• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국추진공학회 2004년도 제22회 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.165-172
• /
• 2004

LE-7A is the main engine of the H-IIA launch vehicle. Under its development, the nozzle suffered from two troubles during startup and shutdown transients of the engine. One is a large side load, which damages the actuator of the nozzle, and the other is damage on regenerative cooling tubes due to high heat load. It has been considered that these problems are caused by a peculiar separation pattern called Restricted Shock Separation (RSS). RSS is observed in several rocket nozzles, for example, LE-7A nozzle, Vulcain nozzle and so on. Their contours are not conventional truncated perfect (TP) nozzle - LE-7A nozzle is a compressed truncated perfect (CTP) nozzle and Vulcain nozzle is a thrust optimized (TO) nozzle. Although it is believed that the occurrence of RSS is affected by the nozzle contour, the mechanisms are not clarified sufficiently yet. In the present paper, a parametric numerical study is carried out to investigate the mechanisms of the occurrence of RSS in CTP nozzles during startup transient. The results show that RSS is caused by the adverse pressure gradient downstream of the Mach disk. The adverse pressure gradient is caused by the interaction of the pressure wave and Mach disk. The method to avoid the occurrence of RSS is also examined. A small step inside the nozzle affects the position of the separation point and prevents RSS. The result shows that the possibility that RSS can be suppressed by controlling the position of the separation point.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국추진공학회 2004년도 제22회 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.713-721
• /
• 2004

Variable air intake and variable exhaust nozzle of hypersonic engines are designed and tested in this study. Dimensions for variable geometry air intake, ram combustor and variable geometry exhaust nozzle are defined based on the requirements of a pre-cooled turbojet engine. Hypersonic Ramjet Engine is designed as a scaled test bed for each component. Actuation forces of moving parts for variable intake and variable nozzle are reduced by balancing the other force in the opposite direction. A demonstrator engine which includes variable intake and variable nozzle is designed and the components are fabricated. Composite material with silicone carbide is applied for high temperature parts under oxidation environment such as leading edge of the variable intake and combustor liner. Internal cooling structure is adopted for both moving and static parts of the variable nozzle. Pressure recovery and mass capture ratio of the variable intake at Mach 5 is obtained by a hypersonic wind tunnel test. Flow characteristics of the variable nozzle are obtained by a low temperature flow test. Wall temperature and heat flux of the nozzle at Mach 3 is obtained by a firing test. As results, the intake and the nozzle are proved to be used at designed pressure and temperature environment.

• 한국광물학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.327-338
• /
• 2004

Na-장석(Amelia albite)의 $1100^{\circ}C$ 등온가열에 대한 XRD 분석결과는 Si-Al의 재배열에 의한 급격한 구조변화를 보여주며 4일 이상의 가열에 의해 저온형에서 고온형으로의 상전이를 보였다. TEM의 제한시야전자회절(SAED)법을 이용하여 구조변화 인지를 시도한 결과, 변화의 양상은 보이나 측정 오차에 의해 Si-Al 배열상태의 정량화가 어려웠다. 수렴성빔전자회절(CBED)법을 이용한 연구결과, 관찰을 위한 최적 실험조건은 냉각 시료지지대의 사용과 120 kV의 가속전압, 37 $\mu\textrm{m}$크기의 C3 조리개, 25 nm의 빔 크기로 나타났다. 알바이트의 구조변화에 따라 HOLZ 선이 두드러진 변화를 보인 방향은 [418] 방향에서 약 $-1.2^{\circ}$ 회전한 방향으로 파악되었으며, 이 방향에서는 저온형과 고온형 알바이트에서 두 HOLZ선의 폭이 서로 반대로 나타나 Si-Al 배열상태의 뚜fut한 구별이 가능하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제8권8호
• /
• pp.678-684
• /
• 1998

