• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2005

We attempted to analyze the mechanism of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-induced neurotoxicity and identify the target molecules in the neuronal cells for PCBs.Since the developing neuron is particularly sensitive to PCB-induced neurotoxicity, we isolated cerebellar granule cells derived from 7-day old Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and grew cells in culture for additional 7 days to mimic PND-14 conditions. Only non-coplanar PCBs at a high dose showed a significant increase of total protein kinase C (PKC) activity at phobol 12,13-dibutyrate ([$^3M$]PDBu) binding assay, indicating that non-coplanar PCBs are more neuroactive than coplanar PCBs in neuronal cells. PKC isozymes were immunoblotted with the selected monoclonal antibodies. PKC-${\alpha}$, ${\delta}$, and ε were activated with non-coplanar PCB exposure. Receptor for activated C kinase-1 (RACK-1), anchoring protein for activated PKC, was more induced with exposure to coplanar PCBs than non-coplanar PCBs. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis showed induction of neurogranin (RC-3) and growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) mRNA with non-coplanar PCBs. The results indicate that these factors may be useful biomarkers for differentiating non-coplanar PCBs from coplanar PCBs. The present study demonstrated that non-coplanar PCBs are more neuroactive congeners than coplanar PCBs.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2007

The present study attempted to analyze the mechanism of PCB-induced neurotoxicity with respect to the PKC signaling. Since the developing neuron is particularly sensitive to PCB-induced neurotoxicity, we isolated cerebellar granule cells derived from 7-day old SD rats and grew cells in culture for additional 7 days to mimic PND-14 conditions. Only non-coplanar PCBs at a high dose showed a significant increase of total PKC activity at $[^3H]PDBu$ binding assay, indicating that non-coplanar PCBs are more neuroactive than coplanar PCBs in neuronal cells. PKC isoforms were immunoblotted with respective monoclonal antibodies. PKC-alpha and-epsilon were activated with non-coplanar PCB exposure. The result suggests that coplanar PCBs have a PKC pathway different from non-coplanar PCBs. Activation of PKC with exposure was dampened with treatment of high molecular weight of chitosan. Chilean (M.W. > 1,000 kDa) inhibited the total activity of PKC induced by the non-coplanar PCBs. Translocation of PKC isoforms was also inhibited by the high molecular weight of chitosan. The study demonstrated that non-coplanar PCBs are more potent neurotoxic congeners than coplanar PCBs and the alteration of PKC activities by PCB exposure can be blocked with the treatment of chitosan. The results suggest a potential use of chitosan as a means of nutritional intervention to prevent the harmful effects of pollutant-derived diseases.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.734-743
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• 2007

Polyurethane foam-disk passive air samplers (PAS) were deployed in a southern area of Korea for three months. The target compounds were 12 coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The congener profiles measured in this study were the same as those in ambient air and emission gas from the incinerator. A gradient of the total PCBs in different regions (industrial>residential>rural) was observed, suggesting the industrial complex may be an important source of coplanar PCBs. In general, only gas-phase compounds are mainly sequestrated by PAS. In order to estimate the concentration of particle-phase PCBs, a gas/particle partition model was used. A combined result (gas+particle-phase PCBs) was compared with previous results, indicating that the level of coplanar PCBs in our study area is comparable to those in other urban sites in the world. The validation of this method for estimating the total concentration is required through additional backup studies.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.239-245
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• 1997

광유로부터 polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)를 제거할 수 있는 가능성을 평가하기 위해 활성탄을 이용한 흡착반응을 연구하였다. 염소원자의 치환이 비교적 적은 PCBs로 구성되어 있는 Aroclor 1242의 흡착 효율은 95% 이상이었으나, 많은 염소원자들로 치환된 Aroclor 1260은 상당히 낮은 75%의 효율을 나타내었다. 관찰된 차이점은 평면이나 비평면 구조를 갖고 있는 PCBs의 기하학적인 구조에 기인한다. 실제로 평면구조 PCBs의 농도는 Aroclor 1260에서보다도 Aroclor 1242에서 훨씬 높다. PCBs의 독성은 주로 평면 구조와 관련되어 있기 때문에, 활성탄에 의한 평면구조 PCBs의 우선적인 흡착은 활성탄의 처리를 통해 독성의 감소가 성취될 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 독성 감소의 효율은 Toxicity Equivalence Factor(TEF)를 써서 평가하였다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2006

