• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.326-332
• /
• 2013

Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) are volatile organic compounds responsible for the majority of unpleasant taste and odor events in drinking water. Geosmin and 2-MIB are byproducts of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) with musty and earthy odors. These compounds have odor threshold concentration at ng/L levels. It is needed to develop a sensitive method for determination of geosmin and 2-MIB to control the quality of drinking water. In this study, geosmin and 2-MIB in water samples were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SMPE). The detection limits of this method were 1.072 ng/L and 1.021 ng/L for geosmin and 2-MIB, respectively. Good accuracy and precision was also obtained by this method. Concentrations of the two compounds were measured in raw waters from Nakdong River in the cyanobacterial blooming season. Water bloom formed by cyanobacteria has been occurred currently in Nakdong River. It is needed to investigate the concentrations of geosmin and 2-MIB to control the quality of drinking water from Nakdong River. Both geosmin and 2-MIB were detected in raw waters from Nakdong River at concentrations ranging from 4 to 24 ng/L and 6 to 16 ng/L, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.45 no.2 s.143
• /
• pp.195-200
• /
• 2006

This study was carried out to clarify the biologies and morphological characteristics of Rhynchaenus sanguinipes. Also some chemicals were tested to screen the effective insecticide for the control of the species. Up to date, Zelkova serrata has been hewn as host plant of Rhynchaenus sanguinipes, which shows serious damage in this country. In the present study, Ulmus pumila was first found as host plant in this study. Body lengths of larvae, pupa and adult were 4.53$\pm$0.30 mm, 3.30$\pm$0.42 mm and 2.96$\pm$0.12 mm, respectively. The overwintered adult of the species emerged on early April to late April, and adult of nekt generation emerged on early May to late May, Pupal periods were 10, 7.2, 5.1 and 4 days on 16, 20, 24 and 28$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The lower developmental threshold temperature was 5.8$^{\circ}C$. Four braconid parasitoids were found as natural enemies, which emerged mainly on late April to early June. Insecticidal activities with treatments of fenitrothion 50% EC, indoxacarb 30% WG, ethofenprox 20% EC and thiacloprid 10% SC was investigated against adult of R. sanguinpes, and they showed >90% mortality.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.54 no.3
• /
• pp.159-167
• /
• 2015

In order to establish B. tabaci control in paprika greenhouses a fixed-precision-level sampling plan was developed. The sampling plan consisted of spatial distribution analysis, a sampling stop line, and decision making. Sampling was conducted simultaneously in two independent greenhouses (GH 1, GH 2). GH 1 and 2 were surveyed every week for 22 consecutive weeks, using 19 sampling locations in GH 1 and 9 sampling locations in GH 2. The plant in both greenhouses were divided into top (180-220 cm from the ground), middle (80-120 cm from the ground) and bottom (30-70 cm from the ground) sections and B. tabaci adults and pupae were observed on three paprika leaves at each position and recorded separately. GH 2 data were used to validate the fixed-precision sampling plan, which was developed using GH 1 data. In this study, spatial distribution analysis was performed using Taylor's power law with the pooled data of the top and bottom position (B. tabaci adults), and the middle and bottom positions (B. tabaci pupae), based on a 1-leaf sampling unit. Decision making was undertaken using the maximum of action threshold in accordance with previously published method, and the value was decided by the price of the plants. Using the results obtained in the greenhouse, simulated validation of the developed sampling plan by RVSP (Resampling Validation for Sampling Plan) indicated a reasonable level of precision.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.231-246
• /
• 2000

Acupuncture has been used for treatment of numerous diseases, especially for pain control in the oriental culture. However, the mechanism of pain control by acupuncture was not clear so far. The present study was examined that the effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) applied to the acu-point of extra-segmental area on modulation of formalin induced pain in Sprague - Dawley rats. In order to apply EA to acu-points in the plantar area of right fore paws, a pair of teflon - coated stainless steel wires were implanted in HT 7 (shin-mun) and PC 7 (dae-neong) 5 days before behavioral test. A behavioral test was performed by means of video camera after injection of 5% formalin ($50{\mu}l$) into the lateral plantar region of left hind paw. EA was delivered by a constant current stimulator at 4~5 mA, 2 ms, and 10 Hz for 30 min. The electromyographic activities were recorded in the biceps femoris muscle under chloral hydrate anesthesia. Test stimuli with 1~9mA were applied to the sural nerve territory including the medial portion of the 4th toe and the lateral portion of the 5th toe. Behavioral responses including favoring, flinching and bitting were occured in the biphasic pattern, such as the lst phase (0~5 min) and the 2nd phase (20~45 min) after formalin injection. However, EA (4~5 mA, 2 ms, 10 Hz) significantly inhibited Che behavioral responses. EMG activities of flexor reflex had a latency of 100~300 ms and thresholds of test stimuli for EMG were 4~5 mA in normal rats. Injection of formalin decreased threshold of test stimuli and increased EMG activities for 2hrs after injection. However, EA significantly inhibited EMG activities of flexor reflex increased by formalin and recovered EMG evoked thresholds. These results suggest that contralateral extra-segmental EA inhibits the first and second phases of formalin induced pain but their mechanism be needed to examine additionally.

