• MALSORI
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• no.9_10
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• pp.28-90
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• 1985

This study has two objectives. ft attempts to describe the forms and (He functions of sentence final intonations in Korean, and it also attempts to deal with the relationship between questions and rising intonation for Korean and English. The contents of this study are as follows. In Chapter 2, the version of Korean(standard Korean) which this study is assumed to analyse, the sources of material involved, and the method and scope of analysis are stated. Chapter 3, which is a preparatory stage for the analysis of the function of intonation in standard Korean in Chapter 4, classifies the material according to the type of intonation used. In Chapter 4i the discussion is entirely devoted to the function of Korean intonation. The conclusions of Chapter 4 are as follows: Firstly, intonation contours in Korean have the function of distinguishing the sentence types; the falling contour marks declaratives, Wh- interrogatives and imperatives, while the rising contour marks yes/no interrogatives. However, it is interesting to note that in the interrogative sentences with the inflectional ending '-chi', a very different phenomenon is observed; that is to say, most of yes/no interrogatives are marked by the falling contour and all of Wh- interrogatives by the rising one. Secondly, the falling contour in Korean is typically employed in performing the illocutionary act of assertion in rhetorical and tag questions. Thirdly, the intonation in Korean contributes to express the speaker's special attitudes or emotions. In Chapter 5, where the relationship between questions and rising intonation is examined, Liberman's theory turns out to be untenable. Further-more. this thesis shows that an explanation of the relationship between questions and rising intonation should have its basis on general linguistic facts.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.264-270
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• 2014

Background The technique of delayed-immediate breast reconstruction includes immediate insertion of a tissue expander, post-mastectomy radiation, followed by reconstruction. The aesthetic benefits of delayed-immediate reconstruction compared to delayed reconstruction are postulated but remain unproven. The purpose of this study was to compare aesthetic outcomes in patients following delayed and delayed-immediate autologous breast reconstruction. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of all patients who underwent delayed or delayed-immediate autologous breast reconstruction by the senior author from 2005 to 2011. Postoperative photographs were used to evaluate aesthetic outcomes: skin quality, scar formation, superior pole contour, inferior pole contour, and overall aesthetic outcome. Ten non-biased reviewers assessed outcomes using a 5-point Likert scale. Fisher's Exact and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were used for comparative analysis. Results Patient age and body mass index were similar between delayed (n=20) and delayed-immediate (n=20) cohorts (P>0.05). Skin and scar quality was rated significantly higher in the delayed-immediate cohort (3.74 vs. 3.05, P<0.001 and 3.41 vs. 2.79, P<0.001; respectively). Assessment of contour-related parameters, superior pole and inferior pole, found significantly improved outcomes in the delayed-immediate cohort (3.67 vs. 2.96, P<0.001 and 3.84 vs. 3.06, P<0.001; respectively). Delayed-immediate breast reconstruction had a significantly higher overall score compared to delayed breast reconstructions (3.84 vs. 2.94, P<0.001). Smoking and the time interval from radiation to reconstruction were found to affect aesthetic outcomes (P<0.05). Conclusions Preservation of native mastectomy skin may allow for improved skin/scar quality, breast contour, and overall aesthetic outcomes following a delayed-immediate reconstructive algorithm as compared to delayed breast reconstruction.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.551-558
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• 2016

Background Fascial free flaps have been widely used for reconstruction of the hand because they are thin. However, studies reporting objective data regarding the advantages of this approach are lacking. Thus, we report our experience with such flaps. Methods Forty-five cases of fascial free flaps between November 2006 and March 2014 were reviewed. Nine cases involving reconstructed dorsal or lateral defects were included. Four anterolateral thigh fascial free flaps and 5 lateral arm fascial free flaps were examined. Maximal flap contour was assessed by measuring reconstructed tissue thickness at the central area from the surface of the skin to below the bone in a vertical manner using ultrasonography and X-ray data. Contralateral regions were examined in the same manner and a comparative analysis was performed. A questionnaire survey regarding aesthetic satisfaction was also administered. Results All reconstructed parts had a thicker contour than the contralateral side. The average relative percentage of reconstructed tissue thickness was found to be 152% using ultrasonography and 143% using X-ray imaging. According to the aesthetic satisfaction survey, the average rate of satisfaction for patients was 62%, and satisfaction with the flap contour was 72%. Conclusions Using a fascial free flap, the reconstructed tissue was approximately $1.5{\times}$ as thick as the contour of the normal side, which led to positive responses regarding aesthetic satisfaction.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.465-470
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• 2008

Purpose: Reduction malarplasty is a popular aesthetic surgery for contouring wide and prominent zygoma. However a few patients complain postoperative results and want to revise the midfacial contour. We analyzed the etiology of unfavorable results and treated unsatisfied midfacial contours after reduction malarplasty. Methods: Total 53 patients were performed secondary operation for correction of unfavorable results after primary reduction malarplasty from elsewhere. Midfacial contour was evaluated with plain films and three-dimensional computed tomography. Unfavorable midfacial contours were corrected by secondary malarplasty. Flaring of zygomatic arch was reduced with infracturing technique and prominent zygomatic body was reduced with shaving. Drooped or displaced zygoma complex has been suspended to higher position and fixed with interosseous wiring. As adjuvant procedure, autologous fat injection has been performed in the region of depressed zygomatic body region. Results: The etiology of unfavorable midfacial contour after reduction malarplasty was classified into 7 categories: undercorrection of zygomatic arch(n=8), undercorrection of zygomatic arch and undercorrection of zygomatic body(n=6), undercorrection of zygomatic arch and overcorrection of zygomatic body(n=28), overcorrection of zygomatic body(n=3), simple asymmetry(n=4), malunion(n=2) or nonunion(n=2). Slim and balanced malar contour was achieved with treatment. And most of the patients were satisfied with the results of the surgery. Conclusion: To prevent the unfavorable results after reduction malarplasty, complete analysis of facial contour, choice of appropriate operation technique, precise osteotomy under direct vision, and security of zygoma position are important.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.302-314
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• 2023

