• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.797-816
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• 2014

Cooling tower is analyzed as an assembly of layered nonlinear shell elements. Geometric representation of the shell is enabled through layered nonlinear shell elements to define the different layers of reinforcements and concrete by considering the material nonlinearity of each layer for the cooling tower shell. Modal analysis using Ritz vector analysis and nonlinear time history analysis by direct integration method have been carried out to study the effects of the inclination of the supporting columns of the cooling tower shell on its dynamic characteristics. The cooling tower is supported by I-type columns and ${\Lambda}$-type columns supports having the different inclination angles. Relevant comparisons of the dynamic response of the structural system at the base level (at the junction of the column and shell), throat level and at the top of the tower have been made. Dynamic response of the cooling tower is found to be significantly sensitive to the change of the inclination of the supporting columns. It is also found that the stiffness of the structure system increases with increase in inclination angle of the supporting columns, resulting in decrease of the period of the structural system. The participation of the stiffness of the tower in structural response of the cooling tower is fund to be dependent of the change in the inclination angle and even in the types of the supporting columns.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.105-117
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• 1999

The various spectral density functions of wind are applied in the wind process simulation by the spectral representation method. In view of the spectral density functions, the characteristics of the simulated processes are compared. The ensemble spectral density functions constructed from the simulated sample processes are revealed to have the similarity not only in global shape but also in the maximum values with the target spectral density functions with a high accuracy. For the correlation structure to be satisfied in the circumferential direction on the cooling tower shell, a new formula is suggested based on the mathematical expression representing the circumferential distribution of the wind pressure on the cooling tower shell. The simulated wind processes are applied in the dynamic analysis of cooling tower shell in the time domain and the fluctuating stochastic behavior of the cooling tower shell is investigated.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2016

Determining of the shape in the process of design for natural draught cooling tower is very important, because the shape of hyperbolic shell is respond sensitively to dynamic behavior of the whole cooling tower against wind load. In engineering practice, the geometric parameters have been determining based on the natural frequency. This study analyses influence of the tower shell geometric parameters on the structural behavior. For three representative models were selected, they were analyzed based on evaluation of damage by means of nonlinear FE-method. As a result, a hyperbolic rotational shell with the small radius overall was the lowest damage index induced by sufficient capacity of the stress redistribution and thus a wind-insensitive structure.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.541-552
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• 1997

In this paper the ultimate strength of the R/C cooling towers, which have initial imperfection and pre-cracked elements, is analyzed. The initial geometric imperfections arise from the unavoidable inaccuracies under the construction and the pre-cracks are assumed to be produced by the temperature stress gradients or cyclic loading under wind pressure and/or earthquake load. Both effects are strongly influenced on the strength of the R/C cooling tower shell structures. The reinforcing ratio is also the important factor to evaluate the ultimate strength of the R/C cooling tower shells. However we could not analyze these structures experimentally because of their large, analyses are the powerful schemes to evaluate the safety and reliability of these structures. The analyzed model is Port Gibson cooling tower shell. In the numerical analysis the geometric and material nonlinearities are taken into account.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2012

하이퍼볼릭 쉘로 구성된 냉각탑에서 쉘의 형상은 풍하중에 대하여 냉각탑 전체의 동적 거동에 민감하게 응답한다. 이에 따라 냉각탑 설계 시 기하형상의 결정은 매우 중요하며 일반적으로 고유진동수를 기반으로 하여 산정한다. 본 연구의 목적은 냉각탑 쉘의 구조적 거동에서 형상변수가 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 한다. 기존의 냉각탑 형상변수를 변화시켜 32개의 모델을 선정하였고 이를 1차 고유진동수를 기반으로 하여 분석한 후, 3개의 대표적인 형상을 선택하여 선형 해석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 전체적으로 작은 반지름을 가지는 기하형상이 높은 1차 고유진동수를 나타내고 풍하중에 대하여 덜 민감한 시스템이 되는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.479-496
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• 2008

