위 1.7-79.1개월) 동안 만기사망은 1예(10%)로 술 후 5개월 뒤 중추신경계 합병증으로 사망하였다. 1예(10.0%)에서 압력차 30mmHg 이상의 폐동맥판 협착이 발견되었고 2예에서 좌폐동맥 협착으로 풍선확장술이 필요하였으며 이 중 1예(10%)에서 술 후 52개월만에 재수술이 필요하였다. 무증상의 중등도 대동맥판 폐쇄부전증이 1예(10%)에서 발견되었다. 수술사망을 포함한 5년 생존율은 68.3%였다. 결론: 대동맥궁기형을 동반한 폐동맥하 심실중격결손의 양대혈관 우심실기시증 환자에서는 높은 수술사망률을 보였으나 동반하지 않은 경우는 낮은 수술사망률과 재수술률을 보여 동맥전환술이 이 심기형에서 유용한 수술방법으로 고려될 수 있을 것이라고 생각한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.290-300
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• 2000

Background: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of EBT(Electron Beam Tomography) in the diagnosis of conotruncal anomaly and to determine whether it can be used as a substitute for cardiac angiography. Material and Method: 20 patients(11M & 9F) with TOF(n=7, pulmonary atresia 2), DORV(n=7), complete TGV(n=4), & corrected TGV(n=2) were included. The age ranged from 7 days to 26 years(median 60 days). We analyzed the sequential chamber localization, the main surgical concenrn in each disease category (PA size, LVED volume and coronary artery pattern for TOF & pulmonary atresia, the LV mass, LVOT obstruction, coronary artery pattern for complete TGV, and type of VSD and TV-PV distance for DORV, etc) and other associated anomalies(e.g., VSD, arch anomalies, tracheal stenosis, etc). Those were compared with the results of echocardiography(n=19), angiography (n=9), and surgery(n=11). The interval between EBT and echocardiography/angiography was within 20/11 days, respectively except for an angiography in a patient with corrected TGV (48 days). Result: EBT correctly diagnosed the basic components of conotruncal anomalies in all subjects, compared to echocardiography, angiography or surgery. These included the presence, type and size of VSD(n=20), pulmonic/LV outflow tract stenosis(n=15/2), relation of great arteries and the pattern of the proximal epicardial coronary arteries(16 out of 20). EBT proved to be accurate in quantitation of the intrapericardial and hilar pulmonary arterial dimension and showed high correlation and no difference compared with echocardiography, angiography, or surgery(p>0.05) except for left pulmonary arterial & ascending arterial dimension by echocardiography. LVED volume in seven TOF(no difference: p>0.05 & high correlation: r=0.996 with echocardiography), and LV mass in 4 complete TGV were obtained. Additionally, EBT enabled the cdiagnosis of subjlottic tracheal stenosis and tracheal bronchus in 1 respectively. Some peripheral PA stenosis were not detected by echocardiography, while echocardiography appeared to be slightly more accurate than EBT in detecing ASD or PDA. Conclusion: EBT can be a non-invasive and accurate modality of for the evaluation of most anatomical alteration including peripheral PS or interruption in patients with conotruncal anomalies. Combined with echocardiography, EBT study provides sufficient information for the palliative or total repair of anomalies.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.237-246
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• 1995

Between March 1989 and December 1994, one-stage repair was performed for correction of the intracardiac malformations associated with aortic coarctation in 34 patients or interrupted aortic arch in 8 patients via median sternotomy. There were 26 male and 16 female patients, and their body weight ranged from 1.8 to 8 kg [mean weight, 4.0 1.4 kg . The age at the operation ranged from 7 days to 18 months [mean age, 3.1 $\pm$ 3.8 months . The repair of aortic coarctation or interrupted aortic arch was performed using extended end-to-end anastomosis in most of the patients [86%, 36/42 , and six patients underwent ductal tissue excision and patch aortoplasty. Intracardiac defects were corrected concomitantly through the right atrium unless the anatomy dictated otherwise. Obstructive outlet septum was resected whenever necessary. There were seven early deaths [16.8 % , and three late deaths with a mean follow-up period of 25 months [range from 1 to 65 months . Three patients were reoperated upon residual subaortic stenosis, stenosis at the RPA origin, and subacute bacterial endocarditis respectively. None showed any significant residual or anastomotic stenosis postoperatively. One stage repair of the aortic coarctation and interrupted aortic arch associated with intracardiac defect leaves no native coarctation shelf tissue or residual hypoplasia in the repaired segment, has low incidence of recurrent or residual stenosis, minimizes reoperation and incisions, and manages arch hypoplasia easily. We concluded that surgical results of one-stage repair for the intracardiac malformation associated with aortic coarctation or interrupted aortic arch are reasonable.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.1040-1051
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• 1988

From 1959 through Jun. 1988, 2094 cases of various Cardiovascular diseases were operated, which were consisted of 1215 open heart surgery under extra-corporeal circulation or hypothermia and 879 conventional Cardiovascular Surgery at Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery in National Medical Center. There were 1111 congenital heart anomalies and 983 acquired cardiovascular diseases. Among 1111 congenital cases, acyanotic cases were 748 and cyanotic cases were 363. In acquired heart cases, valvular heart diseases [702 cases] were the most frequent and a small No. of cardiac tumor and coronary artery diseases were included. Overall operative mortality was 9.3%, consisting of 4.6% for acyanotic anomaly, 20.6% for cyanotic anomaly and 8.7% for acquired heart diseases. In open heart surgery, overall mortality was 11.6% and 6% in conventional cardiovascular surgery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.371-382
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• 1985

