• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.55-60
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of charcoal meal application on the quality of the wood. As the results, it was observed that annual ring width of seedlings was wider in the plots treated with charcoal meal than the control plots. Depending on the kind of charcoal, annual ring width was widest in the plot treated with Larix kaempferi charcoal, and then was observed in order of Pinus koraiensis > particle board > Quercus acutissima. Latewood percentage and specific gravity were lower in the plots treated with charcoal than the control plots and lowest in Larix kaempferi charcoal plot among the plots treated with charcoal. Tracheid length was longer in the plot treated with powder charcoal than the control plot but tracheid width was not significantly different from the control plot. The cell wall thickness of earlywood was not significantly different between the plot treated with charcoal and the control plot but that of latewood was thicker in the plots treated with charcoal than the control. Microfibril angle was smaller in the plot treated with granulated charcoal than the control plot. However, there was no significant difference between the plot treated with powder charcoal and granulated charcoal.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.281-290
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• 2013

It is well known that the DD-plot is a useful graphical tool for non-parametric classification. In this paper, we propose another use of DD-plot for detecting the out-of-control state in multivariate process. We suggested a dynamic version of DD-plot and its accompanying a quality index plot in such case.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of root zone warming on rhizosphere temperature of Oriental melon (Cucumis melo L. var. Makuwa) in winter season. Root zone was warmed by hot water flowing through pipe set at 35cm depth from the ridge. Treatments of minimum soil temperature at 20cm depth were 17, 21, $25^{\circ}C$, and non-warmed from Jan. 18 to Apr. 18. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The cumulative soil temperature for 1 month after planting oriental melon was 441, 558, 648, and 735$^{\circ}C$ at control, 17, 21, and $25^{\circ}C$ plot, respectively. 2. As soil temperature was higher, air temperature in tunnel was higher. The lowest temperature in control plot at night was 9.5$^{\circ}C$, 11.$0^{\circ}C$ in 17$^{\circ}C$ plot, 13.5$^{\circ}C$ in 21$^{\circ}C$ plot, and 16.5$^{\circ}C$ in $25^{\circ}C$ plot, respectively. 3. The xylem exudate amount of control plot for 24 hours just after basal stem abscission was 8.1$m\ell$. It was 1.2 times higher in 17$^{\circ}C$ plot, 1.3 times higher in 21 $^{\circ}C$ plot, and 4.8 times higher in $25^{\circ}C$ plot than in control plot at 30 days after planting. The xylem exudate amount at 67 days after planting of control plot was 10.4$m\ell$, those of 17, 21, $25^{\circ}C$ plots were 1.1, 3.2, and 3.3 times as compared to control plot. 4, Early growth in leaf length, stem diameter, leaf number and leaf area for 30 days after planting were better in higher temperature plots than in control plot. Particularly, the increase of leaf area was striking in higher temperature plots. Leaf area of control plot was 279.5$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 30 days after planting, 153.4% in 17$^{\circ}C$ plot, 745.6% in 21$^{\circ}C$ plot and 879.4% in $25^{\circ}C$ plot were increased as compared to in control plot.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of root zone warming on fruit yield of oriental melon (Cucumis melo L. var. Makuwa) in winter season. Root zone was warmed by hot water flowing through pipe set at 35cm depth from the ridge. Treatments of minimum soil temperature at 20cm depth were 17, 21, $25^{\circ}C$ and non-warming from Jan. 18 to Apr. 18. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The blooming of female flower was faster 1 days in 17$^{\circ}C$ plot, 6 days in 21$^{\circ}C$ plot, and 7 days in $25^{\circ}C$ plot than in control plot and the days from blooming to harvesting were shorter 5 days in 17$^{\circ}C$ plot, 11 days in 21$^{\circ}C$ plot, and 12 days in $25^{\circ}C$ plot than in control plot. 2. Mean fruit weight was the highest in 21$^{\circ}C$ plot, followed $25^{\circ}C$, 17$^{\circ}C$ and control plots, respectively, and flesh thickness was the highest in $25^{\circ}C$ plot, followed by 21, 17$^{\circ}C$ and control plots, respectively. 3. Early and middle-phase yield was the highest in $25^{\circ}C$ plot, followed by 21$^{\circ}C$, 17$^{\circ}C$ and control plots but late yield was the highest in 17$^{\circ}C$ plot, followed by control, 21, and $25^{\circ}C$ plots. Total yield per 10a was higher 33% in 17$^{\circ}C$ plot, 49% in 21$^{\circ}C$ plot, and 37a in $25^{\circ}C$ plots than in control plot, harvested 1, 490kg per 10a. 4. Total yield was highest in 21$^{\circ}C$ plot, followed by $25^{\circ}C$, 17$^{\circ}C$, and control plots. Malformed and fermented fruit rates were the highest in control, followed by 17, 25, and 21$^{\circ}C$ plots and marketable fruit rate was 21, 25, 17$^{\circ}C$, and control plot in order.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of thinning on changes in stand characteristics and understory vegetation in a silvopasture practiced Japanese larch plantation in the Research Forest of Kangwon National University, Korea. Three different thinning intensities (64%, 35%, and control) were applied. Before and after thinning, the understory plant species increased its number from 48 (7 tree species, 7 shrubs species, 28 herbaceous species, and 6 woody climbers) to 100 (11 tree species, 15 shrub species, 67 herbaceous species, and 7 woody climbers). Thinning made plants invade easily on the forest floor, and plot A (325 stems/ha) had much higher number of undersory species than those Of plot B (575 stems/ha) and control plot (1,150 stems/ha). In three years after thinning, understory aboveground biomass (kg/ha) of herbs were 523 for control, 1,230 for plot B, and 1,288 for plot A. The canopy coverage had remarkable influence on the understory biomass production, resulting in relatively small amount of herbage production on control plot. The differences were statistically significant between thinned plots and unthinned plot, but there were no significant differences among the thinned plots (p<0.05).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.47-53
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• 2014