In this paper, computer simulation of wind flow around a single cooling tower with louver support at the base in the KAZERUN power station in south part of IRAN is presented as a case study. ANSYS FLOTRAN, an unstructured finite element incompressible flow solver, is used for numerical investigation of wind induced pressure load on a single cooling tower. Since the effects of the wind ribs on external surface of the cooling tower shell which plays important role in formation of turbulent flow field, an innovative relation is introduced for modeling the effects of wind ribs on computation of wind pressure on cooling tower's shell. The introduced relation which follows the concept of equivalent sand roughness for the wall function is used in conjunction with two equations ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ turbulent model. In this work, the effects of variation in the height/spacing ratio of external wind ribs are numerically investigated. Conclusions are made by comparison between computed pressure loads on external surface of cooling tower and the VGB (German guideline for cooling tower design) suggestions.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2000년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.501-506
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• 2000

An iterative numerical computational algorithm is presented to design a plate or shell element subjected to membrane and flexural forces. Based on equilibrium consideration, equations for capacities of top and bottom reinforcements in two orthogonal directions have been derived. The amount of reinforcement is determined locally, i.e., for each sampling point, from the equilibrium between applied and internal forces. Based on nonlinear analyses performed in a hyperbolic cooling tower, the analytically calculated ultimate load exceeded the design ultimate load from 50% to 55% for an analysis with relatively low to high tension stiffening, cases $\gamma$=10 and 15. For these cases, the design method gives a lower bound on the ultimate load with respect to Lower bound theorem, This shows the adequacy of th current practice at least for this cooling tower shell case studied. To generalize the conclusion more designs - analyses should be reformed with different shell configurations.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2017

The result of the previous work leads to the idea that the inner area of the hyperbolic shell generator should be minimized for the cooling tower with higher first natural frequency. In this study the inner area of the hyperbolic shell generator was graphically established under varying height of the throat and angle of the base lintel. From the graph, several shell geometries were selected and analysed in the aspect of the natural frequency. Three representative towers reinforced differently due to different first natural frequencies were analysed non-linearly and evaluated using a damage indicator based on the change of natural frequencies. The results demonstrated that the damage behaviour of the tower reinforced higher due to a lower first natural frequency was not necessarily advantageous than the others.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.785-799
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• 2015

A three-dimensional (3-D) method of analysis is presented for determining the free vibration frequencies of hyperboloidal shells free at the top edge and clamped at the bottom edge like a hyperboloidal cooling tower by the Ritz method based upon the circular cylindrical coordinate system instead of related 3-D shell coordinates which are normal and tangent to the shell midsurface. The Legendre polynomials are used as admissible displacements. Convergence to four-digit exactitude is demonstrated. Natural frequencies from the present 3-D analysis are also compared with those of straight beams with circular cross section, complete (not truncated) conical shells, and circular cylindrical shells as special cases of hyperboloidal shells from the classical beam theory, 2-D thin shell theory, and other 3-D methods.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.147-158
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• 2000

철근콘크리트 냉각탑은 대형의 구조물로서 건설과정중의 오류와 콘크리트의 장기 거동에 의하여 기하학적 형상이 설계에서 목적하는 형상에서 벗어난 형상불완전을 가질 수 있다. 형상불완전의 구조거동에의 영향은 완전쉘에 나타나는 응력 이외에 추가적인 응력의 발생을 들 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 몬테카를로 방법을 사용하여 냉각탑 쉘의 형상불완전에 의한 확률론적 거동에 대하여 고찰하였다. 냉각탑에 형상불완전을 유발하는 기하인수로는 냉각탑의 반지름과 쉘의 두께를 택하였다. 이들 기하인수는 기존에 사용되던 모델인 축대칭 모델과 볼록형상의 모델과는 달리 특정 통계특성치를 가지는 추계장으로 가정하였다. 해석 결과는 냉각탑의 반지름에 나타나는 불확실성은 쉘의 두께에서의 불확실성보다 구조거동의 반응변화도에 매우 큰 영향을 미친다는 사실을 보여주었다. 기하학적 인수의 불확실성에 더하여 재료탄성계수의 공간적 불확실성에 의한 구조 반응변화도를 고찰하여 비교하였다.