• Title/Summary/Keyword: conventional-PCR

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MAGE Gene Expression in Bronchial Washing Fluid in Suspected Parenchymal Lung Cancer (주변부 폐암에서 기관지세척액을 이용한 MAGE유전자검사법의 임상적 유용성)

  • Kim, Kyu-Jin;Choi, Eun-Young;Shin, Kyeong-Cheol
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.72 no.2
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    • pp.156-162
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    • 2012
  • Background: The main goal of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) in bronchial washing fluid with MAGE A1-6 common primers for the detection of lung cancers invisible by bronchoscopy. Methods: To determine the expression of MAGE A1-6 gene in 189 lung cancers diagnosed by conventional fluoroscopy-guided lung biopsy and 89 cancer-free controls, RT-nested PCR was performed in bronchial washing specimens. We analyzed MAGE A1-6 RT-nested PCR data according to tumor histology, stage, size, and compared them with cytological data. Results: 189 patients (111 cases in adenocarcinoma, 47 cases in squamous cell carcinoma, 22 cases in small cell lung carcinoma, and 9 cases in other cancers) and 89 benign patients were investigated. The expression of MAGE was performed by nested RT-PCR using common MAGE primer. Among 189 cancer patients, the expression rate of MAGE was 49.2%, and the positive predictive value was 89.4%. However, the expression rate of MAGE in patients with benign lesions was 12.4%. In peripheral lung cancer, the positive rate of MAGE expression was 57.4% in squamous cell carcinoma, 44.1% in adenocarcinoma and 59.1% in small cell lung cancer. Whereas the expression rate of bronchial washing cytology in peripheral lung cancer was 9.0% (p=0.011). Conclusion: MAGE RT-PCR in bronchial washing fluid gave us promising data for the detection of peripheral lung cancer. It could be a useful method for selecting diagnostic tools for peripheral lesions.

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrhea in a High Altitude-Community of Saudi Arabia Detected by Conventional and Molecular Methods

  • Hawash, Yousry;Dorgham, Laila Sh.;Al-Hazmi, Ayman S.;Al-Ghamdi, Mohammed S.
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.52 no.5
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    • pp.479-485
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    • 2014
  • Cryptosporidium diarrhea represents a relevant clinical problem in developing countries. In Al-Taif, a city of Saudi Arabia that lies at an altitude of an around 2 km above the sea level, Cryptosporidium infection seems to be undiagnosed in nearly all clinical laboratories. Furthermore, nothing was published regarding Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in this area. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the Cryptosporidium prevalence among patients with diarrhea and (2) to estimate the performances of 3 different diagnostic methods. Total 180 diarrheal fecal samples, 1 sample per patient, were collected between January and August 2013. Samples were screened for Cryptosporidium with modified Zeihl Neelsen (ZN) microscopy, $RIDA^{(R)}$ Quick lateral flow (LF) immunotest, and a previously published PCR. The Cryptosporidium prevalence rate was 9.4% (17/180), 10% (18/180), and 11.6% (21/180) by microscopy, LF, and PCR test, respectively. Infection was significantly (P=0.004) predominant among children <5 years (22%) followed by children 5-9 years (11.1%). Although infection was higher in males than in females (16.2% males and 8.5% females), the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.11). Compared to PCR, the sensitivity of microscopy and the LF test were 80.9%, 85.7%, respectively. To conclude, high Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea was found in this area especially in children ${\leq}9$ years. The PCR test showed the best performance followed by the LF test and ZN staining microscopy. The primary health care providers in Al-Taif need to be aware of and do testing for this protozoon, particularly for children seen with diarrhea.

