• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 1997

The synthesis of phospholipid and the composition of fatty acid in B. subtills treated with copper chloride (10 ppm), manganese chloride (100 ppm), and nickel chloride (50 ppm) during the culture were analyzed to compare with the control. The levels of growth, total lipid, phosphatidylethanolamine(PE), phosphatidylcholine(PC), phosphatidylglycerol(PG), and cardiolipin(CL) in B. subtilis treated with copper chloride were decreased predominantly. But, the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol(PI) was not affected by the metal compounds. The major fatty acids utilized for the formation of phospholipid were palmitic acid(average 19.00%) and stearic acid(average 9.88%) in the control. In the copper chloride treatment, however, palmitic acid (average 17.35%) and oleic acid(average 15.99%) made use of the major fatty acid during the biosynthesis of phospholipids. It was showed that oleic acid(average 17.87%) and stearic acid (average 13.78%) in thee manganese chloride treatment, and palmitic acid(average 15.00%) and myristic acid(average 14.24%) in the nickel chloride treatment were utilized.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 1999

In this research, the has been speculation about effects of pH, alkalinity, and chloride, each of which are major factors in water for the corrosion of copper pipes frequently used as the distribution system throughout the world. It is believed that these factors release a corrosion by-product. The results show the following that the first, for each water sample of pH 7, 8 and 9, various concentrations of alkalinity at 10, 50, 100, 150 mg/L was tested. It was found that conditions of higher pH led to decreased concentrations of copper by-product. For each pH, higher alkalinity produced higher concentrations of copper by-product. the second, higher chloride concentrations led to decreased concentrations of copper by-product. Apparently this was due to the Nantokite(CuCl) formation on the inner walls of the copper pipes with the passage of time. The third, when 25, 50mg/L of chloride were added, the average decreasing rate of copper release concentration was 45.7, 66.7%, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.54-67
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• 1995

The biosynthesis of galactolipid and galactose and their composition of fatty acid in E. coli and B. subtilis treated ] with copper chloride (10 ppm), nickel chloride (50 ppm), manganese chloride (100 ppm) during the culture were analyzed. The contents of MGDG, DGDG and total lipids in treatment with metal compounds were lower to compared with the control. In E. coli, the major fatty acid unitized for biosyntheis of MGDG were palimitic acid (ave. 36.87%) and linolenic acid (ave. 14.79%) in control. In MGDG, the major fatty acids were utilized for palmitic acid (ave. 20.00%) and myristic acid (ave. 7.32%) in treatment with copper chloride, lauric acid (ave. 11.71%) and linolenic acid (ave. 11.06%) in manganese chloride treatment. And in nickel chloride treatment, it was palmitic acid (ave. 36.16%) and oleic acid (ave. 6.43%) were use in MGDG formation. In DGDG, in copper chloride treatment, it was lauric acid (ave. 19.41%) and oleic acid (ave. 9.95%) in biosynthesis of galactolipid. and in treatment with nickel chloride linolenic acid (ave. 15.39%) and linoleic acid (ave. 13.51%), in manganese chloride treatment palmitic acid (ave. 29.76%) and palmitoleic acid (ave. 11.35%) were used in DGDG formation. In B. subtilis, the major fatty acids utilized for biosynthesis of galactolipid was palmitic acid (ave. 30.86%) and linolenic acid (ave. 8.36%) in control. Otherwise, in MGDG, the major fatty acids were utilized for palmitic acid (ave. 28.92%) and stearic acid (ave. 13.25%) in treatment with copper chloride, and palmitic acid (ave. 15.73%) and lauric acid (ave. 11.88%) in manganese chloride treatment. It was continned that nickel chloride treatment was palmitic acid (ave. 35.16%) and palmitoleic acid (ave. 12.47%). The major fatty acids in DGDG were utilized for palmitic acid(ave. 34.19%) and linoleic acid (ave. 17.45%) in copper chloride treatment, and lauric acid (ave. 11.16%) and myrisitic acid (ave. 8.65%) in manganese chloride treatment. In treatment with nickel chloride, it was palmitoleic acid (ave. 10.30%) and myristic acid (ave. 7.81%) were used galactolipid formation.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.42-46
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• 2008

The papers in preserved books and archives experience aging which was affected by a variety of factors. Thus, the studies concerning impacts of those factors on paper aging are required. In this research, a simulation of a short-time accelerated paper aging was conducted in order to examine the effects of acid and metals (alum, copper (II) sulfate, copper (II) chloride, and iron (III) chloride) on the natural paper aging for a long time. As a result of experiments, it is found that both acid and metals have impacts on paper aging. Alum resulted in the significant decrease of pH, brightness, folding endurance, and viscosity of paper. Both copper (II) chloride and iron (III) chloride also resulted in the decrease of brightness, folding endurance, and viscosity of paper. In more detail, paper aging by iron (III) chloride showed much more significant than that by copper (II) chloride. The paper aging in case of copper (II) sulfate coexisting sulfate ion, where metal absorbed moisture was higher than in case of paper treated only by alum. This result indicated that metal catalyzes paper aging by acid. Based on these results, it was revealed that both alum and metal are the major factors in paper aging. In particular, paper aging was far more accelerated in case when acid and metals existed in paper at the same time.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2008