Among poly aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxin and PCBs are the most controversial environmental pollutants in our modern life. These pollutants are known as human carcinogens, and liver is the most sensitive target in animal cancer models. Specific aims of the study were focused on the mechanism of carcinogenesis in hepatocytes and the structure-activity relation among these diverse environmental chemicals. Because key mechanisms of dioxin-induced carcinogenesis in human epithelial cell model are the alteration of signal transduction pathway and PKC isoforms, the alteration of the signal transduction pathways and other factors associated with carcinogenesis were studied. Rat hepatocytes cultured under the sandwich protocols were exposed with the various concentration of dioxins and PCBs, and signal transduction pathway, protein kinase C isoforms, oxidant stress, and apoptotic nuclei were evaluated. Since it is important to understand the structure-activity relation among these chemicals to properly assess the carcinogenic potentials, the study analyzed the parameters associated with carcinogenic processes, based on their structural characteristics. In addition, signal transduction pathways and PKC isoforms involved in inhibition of UV-induced apoptosis were also analyzed to elaborate the tumor promotion mechanism of these chemicals. Induction of apoptosis by UV irradiation was optimal at $60\;J/m^2$ in primary hepatocyte in culture. Compared to non coplanar PCBs such as PCB 114 and PCB 153, coplanar PCBs such as PCB 77 and PCB126 showed a stronger inhibition of apoptosis induced by UV irradiation. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was more stimulated by non-coplanar PCBs than coplanar PCBs with the most potent induction of ROS by chlorinated non-coplanar PCB. As compared to the level of induction by PCB126, non-coplanar PCB153 showed a higher increase of intracellular concentrations. Besides the alteration of intracellular calcium concentration, translocation of PKC from cytosolic fraction to membrane fraction was clearly observed upon the exposure of non-coplanar PCB. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that there is a potent structure-activity relationship among PCB congeners and the mechanism of PAH-induced carcinogenesis is structure-specific. The study suggested that more diverse pathways of PAH-induced carcinogenesis should be taken into account beyond the boundary of Ah receptor dogma to assess the health impact of PAH with more accuracy.

• 환경생물
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.330-342
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• 2008

A comprehensive quality survey for PCDDs/PCDFs and coplanar PCBs as well as heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in sediments has been investigated in August 2006, Korea. Monitoring was undertaken at five streams representing different surrounding environments throughout Juwang and Gapyeong streams (reference sites), Jungrang stream (dense population site), Ansan stream (mixed small population and industrial site), and Siheung stream (heavy industrial site). The levels of heavy metal in samples were found to be significantly higher in sediment from Siheung stream compared to those of other stream sites. The heavy metal concentrations (dry weight basis) in sediment from Siheung stream were as follows; Cd (3.7 ${\mu}g$/g), Pb (1,295 ${\mu}g$/g), Cu (713.4 ${\mu}g$/g) and Zn (358.1 ${\mu}g$/g). Among 12 coplanar PCBs and 17 PCDDs/PCDFs selected as target compounds in this study, PCB (IUPAC no. 118) and OCDD were the most abundant congeners found in all sediment samples, followed by 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, OCDF and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8HpCDF as well as PCB (IUPAC no. 105). These results were shown to be in the same trend as the sediment samples of other countries. The levels of PCDDs/PCDFs/coplanar PCBs in sediment samples were expressed as concentrations and WHO- TEQ values. The PCDDs/PCDFs/coplanar PCBs concentrations and their WHO-TEQ values in sediment from Siheung stream were remarkably high. The levels detected were 788.16 pg/g and 36.080 pg WHO-TEQ/g dry weight for PCDDs/ PCDFs and 314 pg/g and 0.4189 pg WHO-TEQ/g dry weight for coplanar PCBs, respectively, beyond the safety level of sediment value 20 pg WHO-TEQ/g. Sediment samples of the five streams were also monitored by sensitive biomarkers using insect immune responses: hemocyte-spreading behavior and immune-associated enzyme activities of phospholipase A$_2$ (PLA$_2$) and phenoloxidase. Organic extracts of Siheung and Jungrang sediments significantly interfered with the hemocytespreading behavior, whereas those of Ansan, Gapyeong, and Juwang did not. These organic extracts did not inhibit the PLA$_2$ and phenoloxidase activities. However, phenoloxidase was highly susceptible to exposure to aqueous extracts in all site sediments. In comparison, PLA$_2$ activities of the hemocytes were significantly inhibited only by aqueous extracts of Siheung, Jungrang, and Gapyeong sediments, but not by those of Ansan and Juwang. Despite some disparity between bioand chemical monitoring results, the biomarkers can be recommended as a device warning the contamination of biohazard environmental chemicals because of a fast and inexpensive detection method.