Novel Peptide Nucleic Acid Melting Array for the Detection and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii

  • Suh, Soo Hwan;Yun, Han Seong;Lee, Sang-Eun;Kwak, Hyo-Sun
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.47 no.4
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    • pp.645-650
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    • 2019
  • Despite differences in virulence between strains of Toxoplasma gondii, rapid and accurate genotyping methods are lacking. In this study, a method was developed to detect and genotype T. gondii in food and environmental samples using PCR and a novel peptide nucleic acid (PNA) melting array. An alignment of genome sequences for T. gondii type I, II, and III obtained from NCBI was generated, and a single nucleotide polymorphism analysis was performed to identify targets for PCR amplification and a PNA melting array. Prior to the PNA melting array, conventional PCR was used to amplify GRA6 of T. gondii. After amplification, the PNA melting array was performed using two different PNA hybridization probes with fluorescent labels (FAM and HEX) and quenchers. Melting curves for each probe were used to determine genotypes and identify mutations. A 214-bp region of the GRA6 gene of T. gondii was successfully amplified by PCR. For all T. gondii strains (type I, II, and III) used to evaluate specificity, the correct genotypes were determined by the PNA melting array. Non-T. gondii strains, including 14 foodborne pathogens and 3 protozoan parasites, such as Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Entamoeba histolytica, showed no signal, suggesting that the assay has a high specificity. Although this is only a proof-of-concept study, the assay is promising for the fast and reliable genotyping of T. gondii from food and environmental samples.

Evaluation of Pyrosequencing Method for a BRAFV600E Mutation Test

  • Oh, Seo Young;Lee, Hoon Taek
    • Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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    • v.47 no.1
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    • pp.17-23
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    • 2015
  • A fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the primary means of distinguishing benign from malignant in thyroid nodules. However, between 10 and 30% of the FNABs of thyroid nodules are diagnosed as 'indeterminate'. A molecular method is needed to reduce unnecessary surgery in this group. In Korea, most thyroid cancer is classic papillary type and BRAFV600E mutation is highly prevalent. Thus, this study compared the pyrosequencing method with the conventional direct DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis and investigated the evaluation of preoperative BRAFV600E mutation analysis as an adjunct diagnostic method with routine FNABs. Sixty-five (78.3%) of 83 histopathologically diagnosed malignant nodule revealed positive BRAFV600E mutation on pyrosequencing analysis. In detail, 65 (83.8%) of 78 papillary thyroid carcinomas sample showed positive BRAFV600E mutation. None of 29 benign nodules had in pyrodequencing, direct DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP. Out of 31 thyroid nodules classified as 'indeterminate' on cytological examination preoperatively, 28 cases turned out to be malignant: 24 papillary thyroid carcinomas. Among that, 16 (66.7%) classic papillary thyroid carcinomas had BRAFV600E mutation. Among 65 papillary thyroid carcinomas with positive BRAFV600E mutation detected by pyrosequencing analysis, each 3 cases and 5 cases did not show BRAFV600E mutation by direct DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis. Therefore, pyrosequencing was superior to direct DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP in detecting the BRAFV600E mutation of thyroid nodules (p =0.027). Detecting BRAFV600E mutation by pyrosequencing was more sensitivity, faster than direct DNA sequencing or PCR-RFLP.

Comparative Analysis of Gene Expression in the Female Reproductive Organs

  • Kim, Min-Goo;Seo, Hee-Won;Choi, Yo-Han;Lee, Chang-Kyu;Ka, Hak-Hyun
    • Journal of Embryo Transfer
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.77-87
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    • 2009
  • To understand molecular and cellular mechanisms of many gene products in the female reproductive organs including the ovary and uterine endometrium as well as during embryo development, researchers have developed and utilized many effective methodologies to analyze gene expression in cells, tissues and animals over the last several decades. For example, blotting techniques have helped to understand molecular functions at DNA, RNA and protein levels, and the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method has been widely used in gene expression analysis. However, some conventional methods are not sufficient to understand regulation and function of genes expressed in very complex patterns in many organs. Thus, it is required to adopt more high-throughput and reliable techniques. Here, we describe several techniques used widely recently to analyze gene expression, including annealing control based-PCR, differential display-PCR, expressed sequence tag, suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray techniques. Use of these techniques will help to analyze expression pattern of many genes from small scale to large scale and to compare expression patterns of genes in one sample to another. In this review, we described principles of these methodologies and summarized examples of comparative analysis of gene expression in female reproductive organs with help of those methodologies.