정압분자동역학 시뮬레이션에 의하여 주기경계조건을 지닌 L-J 입자들로 구성된 계의 액체-유리-결정 전이를 연구하였다. 원자체적과 엔탈피는 가열 및 냉각과정에서 온도의 함수로 계산되었다. 반경분포함수로부터 유도된 Wendt-Abraham비와 단거리규칙도를 나타내는 각도분포함수를 분석하여 액체, 유리 및 결정상태를 구분하였다. 초기 fcc 결정을 가열하여 얻은 액체상은 급냉시에 비정질화하나 서냉시엔 결정화하였다. 급냉으로 생긴 유리는 다시 서서히 가열하면 fcc로 결정화하였다. 자유표면을 지닌결정은 표면에서부터 용해가 시작되어 벌크에 비하여 낮은 온도에서 녹고 냉각시에는 빠른 냉각속도에서도 결정화가 쉽게 일어나는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.149-155
• /
• 1984

The effect of $ZrO_2$ dispersed phase on the mechanical properties in $Al_2O_3$-$ZrO_2$system has been studied. There are both metastable tetragonal phase and stable monoclinic phase of $ZrO_2$particles diespersed in Al2O3 matrix at room temperature. Metastable tetragonal $ZrO_2$ changes to the stable monoclinic structure within the stress field of the crack. And microcracks are formed by the expansion of $ZrO_2$during the tetragonal-monoclinic transformation on cooling. Therefore stress-induced phase transformation and inclusion-induced microcracking contribute to the mec-hanical properties of $Al_2O_3$-$ZrO_2$system. Sintered composites containing 10m/o $ZrO_2$ yield KiC values of 6.5MN/$m^{3/2}$ much greater than that of pure $Al_2O_3$ This increase results from microcrack extension and stress-induced phase transformation absor-bing energy by crack propagation. Flexural strength of composites is decreased considerably in comparison with pure $Al_2O_3$ This decrease results from microcrack as a crack former and higher porosity than pure $Al_2O_3$.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제41권4호
• /
• pp.333-336
• /
• 2017

스피커 진동판은 고유 특성에 의해 분할진동을 발생 시킨다. 이 분할진동은 진동판의 형상 변화를 가져올 정도로 뚜렷한 영향을 주는데, 본 논문에서는 IT 분야의 첨병인 스마트 폰을 포함한 초박형 멀티미디어 기기에서 많이 사용되는 마이크로 스피커를 그 대상으로 삼는다. 마이크로 스피커는 일반적인 스피커와 다른 평판형의 구조적인 형태와 공간적인 제약이 존재한다. 특히 구동 공간이 밀폐형으로 설계되어 무빙 코일에서 발생하는 열의 냉각이 열악하고 보조적인 서스펜션 구조를 갖추기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 진동판의 열전달과 분할진동 모드의 연관성을 연구한다. 이를 위해 진동판의 레이저 스캔을 통한 분할진동 측정과 열화상 카메라 촬영을 통한 열변화 측정의 두 단계로 나누어 실험을 진행한다. 이를 통해 특정 주파수 범위에서 분할진동 모드와 열전달 형태를 비교함으로써, 열화상 카메라를 통한 촬영 결과로 진동판 분할진동 모드의 경향성을 빠르게 예상할 수 있어, 마이크로 스피커의 최적 설계에 도움이 되는 지표를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 천문학회보
• /
• 제36권1호
• /
• pp.88.2-88.2
• /
• 2011

The far-ultraviolet (FUV) continuum and spectral images of C IV and H2 emission lines for the region of Orion-Eridanus Superbubble (OES) are hereby presented and compared with the maps obtained in other wavelengths. While the region shows complex structures, consisting of hot gases and cold dust, a close examination reveals that the FUV emission in this region can be understood reasonably as the result of their interactions. We confirm the origin of most diffuse FUV continuum to be starlight scattered by dust, but we also find that the ionized gas also contributes 50-70% of the total FUV intensity in the regions of H_alpha arcs. We note the bright diffuse FUV continuum in the eastern part of the northern dust-rich region, and attribute it to the bright early-type stars more abundant in this region than in the west as the amount of dust itself does not seem to be much different across 'arc A' that separates the two regions. In addition, two P Cygni-type stars are identified in this eastern region and their peculiar spectral profiles around the C IV emission line are anifested in the scattered diffuse spectrum. Besides this, the C IV emission is generally enhanced at the boundaries of the hot X-ray cavities where thin dust regions are located, confirming the thermal interface nature of the origin of this cooling emission line. The morphology of the H2 emission shows a general correlation with dust extinction features but its intensity peaks are rather located in thin dust areas, off the peak dust regions. Furthermore, H2 emission is seen to be weak in the arc A region though the arc passes through the center of the dust-rich area. Hence, the H2 emission and dust features, together with those of X-ray and ion lines emissions, show stratified structure of arc A quite well, again confirming its thermal interface nature.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.540-549
• /
• 2002