Over the past 4 decades after World War II a great deal of data and clinical experiences have been accumulated relating to the diagnosis and surgical treatment of congenital and acquired cardiovascular diseases in Korea. Clinical data on cardiovascular surgical cases performed in all 22 hospitals for open heart surgery in Korea was collected from it`s starting up to December 1984. The first recorded open heart surgery for a young adult atrial septal defect was performed by Young Kyoon Lee, M.D. on August 7, 1959, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea. And, some scattered reports on cardiovascular surgical cases in it`s early period have changed recently the number of hospitals for open heart surgery and clinical cases enormously in total amount of 13, 100 cardiovascular operations performed on 12, 990 cases up to December 1984. Of the total 13, 100 cardiovascular operations, congenital cardiovascular anomaly occupied 70%. Of the congenital cases, 6, 580 operations for acyanotic group [operative mortality 4.5%], and 2, 489 operations for cyanotic group [operative mortality 20%]. The incidence of congenital cardiovascular anomaly in order of frequency was ventricular septal defect [29%], patent ductus arteriosus [26%], Tetralogy of Fallot [22%], atrial septal defect [8, 6%], pulmonary valve stenosis [3.0%], and endocardial cushion defect [1.1%]. Of the 3, 412 valvular heart disease cases, which occupied 85% of total 4, 031 acquired cardiovascular disease, individual incidence was in mitral 2, 565 [63.5%], double valve 451 [11.1%], and simple aortic valve 351 [8.7%]. Total number of valve replaced, mechanical and tissue, was 2, 795, and 1, 884 for mitral, 808 for aortic, and 103 for tricuspid in position. Operative mortality for prosthetic valve replacement in total was 9.8%. Remained acquired cardiovascular cases chronic constrictive pericarditis [7.9%], cardiac tumor [1.9%], coronary artery bypass [1.8%], cardiac trauma [1.2%] and less than 1% of thoracic aortic aneurysm. Overall operative mortality for open and non-open cardiovascular surgical operation was 7.7% [congenital acyanotic group 3.2%, congenital cyanotic group 19.4%, and acquired group 7.8%]. In conclusion, present status of cardiovascular surgery in Korea is stabilized with accumulation of clinical cases and experiences, and the future in the field of cardiovascular surgery is promising, especially in the infant cardiac surgery and aortocoronary bypass surgery, with abrupt increase of specialized cardiac centers, trained specialists, and expanding social health insurance.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.547-551
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• 2001

대동맥궁 재건술시 시행하는 완전순환정지는 술후 신경학적 손상과 관련된다. 저자들은 국소 순환으로 뇌와 심근혈류를 유지하면서 완전순환정지를 시키지 않고 시행한 변형 Norwood술식을 2명에서 시행하였기에 보고한다. 한 명은 체중이 3.1kg인 생후 13일된 여아로서 좌심형성부전증후군의 이형 환자였고 다른 한 명은 생후 38일된 체중 3.4kg의 남아로서 심한 대동맥 발육부전 및 축착증과 좌심실유출로 협착을 동반한 Taussig-Bing 기형이었다. 두 환아 모두 무명동맥에 직접 동맥캐뉼라를 삽관한 다음 저체온 상태에서 무명동맥과 관상동맥 혈류를 유지하면서 Norwood술식을 시행하였으며 두 명 모두 술후 신경학적, 심장 혹은 신기능 합병증은 없었다. 이 방법은 좌심형성부전증후군이나 대동맥 축착증 혹은 단절증과 같은 대동맥궁 기형 환자의 수술시 완전순환정지로 인해 발생될 수 있는 허혈성 손상으로부터 뇌와 심장을 보호할 수 있는 한 방법으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1115-1117
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• 1999

A persistent left superior vena cava draining into the coronary sinus is the most benign and widely encountered abnormality and can easily be explained embryologically as the persistence of the usual pattern of vnous circulation in the embryo,. However a persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium with absent right superior vena cava is an extremely rare anomaly. We report this situation in an infant with tetralogy of Fallot. The most common approach has traditionally been intraatrial baffle repair to create a tunnel to the right atrium or rerouting of the left superior vena cava flow by directly anastomosing the left superior vena cava to the right atrium In the present study the left superior vena cava was transposed to the left pulmonary artery after the correction of tetralogy of Fallot. The most common approach has traditionally been intraatrial baffle repair to create a tunnel to the right atrium or rerouting of the left superior vena cava flow by directly anastomosing the left superior vena cava to the right atrium. In the present study the left superior vena cava was transposed to the left pulmonary artery after the correction of tetralogy of Fallot.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.770-775
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• 1998

배경: 심방중격결손증은 선천성심질환중 가장 흔한 질환중의 하나이며 성인에서 진단되는 선천성 심질환 의 30%를 차지한다. 상당수의 환자들이 성인이 될때까지 별다른 증상이 없이 잘 지내기도 하고, 40∼50대에 사망 하는 경우가 많지만, 더 오래 사는 경우도 흔히 발견된다. 가장 흔한 사망원인은 주로 우심부전이나 부정맥이다. 대상 및 방법: 강북삼성병원 흉부외과에서는 1988년부터 1997년 6월까지 총33례의 심방중격결손증을 수술 하였으며, 그중 31례가 성인 심방중격결손증이었다. 동반질환은 삼첨판 폐쇄부전이 2례, 폐동맥판 협착증, 승모판 폐쇄부전 및 삼첨판 폐쇄부전, 그리고 관상동맥질환이 각각 1례였다. 결과: 모든환자에서 첩포봉합술이나 직접봉합술을 이용하여 수술하였으며, 수술후 경과는 모두 양호하였다. 수술후 심전도와 혈류역학, 및 심초음파검사상 호전을 보였다. 결론: 성인의 심방중격결손증은 60세이상의 고령일지라도 폐동맥고혈압이나 우심부전, 부정맥등을 예방 하기 위한 적극적인 외과교정술을 시행하여야 한다