Malaria Prevalence in a Low Transmission Area, Jazan District of Southwestern Saudi Arabia

  • Hawash, Yousry;Ismail, Khadiga;Alsharif, Khalaf;Alsanie, Walaa
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.57 no.3
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    • pp.233-242
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    • 2019
  • Detailed description of malaria in low transmission areas is crucial for elimination. The current study aimed to provide a comprehensive description for malaria transmission in Jazan, a low transmission district, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Patients at a tertiary care hospital were recruited in our study between August 2016 and September 2018. Malaria diagnosis was performed through a species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR), microscopy and Paramax-$3^{TM}$ rapid detection test (RDT). Malaria was detected in 30 patients by the PCR, with point prevalence of 10.9%. Of these malaria infections, 80% was imported, 26.6% was asymptomatic and 23.3% was sub-microscopic. Malaria was reported throughout the year, with February/March and September/October peaks. Infection was significantly more in males than in females (P=0.01). Likewise, infections were detected more in febrile than in non-febrile patients (P=0.01). Adult aged 15-24 years, fever and travel were identified as high-risk factors. Malaria was primarily attributed to Plasmodium falciparum mono-infections, followed by P. vivax mono-infections and lastly to falciparum/vivax mixed infections accounting 76.6%, 16.6%, and 6.6% of PCR-confirmed malaria cases, respectively. The nested PCR was superior to the smear microscopy (sensitivity 76.6%; specificity 100%) and the RDT (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 94.2%). The overall percent agreement between microscopy and the RDT was 92.7% (kappa=0.63). High proportion of imported malaria including sub-microscopic and sub-patent cases were described. We suggest that incorporation of molecular tool into the conventional malaria diagnosis is beneficial in Jazan district.

Development of Real-time PCR Assay Based on Hydrolysis Probe for Detection of Epichloë spp. and Toxic Alkaloid Synthesis Genes

  • Lee, Ki-Won;Woo, Jae Hoon;Song, Yowook;Rahman, Md Atikur;Lee, Sang-Hoon
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.42 no.3
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    • pp.201-207
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    • 2022
  • Fescues, which are widely cultivated as grasses and forages around the world, are often naturally infected with the endophyte, Epichloë. This fungus, transmitted through seeds, imparts resistance to drying and herbivorous insects in its host without causing any external damage, thereby contributing to the adaptation of the host to the environment and maintaining a symbiosis. However, some endophytes, such as E. coenophialum synthesize ergovaline or lolitrem B, which accumulate in the plant and impart anti-mammalian properties. For example, when livestock consume excessive amounts of grass containing toxic endophytes, problems associated with neuromuscular abnormalities, such as convulsions, paralysis, high fever, decreased milk production, reproductive disorders, and even death, can occur. Therefore, pre-inoculation with non-toxic endogenous fungi or management with endophyte-free grass is important in preventing damage to livestock and producing high-quality forage. To date, the diagnosis of endophytes has been mainly performed by observation under a microscope following staining, or by performing an immune blot assay using a monoclonal antibody. Recently, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular diagnostic method is gaining importance in the fields of agriculture, livestock, and healthcare given the method's advantages. These include faster results, with greater accuracy and sensitivity than those obtained using conventional diagnostic methods. For the diagnosis of endophytes, the nested PCR method is the only available option developed; however, it is limited by the fact that the level of toxic alkaloid synthesis cannot be estimated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a triplex real-time PCR diagnostic method that can determine the presence or absence of endophyte infection using DNA extracted from seeds within 1 h, while simultaneously detecting easD and LtmC genes, which are related to toxic alkaloid synthesis. This new method was then also applied to real field samples.

Simple and rapid colorimetric detection of African swine fever virus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay using a hydroxynaphthol blue metal indicator

  • Park, Ji-Hoon;Kim, Hye-Ryung;Chae, Ha-Kyung;Park, Jonghyun;Jeon, Bo-Young;Lyoo, Young S.;Park, Choi-Kyu
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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    • v.45 no.1
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    • pp.19-30
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    • 2022
  • In this study, a simple loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) combined with visual detection method (vLAMP) assay was developed for the rapid and specific detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV), overcoming the shortcomings of previously described LAMP assays that require additional detection steps or pose a cross-contamination risk. The assay results can be directly detected by the naked eye using hydroxynaphthol blue after incubation for 40 min at 62℃. The assay specifically amplified ASFV DNA and no other viral nucleic acids. The limit of detection of the assay was <50 DNA copies/reaction, which was ten times more sensitive than conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) and comparable to real-time PCR (qPCR). For clinical evaluation, the ASFV detection rate of vLAMP was higher than cPCR and comparable to OIE-recommended qPCR, showing 100% concordance, with a κ value (95% confidence interval) of 1 (1.00~1.00). Considering the advantages of high sensitivity and specificity, no possibility for cross-contamination, and being able to be used as low-cost equipment, the developed vLAMP assay will be a valuable tool for detecting ASFV from clinical samples, even in resource-limited laboratories.