We investigated the effect of straw mat cover and soil amendments on the reduction of runoff, non-point source pollution load and yield of a Chinese cabbage from alpine fields. Two plots on sandy loam soil were prepared. Experimental treatments were control and rice straw mat cover (3,300 kg/ha)+Polyacrylamide (PAM) (5 kg/ha)+Gypsum (1 ton/ha) (SPG). A variety of Chinese cabbage was cultivated and runoff was monitored during a growing season in 2012. Monitoring was conducted to seven times. Runoff rate of SPG plot was lower than those of control plot. The reduction rate of runoff from SPG plot was 29.4 % compared to control plot. The reduction rate of suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) load of SPG plot was 86.5 %, 34.7 % and 39.1 %, respectively. Yield of a Chinese cabbage from SPG plot (39,646 kg/ha) was greater than that of control plots (28,482 kg/ha). It was concluded that the use of SPG on soil surface could not only reduce the NPS pollution loads in receiving waters but also help increase the crop yield.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.95-114
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• 1991

This paper was designed to estimate the interaction of the first productivity, light conditions and to analyze the ecophysiological productivity, growth characteristics grown under various shading conditions in Zoysia japonica . The results summarized this experiment were as follows; 1.After transplanting the grass, increasing rate of leaf number and total leaf length was remarkahly high at the early growth stage in the control and the 30% shading plot. 2.The increasing rate of leaf area ratio (LA R) in all the experimental plot was remarkable high at the early growth stage after transplanting the grass. Especially, the control and 30% shading plot in compared with another plots, were remarkably high at rate of leaf area. 3.The length and the node number of rhizome in the control and 30% shading plot were also high and the difference was significantly large by the growth stage. 4.Chlorophyll content was very high at 36days after transplanting and then decreased. Increasing rate of shade resulted in its low content. The rate of chlorophyll a to b was decreased by in-creasing rate of shade. 5.The content of soluble sugar in the control and 30% shading plot was low at the early growth after transplanting and high at the late growth stage. Its content in the plot of 70% shading was remarkably low throughout the growth stage. 6.The increasing rate of standing plant in all the experimental plots was high at the early growth stage after transplanting. Increasing rate of shade was typically low through all the growth stage.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.423-429
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• 2000