• Journal of IKEEE
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.193-200
• /
• 2015

In this paper, we propose the radiation measuring algorithm and the device composition using CMOS image sensor. The radiation measuring algorithm using CMOS image sensor is based on the radiation particle distinguishing algorithm projected to the CMOS image sensor and accumulated and average number of pixels of the radiation particles projected to dozens of images per second with CMOS image sensor. The radiation particle distinguishing algorithm projected to the CMOS image sensor measures the radiation particle images by dividing them into R, G and B and adjusting the threshold value that distinguishes light intensity and background from the particle of each image. The radiation measuring algorithm measures radiation with accumulated and average number of radiation particles projected to dozens of images per second with CMOS image sensor according to the preset cycle. The hardware devices to verify the suggested algorithm consists of CMOS image sensor and image signal processor part, control part, power circuit part and display part. The test result of radiation measurement using the suggested CMOS image sensor is as follows. First, using the low-cost CMOS image sensor to measure radiation particles generated similar characteristics to that from measurement with expensive GM Tube. Second, using the low-cost CMOS image sensor to measure radiation presented largely similar characteristics to the linear characteristics of expensive GM Tube.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.35-51
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study is to prove the analgesic effects of apitoxin and its mechanism via jaw-opening reflex(JOR) and measuring expression of mRNA in Phospholipase and Tryptophan hydroxylase(TPH) using RT-PCR. The experiments were carried out on Sprague-Dawley rats(300-400g) and mastocytoma(P-185 HTR) for JOR and RT-PCR, respectively. Rats anesthetized with thiopental sodium (80mg/kg) were used in the Tooth Pulp stimulation induced JOR. The amplitude of a digastric electromyogram (dEMG) was recorded during the stimulation at an intensity of 1.5 times the threshold for JOR. Apitoxin used in this experiment was diluted with normal saline by 1:1000. Apitoxin was injected intravenously into the test group while normal saline to the control group. However, it was injected directly into the cell of mastocytoma. We referred to base sequence registered in Genbank in designing primers for RT-PCR. The results were as follows; (1)Compared with control group, analgesic effect started to show right after Sprague-Dawely rats were treated with apitoxin($71.50{\pm}8.08$) and lasted for 50 minutes. (2)As a result of the experiment of RT-PCR, we witnessed significant changes in the degree of expression of phospholipase or rate-limiting enzyme of biosynthesis of prostaglandins with $10{\mu}g/ml$ apitoxin.($31.74{\pm}18.98%$, P<0.05) (3)As a result of the experiment of RT-PCR, we witnessed significant changes in the degree of expression of TPH or rate-limiting enzyme in biosynthesis of serotonin with $10{\mu}g/ml$ apitoxin.($131.37{\pm}16.87%$, P<0.05). These results suggest that $10{\mu}g/ml$ apitoxin have the most analgesic effects. This study showed that apitoxin has analgesic effects and held good for 50 minutes. The injection of apitoxin has brought out changes in the degree of expression of phospholipase and TPH. These results strongly suggest that analgesic mechanism by apitoxin is closely related to prostaglandins and serotonin.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.219-228
• /
• 2001

Objective : For the purpose of preparing the fundamental data and health promotion and control program on organic solvents in air of manufacturing industry. Methods : The author surveyed number of organic solvent components which was used in working site and also determined the organic solvents concentration in air of 927 manufacturing industries and 1,267 working process with gas chromatography(NIOSH manual) for five years from 1995 to 1999. Results : Mean number of solvents components by type of industry, working process was number of 12. There were exceeded to TLV of 1,2-dichloroethane in textile manufacturing industry N,N-dimethyl furan in tanning and dressing of leather ; luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear manufacturing industry and chemical and chemical product manufacturing industry by type of industry. There were exceeded to TLV of 1,2-dichloroethane in handwriting and drawing process, cellosolve in adhesive spreading process, N,N-dimethly furan in production of solvent process and adhesion process by working process Total exceeded rate to threshold limit values of organic solvents mixture were 12.9% for EI(Exposure index) and 10.0% for Em(Estimation of mixture) by type of industry, 11.3% for EI and 8.2% for Em by type of working process. The highest exceed rate was 36.7% for EI in tanning and dressing of leather ; luggage handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear manufacturing industry and 29.0% for Em in textile manufacturing industry. The highest exceeded rate was 23.1% for EI and 12.5% for Em in adhesive spreading process by working process. Mean values of total subjects by type of industry and type of working process were $0.7{\pm}1.8$ for EI and $0.7{\pm}1.7$ for Em respectively. Conclusions : As above results, the author suggest that it makes the environmental control program on 1.2-dichloroethane, N,N-dimethyl furan, cellosolve by kind of organic solvent and on textile manufacturing industry, tanning and dressing of leather ; luggage, handbags, saddlery harness and footwear manufacturing industry by type of industry, and on handwriting, drawing process and adhesive spreading process and adhesion process by type of working process.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2011.05a
• /
• pp.13-13
• /
• 2011