• 분석과학
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.466-474
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• 2002

토양에 잔류하는 화학물질로서 지속적으로 토양 환경에 영향을 미치고 있는 PCBs에 대한 분석을 위해 많은 연구들이 이루어져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 이들 유기화합물질 중 coplanar PCBs 분석을 위한 용매별 용출패턴 특성을 조사하였고, 이화학적 특성이 다른 우리나라 토양 중 PCBs 분석에 미치는 용매별 추출효율을 조사하였다. 토양 중 14종의 coplanar PCBs 용매별 추출효율은, 톨루엔의 경우 토양 A, 토양 B 및 토양 C에 대하여 평균회수율은 각각 84.25%, 56.09% 및 44.69%로 나타났다. 아세톤 : 헥산 (1:1)의 경우에는 토양에 따라 각각 52.56%, 81.42% 및 58.53%로 나타났으며, 디클로로메탄의 경우에는 각각 55.94%, 71.33% 및 61.05%로 나타났다. 추출효율에 대한 염화물의 치환수는 크게 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 인 및 질소화합물 등 이온성 물질을 많이 함유하고 있는 토양에는 극성이 큰 용매인 아세톤:헥산 혼합용매가 가장 높은 회수율을 나타났으며, 반면에 토양 A와 같이 인 및 질소화합물의 함량이 작고 점토질인 토양에는 톨루엔과 같은 비극성용매의 추출효율이 우세하게 나타났다. 또한, 정제컬럼별 용출효율은 실리카겔, 플로리실 및 알루미나가 49.99%, 69.65% 그리고 65.23%로 나타났다.

• 분석과학
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.309-319
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 전주시 대기 시료를 대상으로 PCBs 209개 전 이성체를 분석하였다. 추출한 시료는 황산 실리카겔 및 활성탄 컬럼으로 정제하였으며 DB-5 컬럼 ($60m{\times}0.25mm{\times}0.25{\mu}m$)을 이용하여 고분해능 가스크로마토그래피 및 고분해능 질량분석기 (HRGC/HRMS)로 분석을 수행하였다. 대기 시료 중 PCBs 농도는 $0.003{\sim}0.163pg-TEQ/m^3$의 범위를 보였다. DB-5 컬럼을 사용하여 분석한 결과 총 162개의 피크가 검출되었고, 그 중 37개의 피크는 하나 이상의 이성체가 중복된 피크로 정성되었다. 또한, 독성을 가지고 있는 coplanar-PCB 중에서도 IUPAC No. 118/106과 105/127번의 분리가 어려워 coplanar-PCB 농도를 과대평가 할 가능성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 발생원 시료 (Kanechlor와 소각로 배가스)와 대기 시료와의 coplanar-PCB 이성체 분포를 비교한 결과, PCB-81, 77, 126와 169이성체는 소각로 시료에서 높은 비율을 나타냈다.