To understand the effects of elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature on seedling emergence of seven herbaceous species, the seedling emergence was monitored between November 1997 and May 1998 using a temperature gradient chamber and a $CO_2$-temperature gradient chamber. Experiment was conducted under current ambient condition (Control plot), 2$^{\circ}C$-warmed condition with ambient $CO_2$ (T2 Plot), 4$^{\circ}C$-warmed condition with ambient $CO_2$ (T4 plot). and 4$^{\circ}C$-warmed condition with 1.8 fold of ambient $CO_2$ (CT4 plot). Species tested in this study were Digitaria adscendens, Echinochloa crus-galli, Panicum bisulcatum, Setaria viridis. Oenothera biennis, Andropogon virginicus, and Imperata cylindrica. Each species often dominates in the herbaceous stage of secondary succession in Japan. The mean seedling emergence times for all species were significantly increased to 23.6 and 32.2 d in the T2 and T4 plot compared to the Control plot, respectively. The most sensitive and insensitive species in seedling emergence time in T2 plot were O. biennis and D. adscendens, respectivel.y, and those in the T4 and CT4 plot were I. cylindrica and D. adscendens, E. crus-galli and A. virginicus, respectively. All experimental species showed no significant difference in the seedling emergence rate between treatments except for O. biennis and I. cylindrica. O. biennis showed a great decrease in the seedling emergence rate from 83.3% in the Control plot to 38.0%, 14.7%, and 29.3% in the T2, T4, and CT4 plot, respectively. Elevated $CO_2$ had very little effect on the seedling emergence. From these observations, it is expected that increased temperature would greatly advance the vegetative recovery time after disturbance through the advancement of seedling emergence time.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 1986

To investigate the distribution of Plantago asiatica Linne, almost, restricted on the road-side, the plant growth analyzed by experimental cultivation under the condition of tread-pressure; 10 times/day (7.33kg/$cm^2$ ), 20 times/day (12.27kg/$cm^2$), 30 times/day (20.05kg/$cm^2$ ) and the control plot (1.68kg/$cm^2$ ). The matter production in the 10-time-per-diem plot (7.33kg/$cm^2$ ) of tread-pressure howed more large value than that inthe control one (1.68kg/$cm^2$ ) and those in the 20-0time-per-diem plot (12.27kg/$cm^2$ ) and the 30-time-per-diem one (20.05kg/$cm^2$ ) small values than that of the control plot. Especially, the growth of roots and spikes was extremely repressed. The number of leaves, scapes and lateral buds tend to increase in the tread-pressure of 20 times/day (12.27kg/$cm^2$ ) and 30 times/day (20.05kg/$cm^2$ ). The water contents of roots along the increase of tread-pressure to continuosly decreased. By the increase of tread-pressure, T/R ratio and C/F ratio their group decreased. The plant growth (7.33kg/$cm^2$ ) in the 10-time-per-diem plot increased more than that in the control one is regarded as the effect of tread-pressure affection on the road-side distribution of this plant.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.436-443
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• 2012

This research was focused on the effect of rice straw and rice straw mat on the reduction of upland field non-point source (NPS) pollution discharges. Six experimental plots of $5{\times}22m$ in size and 3% in slope prepared on gravelly sandy loam soil were treated with control, rice straw cover and rice straw mat cover. Radish in Spring growing seasons were cultivated. NPS pollution discharge was monitored and compared with respect to the treatments. The surface cover rate of rice straw and rice straw mat right after the treatments was 64.7% and 73.7%, respectively. Rainfall of the 16 monitored events ranged from 12.8 mm to 538.2 mm. Runoff coefficient of the events was 0.01~0.67 in control plot, 0~0.63 in rice straw plot and 0~0.45 in rice straw mat plot. The reduction of runoff compared to the control plot was 5.4~99.7% in rice straw plot and 32.9~100% in rice straw mat plot. The reduction of NPS pollution load was 52.0% for SS, 28.5% for T-N and 35.2% for T-P in rice straw plot and 79.8% for SS, 68.3% for T-N and 53.3% for T-P in rice straw mat plot. This research revealed that rice straw mat cover on the soil surface could not only increase the crop yield and farmer's income but also reduce the NPS pollution loads significantly.