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to classify the shapes of retromolar pads and assess their morphometric differences using a 3D model. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Two hundred fully edentulous or Kennedy Class I partially edentulous patients (400 retromolar pads) were enrolled. Scan data of the definitive mandibular casts produced through functional impressions were obtained using a 3D laser scanner. Seven parameters (transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, transverse-contour length, longitudinal-contour length, longitudinal/transverse diameter ratio, longitudinal/transverse-contour length ratio, and angle of the retromolar pad line to the residual alveolar ridge line) were measured using image analysis software. Subsequently, the pads were classified according to the shape. Statistical analyses were performed using 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS. Classifying the retromolar pads into three shapes led to high intra-examiner reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.933). The pear shape was the most common (56.5%), followed by oval/round (27.7%) and triangular (15.8%) shapes. There were no significant differences between the left and right sides according to the shape and no significant differences in any parameter according to age. The transverse diameter and longitudinal/transverse diameter ratio differed between sexes (P < .05). The triangular shape had a significantly different transverse diameter, transverse-contour length, longitudinal/transverse diameter ratio, and longitudinal/transverse-contour length ratio compared with the pear and oval/round shapes (P < .05). CONCLUSION. From a clinical reliability standpoint, classifying retromolar pads into three shapes (oval/round, pear-shaped, and triangular) is effective. The differences in the sizes among the shapes were attributed to the transverse measurement values.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.674-681
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• 2008

The main noise source of the BLDC rotary compressor for air conditioner was analyzed by using the measurement of noise and vibration, noise contour, and experimental modal analysis. The source is presumed to the mechanical resonance excited by the electromagnetic attractive force of the BLDC motor. To reduce the excessive noise of the BLDC rotary compressor due to the mechanical resonance, air-gap was enlarged. Its validation was conducted by the analysis of the electromagnetic attractive force which is generated by the BLDC motor. By enlarging the length of air-gap, the noise in the compressor and air conditioner was significantly improved by 2.5dB(A) and 4.5dB(A), respectively.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.629-632
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• 2003

This paper has been studied analysis and design of microstrip Rotman lens operating over wide band and wide steering angle by the contour integral method along with the segmentation method. All mutual coupling, internal reflections between ports with exponential taper are taken into account. Equally spaced ports are designed and realized which gives less amplitude ripple at array ports. The measured results of 12 input and 12 output lens show $\pm$1.8 dB insertion loss deviation over 6~18GHz wide frequency range and beam steering accuracy less than 1$^{\circ}$ over $\pm$53$^{\circ}$ angle and agrees well with the analysis results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2010

The air resistance about automotive body is studied by the flow analysis in this study. Maximum air flow velocity is shown with 28 to 30 m/s on the upper roof of automotive body. The air flow becomes most regular at automotive body model 3 but the model of 2 or 3 becomes irregular in comparison with the model 1. The maximum air resistance pressure is shown with 413 to 420 Pa at the front bumper of automotive body. The flow velocity at inlet or middle plane of automotive body is shown as the contour same with the model of 1, 2, or 3. But the velocity at outlet plane at model 1 is shown as the contour different with the model of 2 or 3.

• Proceeding of EDISON Challenge
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• 2016.03a
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• pp.240-245
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• 2016

In this paper, stress contour plots depending on length, load, and diameter of the implant are presented. Depending on the condition and amount of cortical bone, process of implanting can be difficult and stress becomes important. Therefore deciding the right length and diameter of implant is critical. When analyzing stress in the implant, Von-mises yield criterion is often used; however, due to hardship of acquiring the actual material property of surrounding bones, simplified model of a implant was adapted in finite element analysis program of EDISON. The result acquired from EDISON program was then compared with results of different research papers.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.431-438
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• 2020

In this paper, the method to extract lip contour by multiple threshold is proposed. Spyridonos et. el. proposed a method to extract lip contour. First step is get Q image from transform of RGB into YIQ. Second step is to find lip corner points by change point detection and split Q image into upper and lower part by corner points. The candidate lip contour can be obtained by apply threshold to Q image. From the candidate contour, feature variance is calculated and the contour with maximum variance is adopted as final contour. The feature variance 'D' is based on the absolute difference near the contour points. The conventional method has 3 problems. The first one is related to lip corner point. Calculation of variance depends on much skin pixels and therefore the accuracy decreases and have effect on the split for Q image. Second, there is no analysis for color systems except YIQ. YIQ is a good however, other color systems such as HVS, CIELUV, YCrCb would be considered. Final problem is related to selection of optimal contour. In selection process, they used maximum of average feature variance for the pixels near the contour points. The maximum of variance causes reduction of extracted contour compared to ground contours. To solve the first problem, the proposed method excludes some of skin pixels and got 30% performance increase. For the second problem, HSV, CIELUV, YCrCb coordinate systems are tested and found there is no relation between the conventional method and dependency to color systems. For the final problem, maximum of total sum for the feature variance is adopted rather than the maximum of average feature variance and got 46% performance increase. By combine all the solutions, the proposed method gives 2 times in accuracy and stability than conventional method.