• 분석과학
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.48-58
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• 2003

본 이화학적 특성이 다른 토양 중 PCBs 분석에 대해 연구하기 위해, 세 종류의 우리나라 토양을 선정하여 용매별 (톨루엔, 아세톤:헥산, 디클로로메탄) 추출효율을 조사하였다. 또한, 실리카겔, 플로리실 및 알루미나 정제 컬럼을 이용한 용출패턴 특성을 조사하였으며, 현재 이용되고 있는 미국, 일본 및 우리나라 PCBs 시험방법을 우리나라 토양에 적용하여 분석결과를 비교하였다. 토양 중 62종의 PCBs 용매별 추출효율은, 톨루엔의 경우 토양 A, 토양 B 및 토양 C에 대하여 평균회수율은 각각 77.94%, 53.65% 및 44.52%로 나타났다. 아세톤:헥산 (1:1)의 경우에는 토양에 따라 각각 58.59%, 80.32% 및 60.35%로 나타났으며, 디클로로메탄의 경우에는 각각 54.20%, 68.27% 및 56.36%로 나타났다. PCBs 분석을 위한 정제컬럼별 용출효율은, 실리카겔의 경우 1Cl에서 10Cl의 평균회수율이 89.67% (1Cl)~44.85% (8Cl)로 나타났으며, 플로리실의 경우 1Cl에서 10Cl의 평균 회수율은 67.00% (8Cl)~98.26% (10Cl)로 나타났다. 또한, 알루미나의 경우 알루미나 I은 1Cl에서 10Cl의 평균 회수율은 63.01% (9Cl)~88.17% (1Cl)로 나타났으며, 알루미나 II는 1Cl에서 10Cl의 평균 회수율은 61.40% (7Cl)~80.78% (1Cl)로 나타났다. 미국, 일본 및 본 연구의 시험방법을 비교한 결과, 토양 A에 대한 62종의 PCBs의 평균회수율은 각각 37.15%, 45.92% 및 44.46%로 나타났으나, 시험방법에 따라 개별 피이크의 회수율은 비교적 큰 차이를 보이고 있다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.287-296
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• 2008

A comprehensive quality survey for heavy metals, organophosphorous and organochlorine residual pesticides, and coplanar PCBs in samples such as water, sediments and soils as well as spiders has been implemented. The samples were undertaken at nine stream sites and their vicinity in August 2006, representing different surrounding environments. The levels of PCBs were expressed as concentrations and WHO-TEFs. Among 12 coplanar PCBs as target compounds in this study, 2,3', 4,4', 5-PentaCB (IUPAC # 118) was the congener with the highest concentration. The total concentrations and TEF values of coplanar PCBs in Siheung stream sediment (heavy industrial complex site located in Ansan city) were 3915.50 pg/g and 0.8366 pg-TEQ/g on a dry weight basis, respectively. Such levels were around 40 times higher compared to sediment from Gapyung stream (green site located in the upper of Myunggi mountain). It is probably due to the direct input of PCBs trom PCBs treatment materials. Organophosphorous (EPN, dementon-s-methyl, diazinon, parathion, and phenthoate) and organochlorine (alpha-BHC, aldrin, 4,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDE, endosulfan alpha and etc.) pesticides were not detected above 5 ppb of detection limits. The concentrations of Cu and Cd in water and sediment samples from Siheung stream were 44.11 and $0.17ug/m\ell$ and $713.42{\mu}g/g$ and $3.73{\mu}g/g$, respectively, which contained $20\sim40$ times higher concentrations than those from Gapyung stream. In addition to the water and sediment samples, the levels of heavy metals in spider from designated sampling sites were also determined. Heavy metals in spider collected near Siheung stream was appeared to be equivalent and/or a little higher levels with respect to other spiders. Furthermore, the ratio of relative heavy metals (Cu, Cd, and Pb) in spider from each stream site showed a correlation as similar as that of heavy metals in soil samples.