The Rio Grande Compact Commission, in collaboration with local water management entities, water users and universities established a three state Rio Grande The Rio Grande Compact Commission, in collaboration with local water management entities, water users and universities established a three state Rio Grande Salinity Management Program. The objectives of the Rio Grande Project Salinity Management Program are to reduce salinity concentrations, loading, and salinity impacts in the Rio Grande basin for the 270 mile river reach from San Acacia, New Mexico to Fort Quitman, Texasto increase usable water supplies for agricultural, urban, and environmental purposes. The focus of this first phase of the program is the development of baseline salinity and hydrologic information and a preliminary assessment of the economic impacts of salinity. An assessment of the economic impacts of salinity in this region was conducted by scientists at Texas A&M University's AgriLife Research Center at El Paso and New Mexico State University. Economic damages attributable to high salinity of Rio Grandewater were estimated for residential, agricultural, municipal, and industrial uses. The major impact issues addressed were: who is being affected the types of economic impacts the magnitude of economic damages overall and by user category and identification of threshold-effect levels for different types of water use. Salinity concentrations in this 270 mile reach of the river typically range from 480 ppm to 1,200 ppm, but can exceed 3,000 ppm in the lower section of this reach. Economic impacts include reductions in agricultural yields, reduced water appliance life, equipment replacement costs, and increased water supply costs. This preliminary economic assessment indicates annual damages of $10.5 million from increased water salinity. Under current water uses, municipal and industrial uses account for 75% of the total estimated impacts. However, agricultural impacts are based on current crop pattern yield reductions and, salinity leaching requirements and do not account for the impacts of reduced revenue from having to grow salinity tolerant, lower value crops. Actual damages are anticipated to be significantly higher with the inclusion of these additional agricultural impacts plus the future impacts from the growing population in the region. A more comprehensive economic analysis is planned for the second phase of this program. Results of the economic analysis are being used to determine the feasiblity of salinity control alternatives and what salinity reduction control measures will be pursued.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.18 no.11
• /
• pp.643-654
• /
• 2018

In order to understand and manage traffic flows in urban areas in the past, a variety of traffic engineering theoretical indicators such as intersection lag and highway speed have been applied. However, these theories and indicators have been developed under the constraints of traffic engineering research before the construction of intelligent transportation system. Since the ATIS system currently exists, it is necessary to introduce a separate traffic engineering technology that utilizes the data. In this paper, it is aimed to confirm whether it is applicable to intermittent flow (approach road, intersection, control group, main road axis) by using 'congestion intensity' which is already used in traffic engineering field. The results of this study are as follows: (1) The traffic signal improvement effect of urban road access road, intersection road, control group, Two verification studies were performed to verify the derived congestion intensity index. (1) verification of congestion intensity threshold value analysis and (2) crossing improvement using the congestion intensity. Through verification, it was confirmed that it is possible to apply the congestion intensity in the inter - city intermittent flow using the 5 - minute unit speed data so as to be able to escape from the existing traffic signal operation management which is past passive and manpower limit.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.173-186
• /
• 2021

Purpose: Biliary atresia (BA) is a disease that manifests as jaundice after birth and leads to progressive destruction of the ductal system in the liver. The aim of this study was to investigate histopathological changes and immunohistochemically examine the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), synaptophysin, and S-100 protein in the gallbladder of BA patients. Methods: The study included a BA group of 29 patients and a control group of 41 children with cholecystectomy. Gallbladder tissue removed during surgery was obtained and examined immunohistochemically and histopathologically. Tissue samples of both groups were immunohistochemically assessed in terms of GDNF, S-100 protein, and synaptophysin expression. Expression was classified as present or absent. Inflammatory activity assessment with hematoxylin and eosin staining and fibrosis assessment with Masson's trichrome staining were performed for tissue sample sections of both groups. Results: Ganglion cells were not present in gallbladder tissue samples of the BA group. Immunohistochemically, GDNF, synaptophysin, and S-100 expression was not detected in the BA group. Histopathological examination revealed more frequent fibrosis and slightly higher inflammatory activity in the BA than in the control group. Conclusion: We speculate that GDNF expression will no longer continue in this region, when the damage caused by inflammation of the extrahepatic bile ducts reaches a critical threshold. The study's findings may represent a missing link in the chain of events forming the etiology of BA and may be helpful in its diagnosis.