Utility of Real Time RT-PCR for the Quantitative Detection of Minimal Residual Disease in Hematological Malignancy (백혈병 미세잔존질환 정량검출을 위한 실시간 역전사중합효소연쇄반응법의 유용성)

  • Cho, Jeung-Ai;Kim, Da-Woon;Jeong, Seong-Du;Cheon, Ji-Seon;Na, Gyeong-Ah;Kim, Hye-Ran;Kim, Jin-Gak;Kim, In-Hwan;Kim, Soo-Hyun;Shin, Myung-Geun;Kim, Hyeong-Rok
    • Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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    • v.41 no.1
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    • pp.11-23
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    • 2009
  • Chromosomal rearrangements are major pathology in hematological malignancies. The detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) for these gene rearrangements helps in monitoring treatment outcomes and predicting prognosis of patients. Recently, quantification of these gene transcripts based on real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) has been used as MRD detection. The purpose of this study is to ensure the usefulness of the RQ-PCR technique for detecting MRD in hamatological malignancy patients. The patients had been diagnosed to AML1-ETO positive AML, PML-RARa positive AML and BCR-ABL positive MPN at Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital from Jan. 2006 to Aug. 2008. The fusion transcript was quntified by RQ-PCR and analyzed in comparison to conventional cytogenetics, FISH and RT-PCR. The fusion gene transcript was quantified by RQ-PCR in 57 samples from 14 patients with AML1-ETO positive AML, 79 samples from 27 patients with PML-RARa positive AML and 108 samples from 36 patients with CML. At diagnosis, the quantitative fusion transcripts for AM1-ETO, PML-RARa and BCR-ABL showed the range of 0.485552651~10.82233683 (mean 3.782217131, SD 2.998052348), 0.005300395~0.29267494 (mean 0.056901315, SD 0.080131381) and 0.1293929~12.94826849 (mean 1.701935665, SD 2.200913158). The increase of AML1-ETO fusion gene transcripts preceded morphologic relapse in two patients. Quantification of fusion gene transcripts by RQ-PCR could detected MRD in samples which were negative by in cytogenetic analysis or FISH. Our findings indicated that quantitative analysis of AML1-ETO, PML-RARa and BCR-ABL transcripts by RQ-PCR might be a useful tool for the monitoring of minimal residual disease in hematological malignancies.

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Development of Real-time PCR Assays for Detection of Dirofilaria immitis from Infected Dog Blood (심장사상충에 감염된 개의 혈액에서 심장사상충 유전자를 검출할 수 있는 실시간 중합효소연쇄반응 기법 개발)

  • Oh, In Young;Kim, Kyung Tae;Jun, Jin Hyun;Shin, Jae-Ho;Sung, Ho Joong
    • Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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    • v.48 no.2
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    • pp.88-93
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    • 2016
  • Dirofilaria immitis is a filarial nematode parasite that causes cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis in dogs. The purpose of this study was the development of real-time PCR assays for efficient detection of D. immitis. The D. immitis-specific primers confirmed in our previous study and a newly designed TaqMan probe were used for quantitative diagnostics. First, SYBR Green real-time PCR was performed using the specific primers and serially diluted genomic DNA or plasmid DNA, and melting curve analyses were performed after amplification. The melting curve showed one specific peak in each of the genomic and plasmid DNA reactions, suggesting that the primers specifically amplify the D. immitis cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Comparison of SYBR Green and TaqMan real-time PCR using serially diluted plasmid DNA showed higher efficiency and specificity with TaqMan real-time PCR. The real-time PCR assays developed in this study will provide improved diagnostic methods to overcome the limitations of conventional diagnostic tools and facilitate more rapid and accurate diagnoses.