We investigated chloride ion effects on anodic dissolution of copper using potentiodynamic method, cyclic voltammtery, chronoamperometry and chronocoulometry. The anodic dissolution reaction of copper in NaCl solution under argon atmosphere is $Cu+2Cl^{-}{\rightleftharpoons}{CuCl_2}^{-}+e^-$ and chloride ion adsorption process in copper surface can be explained by Temkin isotherm.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.263-270
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• 2005

In order to prepare the uniform copper particles from copper chloride solution, the reduction behavior of copper particles from copper chloride and the effects of reduction agent and dispersing agent was investigated. In the case that 2.56 M of $C_6H_8O_6$ was used as a reduction agent, the highly dispersed Cu particles with sharp size distribution were generated from 0.96M of copper chloride solution, and the size of Cu particles was $6\~10\;{\mu}m$. To form $Cu(NH_3)_4Cl_2$ complex solution, $NH_4OH$ was added in the copper chloride solution before the reductive reaction of Cu ion. The generated Cu particles have a two kind of shape, spherical and rod-like. In the case that $N_2H_4{\cdot}H_2O$ was used as a reduction agent, the very fine spherical Cu particles with the size of $0.2\~0.5\;{\mu}m$ was obtained. Arabic gum as a dispersing agent was more effective than $Na_4P_2O_7{\cdot}10H_2O$.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.351-357
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• 2009

A two-step recovery method was developed to produce copper powders from copper chloride waste solution as byproducts of MoO$_3$ leaching process. The first step consisted of replacing noble copper ions with external Fe$^{3+}$ ions which were formed by dissolving iron scraps in the copper chloride waste solution. The replaced copper ions were subsequently precipitated as copper powders. The second step was cementation of entire solution mixture to separate (pure) copper powders from aqueous solution of iron chloride. Cementation process variables of temperature, time, and added amount of iron scraps were optimized by using design of experiment method and individual effects on yield and efficiency of copper powder recovery were investigated. Copper powders thus obtained from cementation process were further characterized using various analytical tools such as XRD, SEM-EDS and laser diffraction and scattering methods.Cementation process necessitated further purification of recovered copper powders and centrifugal separation method was employed, which successfully yielded copper powders of more than 99% purity and average 1$\sim$2$\mu$m in size.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.137-152
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• 2023

Polarization behavior and corrosion inhibition of copper in acidic chloride solutions containing benzotriazole were studied. Pourbaix diagrams constructed for copper in NaCl solutions with different BTAH concentrations were used to understand the polarization behavior. Open circuit potential (OCP) depended not only on chloride concentration, but also on whether a CuBTA layer was formed on the copper surface. Only when the (pH, OCP) was located well in the CuBTA region of the Pourbaix diagram, a stable corrosion inhibiting CuBTA layer was formed, which was confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and a long-term corrosion test. The OCP for the CuBTA layer decreased logarithmically with increasing [Cl^-] activity in the solution. A minimum BTAH concentration required to form a CuBTA layer for a given NaCl concentration and pH were determined from the Pourbaix diagram. It was found that 320 ppm BTAH solution could be used to form a corrosion-inhibiting CuBTA layer inside the corrosion pit in the sprinkler copper tube, successfully reducing water leakage rate of copper tubes. These experimental results could be used to estimate water chemistry inside a corrosion pit.

• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 2012

Electrochemical regeneration of the iron chloride waste solution from PCB etching reduces environmental contamination and produces copper as by-product, so the economic feasibility is high. But iron chloride waste solution contains iron and copper and the reactions occurring in the electrolytic cell are complicated. In this work, the oxidation of iron chloride and copper deposition were examined through batch electrolysis and the optimum conditions of the process parameters were found. The oxidation of ferrous chloride was achieved easily to the desired level. The copper deposition efficiency was high in the reaction using the carbon cathode when the copper density was 12 g/L with the electric current density of $350mA/cm^2$, and the ratio of the $Fe^{2+}$ ion was high. In addition, the possibility of the scale-up was confirmed in continuous operation of bench reactor using the optimum conditions obtained.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.114-123
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• 1996

Escherichia coli에 copper chloride 50 ppm, manganese chloride 100 ppm, nickel chloride 100 ppm을 각각 처리하여 세포를 배양하는 동안에 이들 세포에서 일어나는 인지질 생합성 및 지방산 조성의 변화를 대조구와 비교하여 분석하였다. 세포의 생장과 total lipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin은 대조구조에 비해 금속 화합물 처리구에서 저해되었는데 nickel chloride가 가장 큰 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 그러나 phosphatidylinositol은 금속화합물의 영향을 받지 않았다. 인지질 생합성에 이용된 주요 지방산은 대조구는 palmitic acid(평균 25.47%)와 palmitoleic acid(평균 12.27%)가 인지질 생합성에 도입되었고 copper chloride 처리구는 palmitic acid(평균 30.13%)와 stearic acid(평균 9.12%)로 나타났다. manganese chloride 처리구와 nickel chloride 처리구에서는 모두 palmitic acid(평균 24.16%, 평균 21.77%)와 linoleic acid(평균 9.48%, 평균 11.88%)가 인지질 생합성에 이용된 주요 지방산으로 분석되었다.