• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

The effects of surface color and morphology on the mar behaviors of urethane-acrylate coated surfaces were examined. The superiority of mar resistance was observed in the order of white, red and black-colored samples. This can be explained by a contrast effect. In other words, in case of black colored sample, it takes place the defuse reflection of the incident light on the damaged region where mar damage exerts, leading to whitening phenomenon. Therefore, the damaged region is easily recognized by contrasting the black background. On the other hand, it is difficult for the white-colored sample to perceive the mar-damaged area by the white background acting as protecting coloration. As the gloss of urethane-acrylate coated surface increases, it is observed that there is an increase in the number of carbonyl (-C=O) function group, amount of ethylene and silica. The enhancements of surface rigidity by adding the silica particles and formation of carbonyl function groups by the surface oxidation lead to the increase in mar resistance, while the increase of polyethylene wax is responsible for the improved gloss and smooth-faced surface. Based on the above findings, technical approaches leading the improvement of mar resistance of the urethane-acrylate coated surface are discussed.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 2007

The subject of study concerns the color characteristics of clothing/accessories from �Chosun�a nd modern Korea. It particularly focuses on the colors of the �Jeogori? traditional jacket) which represents Korean traditional clothing. Color data were collected from 353 woman�s �Jegori�s from �Chosun�a nd modern Korea and divided into the predominant colors & sub colors, and analyzed with HV/C and PCCS. According to the analysis, the representative the predominant color of 'Chosun Jeogori' for woman is YR, Y and side one is R, YR. The p, dp, sf, ltg colors are frequently found and the freshness of most of them is medium or low which shows a calm-feeling. The p, and ltg tones are often found as a the predominant color and p, dp are also often found as a the side color. In the 'Chosun Jeogori' for woman, the predominant colors and the side colors spread in a similar frequency and most of them have medium or low freshness of the color that shows a calm-feeling. The side color is one of the R colors and it shows characteristics of traditional coloring such as �Jajoo Goreum? Among the �Jeogori�f or modern women, the R, YR, Y, and B colors are often used for the single-color �Jeogori? the Y, GY, N, G colors are for the colorful �Jeogori? The P, lt, and b tons of the color are often used for a single-color �Jeogori�a nd the p, lt, and W are for the colorful �Jeogori? For the colorful �Jeogori? the side color have a high freshness which shows that a strong image was used frequently as the dp, s, dk tons of the color were often used. According to an analysis of the coloring, the predominant color and the side color of �Chosun Jeogori�a re applied to create a harmony of analogy & contrast in one aspect of Moon & Spencer�s view. It is found that the predominant color and the side color are similar or contrasting in one view of the color harmony, except that the traditional the �Jeogori�i s colored by ideological and symbolic meanings. The predominant color and the side color of modern the �Jeogori�a re complementary colors which are applied to the indistinct relationship or contrasting harmony in one aspect of Moon & Spencer�s view of the color harmony. The characteristics of the color as above show that traditional the �Jeogori�r egards the side color as both the harmony of the colors in general and also of symbolic meaning, while modern the �Jeogori�f or woman has a tendency toward a cultural transition and is mixed with new colors focusing more on its the predominant color than on the general harmony and character of ideological & traditional coloring.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.727-733
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• 2011

A new Korean standard for the determination of Cr(VI) in soils has been officially published as ES 07408.1 in 2009. This analytical method is based on the hot alkaline digestion and colorimetric detection prescribed by U.S. EPA method 3060A and 7196A. The hot alkaline digestion accomplished using 0.28 M $Na_2CO_3$ and 0.5 M NaOH solution (pH 13.4) at $90{\sim}95^{\circ}C$ determines total Cr(VI) in soils extracting all forms of Cr(VI), including water-soluble, adsorbed, precipitated, and mineral-bound chromates. This aggressive alkaline digestion, however, proved to be problematic for certain soils which contain large amounts of soluble humic substances or active manganese oxides. Cr(III) could be oxidized to Cr(VI) by manganese oxides during the strong alkaline extraction, resulting in overestimation (positive error) of Cr(VI). In contrast, Cr(VI) reduction by dissolved humic matter or Fe(II) could occur during the neutralization and acidic colorimetric detection procedure, resulting in underestimation (negative error) of Cr(VI). Futhermore, dissolved humic matter hampered the colorimetric detection of Cr(VI) using UV/Vis spectrophotometer due to the strong coloration of the filtrate, resulting in overestimation (positive error) of Cr(VI). Without understanding the mechanisms of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) transformation during the analysis it could be difficult to operate the experiment in laboratory and to evaluate the Cr(VI) results. For this reason, in this paper we described the theoretical principles and limitations of Cr(VI) analysis and provided useful guidelines for laboratory work and Cr(VI) data analysis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1984

Susceptible trees of Pinus densiflora and resistant trees of Pinus rigida following pine gall midge (Tnecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) attack were seasonally compared to examine the variation in needle growth and photosynthetic ability, respiration rate, chlorophyll contents, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents. Also, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents of larvae both from soil and from galled tissue were compared during March and September, respectively. The plantation damaged severely by this insect consisted mostly of 10-to 15-year old P. rigida and P. densiflora. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1) The length of the infested needles of P. densiflora decreased by 48.1 percent compared with the normal needles, while that of P. rigida did 37.4 percent. 2) All of P. densiflora and P. rigida showed higher photosynthetic ability in normal needles than in infested needles. The maximum photosynthetic ability of P. densiflora was shown in mid-August, while that of P. rigida in mid-October. In contrast to that, respiration rate of infested needles was higher than that of normal needles in both species. The respiration rate of P. rigida was higher than that of P. densiflora. 3) P. rigida had higher total chlorophyll contents than P. densiflora. The total carotenoid contents tents in infested needles were higher than those in normal needles of both species. 4) Total carotenoid contents were generally higher in P. rigida than in P. densiflora during the growing season. The total carotenoid content (0.094mg/g) in larvae from soil was similar to that (0.092mg/g) in larvae from galled tissues. 5) Infested needles of both species showed higher anthocyanin contents than normal needles. Higher anthocyanin contents in galled needles were due primarily to its active formation stimulated by larval attack. Thus, reddish-brown coloration occurred only in galled needles of P. densiflora.