The arrangement of encapsulated Ar atoms in the molecular-dimensioned cavities of fully dehydrated zeolite A of unit-cell composition $Cs_3Na_8HSi_{12}Al_{12}O_{48}$ ($Cs_3$-A) has been studied crystallographically to probe the confinement effect of guest species in microporous environment. Atoms of Ar were encapsulated in the cavities of $Cs_3$-A by treatment with 410 atm of Ar at $400^{\circ}C$ for two days, followed by cooling at room temperature. The crystal structure of $Cs_3Na_8H$-A(4Ar) ($P_e$ = 410 atm, $a=12.245(2){\AA}$, $R_1=0.0543$, and $R_2=0.0552$) has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique in the cubic space group $Pm\bar{3}m$ at 21 (1) $^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. Encapsulated Ar atoms are distributed in three crystallographic distinct positions: 1.5 Ar atoms per unit cell opposite 6-rings, 1.5 opposite four-rings in the large cavity, and finally 1.0 in the sodalite-unit. The possible structures of argon clusters, such as $Ar_2$, $Ar_3$, and $Ar_4$, are proposed.

• 전력전자학회논문지
• /
• 제8권6호
• /
• pp.534-542
• /
• 2003

현재 차량에 사용되는 전동기는 대부분 직류전동기로, 12V또는 24V 밧데리 전원으로 구동되는 엔진 냉각 팬, 오일 펌프 및 공조시스템 등에 적용되고 있다 그러나 직류전동기의 경우 효율, 수명, 내구성에 취약한 단점을 지니고 있다. 따라서, 자동차용 전동기로써 구조가 간단하고 내구성이 우수한 SRM(Switched Reluctance Motor)의 관심이 매우 높아지고 있다. SRM을 차량용으로 사용하기 위해서는 고성능 제어와 12V 전윈 구동에 모두 우수한 성능을 갖는 구동 컨버터의 선정이 매우 중요하다. 여러 종류의 구동 컨버터는 각각의 장단점을 갖고 있어, 차량에 적용시 여러 가지 제약 조건이 따른다. 일반적으로 많이 사용되고 있는 비대칭 컨버터는 제어성능이 우수하지만, 각 상당 스위치가 가장 많이 필요하고, 상당 2개의 스위치에 의한 전압강하가 발생하는 단점을 지니고 있어, 차량의 12V 전원에는 부적절하다 구조가 간단하고, 스위치 수가 적은 컨버터로 차량의 환경과 여러 요구조건을 충족시킬 수 있는 컨버터로써 Modified C-dump 컨버터와 Energy efficient C-dump 컨버터를 선정하였다. 제안된 두 컨버터를 시뮬레이션과 실험을 통해 비교 검토하여, 차량용 SRM 구동 컨버터로써 Energy efficient C-dump 컨버터의 우수한 제어성능을 증명하였다.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.528-535
• /
• 2017

Fuel cells have been spotlighted in the world for being highly efficient and environmentally friendly. A hydrogen which is the fuel of fuel cell can be obtained from a number of sources. Hydrogen source for operating the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) in the current underwater environment, such as a submarine and unmanned underwater vehicles are currently from the metal hydride cylinder. However, metal hydride has many limitations for using hydrogen carrier, such as large volume, long charging time, limited storage capacity. To solve these problems, we suggest diesel reformer for hydrogen supply source. Diesel fuel has many advantages, such as high hydrogen storage density, easy to transport and also well-infra structure. However, conventional diesel reforming system for PEMFC requires a large volume and complex CO removal system for lowering the CO level to less than 10 ppm. In addition, because the preferential oxidation(PROX) reaction is the strong exothermic reaction, cooling load is required. By changing this PROX reactor to hydrogen separation membrane, the problem from PROX reactor can be solved. This is because hydrogen separation membranes are small and permeable to pure hydrogen. In this study, we conducted the pressurized diesel reforming and water-gas shift reaction experiment for the hydrogen separation membrane application. Then, the hydrogen permeation experiments were performed using a Pd alloy membrane for the reformate gas.