• 제목/요약/키워드: copper and manganese requirement

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뱀장어용 배합사료의 적정 Cu와 Mn 첨가량에 관한 연구 (Quantitative Requirements of Copper and Manganese in Formulated Diets and Its Interrelation with Other Minerals in Young Eel)

  • 박철원;청수천추
    • 한국양식학회지
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    • 제1권2호
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    • pp.109-119
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    • 1988
  • 주요 단백질원이 북양어분(White fish meal)인 뱀장어용 배합사료에 각종 무기물질중 Co per와 Manganese에 대한 첨가 적양을 검토하기 위한 뱀장어 사육실험을 실시하였다. Cu 첨가 사육실험 결과, 5 $\mu$g/g 첨가구가 성장 및 사료효율이 가장 좋았고, 다소 비만도가 높은 결과를 보였다. 한편 가장 높은 농도인 20 $\mu$g/g 실험구에서 Cu에 의한 약해는 나타나지 않았으며, 무첨가구는 첨가 실험구보다 간 중양이 다소 낮은 경향을 보였다. 그리고 근육 및 간에서의 Cu 함양, 골격에서의 Al 함양은 사육중 Cu 함양에 비례하여 증가하며, 간에서의 Zn 함양은 반비례하였다. Mn 첨가 사육실험 결과, 20$\mu$g/g 첨가구에서 가장 종은 성장을 나타내었으며, 40$\mu$g/g 첨가구에서 사료효율이 가장 좋았다. 근육, 간 그리고 골격의 Mn 함양 및 간의 Cu 함양은 Mn 첨가양에 비례하여 증가하였다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 북양어분을 주 단백질원으로 하는 뱀장어용 배합사료에 Cu 및 Mn의 적정 첨가양은 각각 5$\mu$g/g과 30$\mu$g/g 정도가 적합하다고 사료된다.

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The strategies for the supplementation of vitamins and trace minerals in pig production: surveying major producers in China

  • Yang, Pan;Wang, Hua Kai;Li, Long Xian;Ma, Yong Xi
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • 제34권8호
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    • pp.1350-1364
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    • 2021
  • Objective: Adequate vitamin and trace mineral intake for pigs are important to achieve satisfactory growth performance. There are no data available on the vitamin and trace mineral intake across pig producers in China. The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe the amount of vitamin and trace minerals used in Chinese pig diets. Methods: A 1-year survey of supplemented vitamin and trace minerals in pig diets was organized in China. A total of 69 producers were invited for the survey, which represents approximately 90% of the pig herd in China. Data were compiled by bodyweight stages to determine descriptive statistics. Nutrients were evaluated for vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, niacin, folic acid, biotin, choline, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, selenium, and iodine. Data were statistically analyzed by functions in Excel. Results: The results indicated variation for supplemented vitamin (vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, niacin, and choline) and trace minerals (copper, manganese, zinc, and iodine) in pig diets, but most vitamins and trace minerals were included at concentrations far above the total dietary requirement estimates reported by the National Research Council and the China's Feeding Standard of Swine. Conclusion: The levels of vitamin and trace mineral used in China's pig industry vary widely. Adding a high concentration for vitamin and trace mineral appears to be common practice in pig diets. This investigation provides a reference for supplementation rates of the vitamins and trace minerals in the China's pig industry.

일부 젊은 성인여자의 Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo 및 Cr의 식사섭취, 혈청농도 및 소변배설 (Dietary Intakes, Serum Concentrations, and Urinary Excretions of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo, and Cr of Korean Young Adult Women)

  • 김경희;임현숙
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제39권8호
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    • pp.762-772
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    • 2006
  • This study was conducted to investigate dietary intakes, serum concentrations, and urinary excretions of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), and chromium (Cr) of Korean young adult women. A total of 19 apparently healthy young adult women aged in their twenties or thirties participated voluntarily. One-tenth of all foods they consumed for 3 consecutive days were collected, all urine excreted for the same 3 days was gathered, and fasting venous blood was withdrawn for the trace mineral analyses. Of the food, blood, and urine samples, the contents of Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo, and Cr were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and that of Fe by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) after wet digestion. The intake of Fe, $6.94{\pm}2.18mg$, did not meet the estimated average requirement (EAR) for Korean women aged 20-29 years old. On the contrary, the intakes of Zn ($9.35{\pm}4.95mg$), Cu ($1.18{\pm}0.26mg$), and Mn ($3.69{\pm}0.69mg$) were sufficient for each respective EAR. However, some of the subjects did not take the EAR for Zn. The Se intake, $41.93{\pm}9.28{\mu}g$, however, was almost similar to the EAR for Se. Although there are no references for Mo and Cr, the intakes of these minerals ($134.0{\pm}49.1\;and\;136.5{\pm}147.9{\mu}g$, respectively) seemed to be excessively sufficient. Serum Fe concentration, $88.7{\pm}36.8{\mu}g/dL$, seemed to be a little bit lower than its reference median but within its normal range. Approximately one-fourth of the subjects were in anemic determined by Hb and Hct and below the deficiency serum level of Fe, $60{\mu}g/dL$. In addition, serum Se concentration, $3.73{\pm}0.60{\mu}g/dL$, was also below its reference median and normal range. However, serum concentrations of Zn ($99.6{\pm}30.6{\mu}g/dL$) and Mo ($0.25{\pm}0.10{\mu}g/dL$) were fairly good compared to each reference median. The status of Cu could be determined as good although its serum concentration ($91.6{\pm}14.6{\mu}g/dL$) was slightly below its reference median. Since there are no decisive reference values, it was not easy to evaluate serum concentrations of Mn ($0.93{\pm}0.85{\mu}g/dL$) and Cr ($8.60{\pm}7.25{\mu}g/dL$). But Mn and Cr status seemed to be adequate. Urinary Fe excretion, $4.48{\pm}1.98{\mu}g/dL$, was pretty much lower than its reference and that of Se, $2.45{\pm}1.17{\mu}g/dL$, was also lower than its average. On the other hand, those of Zn ($42.95{\pm}20.47{\mu}g/dL$) and Cu ($5.68{\pm}1.50{\mu}g/dL$) were flirty good. In case of Mn, urinary excretion, $0.31{\pm}0.09{\mu}g/dL$, was much greater than its reference. Urinary excretions of Mo ($7.48{\pm}2.95{\mu}g/dL$) and Cr ($1.37{\pm}0.41{\mu}g/dL$) were very higher compared to each reference. The results of this study revealed that Korean young adult women were considerably poor in Fe status, a bit inadequate in Se status, partly inadequate in Zn status, and flirty good in Cu, Mn, Mo and Cr status. However, there was a problem of excessive intakes of Mo and Cr. It, therefore, should be concerned to increase the intakes of Fe, Se and Zn but to decrease Mo and Cr consumption for young adult women.

Dietary Calcium and Non-phytin Phosphorus Interaction on Growth, Bone Mineralization and Mineral Retention in Broiler Starter Chicks

  • Rao, S.V. Rama;Raju, M.V.L.N.;Reddy, M.R.;Pavani, P.;Sunder, G. Shyam;Sharma, R.P.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제16권5호
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    • pp.719-725
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    • 2003
  • An experiment was conducted to study the requirement of calcium (Ca) and non-phytin phosphorus (NPP) in commercial broilers during starter phase. Seven hundred and twenty day-old Vencob male broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 144 stainless steel battery brooders, 5 birds in each. Four levels each of Ca (6, 7, 8, and 9 g/kg) and NPP (3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 g/kg diet) were fed in a factorial design in a corn-soya basal diet. Levels of dicalcium phosphate and oyster shell grit were adjusted to obtain the desired levels of Ca and NPP. Each diet was fed ad libidum to chicks in 9 battery brooders from one d to 21 d of age. Body weight gain and feed intake were depressed (p<0.01) by increasing the dietary Ca level (8 and 9 g/kg) at lower levels of NPP (3 and 3.5 g/kg diet). The growth depression observed at lower NPP level was alleviated by reducing the Ca content to 6 g/kg diet. The tibia ash content and tibia breaking strength increased with increase in both Ca (>6 g/kg) and NPP (>3 g/kg) levels. The leg abnormality score decreased (p<0.01) with increase in NPP content in the diet at all levels of Ca tested. The serum Ca and inorganic P levels were increased with increase in the level of the respective mineral in the diet, but the serum concentration of Ca and P were inversely related to the level of NPP and Ca, respectively /kg diet. In general, the excretion of macro minerals (Ca, and P), and micro minerals {zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu)} was significantly lower at lower levels of Ca and NPP tested (6 and 3 g/kg diet, respectively). The mineral excretion increased with increase in dietary Ca and NPP levels, more conspicuously at the disproportionate ratio of these minerals (>2:1, Ca and NPP). Similarly, the retention of Zn, Mn, and Fe in liver was significantly higher (p<0.01) at lower levels of Ca and NPP tested. Results from this study indicate that the commercial broilers do not require more than 3 g NPP and 6g Ca/kg diet during starter phase (up to 21 d of age) for optimum weight gain, feed efficiency and utilization of Ca, P, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu. However, the requirements of these minerals for optimum bone mineralization were higher than the levels suggested above.

성인 여성의 미량무기질(Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo 및 Cr) 섭취량 - 분석치와 계산치의 비교 - (Dietary intakes of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo, and Cr of Korean adult women - Comparison between the data from analyzed and calculated -)

  • 김경희;임현숙
    • 한국가정과학회지
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    • 제9권3호
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    • pp.69-79
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    • 2006
  • The previous studies on the intake of trace elements performed in Korea were only concerned about major elements like Fe, Zn or Cu. There is little data about the intake of minor elements like Mn, Se, Mo or Cr. And most of the data were obtained by calculation using Food Composition Tables or by analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometers (AAS). The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the dietary intake of seven trace elements, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo, and Cr of Korean adult wonmen and to compare the data between analyzed using ICP-MS (or ICP-AES) and calculated by the CAN-Pro (or Food Composition Table). A total of nineteen adult women participated voluntarily in this study and collected one-tenth of the foods that they consumed for three consecutive days. Analyzed intake of Fe of the subjects was $6.94{\pm}2.18$ (calculated, $18.87{\pm}4.50$) mg/day, that of Ze was $9.35{\pm}4.95$ (calculated, $8.35{\pm}2.87mg/day$), that of Cu was $1.18{\pm}0.26\;(1.11{\pm}0.32mg/day)$, that of Mn was $3.69{\pm}0.69\;(2.83{\pm}1.68mg/day)$, that of Se was $41.93{\pm}9.28$ (calculated, $27.58{\pm}6.97{\mu}g/day$), that of Mo was $134.0{\pm}49.1{\mu}g/day$, and that of Cr was $136.5{\pm}147.9{\mu}g/day$. The analyzed Fe intake of the subjects did not meet Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) nor Recommended Intakes (RI) for Korean women aged 20-29 years old. However, the analyzed intakes of the other six elements, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo, and Cr, seemed to meet each of the respective RIs. The analyzed Fe intake was significantly lower than the calculated one, in fact by 2.72 times, however, the analyzed intakes of the other elements, Mn and Se, were significantly higher and those of Zn and Cu were similar than each of the calculated ones. The difference of the data between analyzed and calculated intakes indicates that it is necessary to set up database on trace element contents of foods of the Food Composition Table and the CAN-Pro so as to have accuracy.

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