• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.280-285
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• 1990

Biotransformation of progesterone to 11 $\alpha$ -hydroxyprogesterone by growing cells of Rhizopus nigricans was investigated. As the concentration of progesterone increased, the specific growth rate of R. nigricans decreased linearly, and consequently the conversion yield lowered. The hyphae of the microorganism were observed to become thicker, shorter, and more densely branched at high concentrations of progesterone. In order to improve the process productivity, biotransformation was conducted with continuous addition of progesterone. When the substrate was added continuously at a rate of 0.86 g/hr for 30 hrs, overall conversion yield reached upto 56% while a single addition of the same amount of progesterone yielded about 40% eonversion. When additional feeding of glucose was carried out upon its depletion, an improved br'oconversion yield upto 68% was obtained.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.225-235
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• 1993

난소호르몬에 의하여 황체형성호르몬(luteinizing hormone; LH) subunit의 유전자 발현이 어떻게 조절되는가를 조사하기 위하여 성숙한 흰쥐에서 난소를 제거하거나 또한 난소호르몬을 재 투여한 후 ${\alpha}$ 및 $LH{\beta}$ subunit mRNA의 수준을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 난소를 제거한 후 시간이 경과함에 따라 혈중 LH 농도 및 뇌하수체 LH 함량이 급격히 증가하였다. 또한 난소제거 후 14일 후부터 ${\alpha}$ subunit mRNA 수준이 증가하기 시작하였으며, $LH{\beta}$ subunit mRNA 수준은 난소제거 후 1일부터 증가하기 시작하여 혈중 LH 농도와 같은 양상으로 증가하였다. 2. 난소제거 후 21일 경과후에 난소호르몬을 투여하였을때 난소제거로 증가된 혈중 LH 농도와 ${\alpha}$ 및 $LH{\beta}$ subunit mRNA 수준이 감소하였다. Estradiol을 1일간 투여하였을때 부터 혈중 LH 농도 및 ${\alpha}$와 $LH{\beta}$ subunit mRNA 수준이 감소하였으며, progesterone을 4일간 처리하였을때에 혈중 LH농도가 감소하였다. 3. Estrogen 길항제인 LY117018를 estradiol과 동시에 처리하거나, progesterone 길항제인 RU 456을 progesterone과 동시에 처리하였을때 estradiol과 porgesterone에 의하여 감소되었던 혈중 LH 농도 및 ${\alpha}$와 $LH{\beta}$ subunit mRNA 수준이 유의하게 회복되었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 LH 분비에 있어서 $LH{\beta}$ subunit mRHA 수준의 변화가 속도결정단계 (rate limiting step)인 것으로 보이며, 난소홀몬은 ${\alpha}$ 및 $LH{\beta}$ subunit mRNA 수준을 조절하므로써 pretranslation 단계에서 LH 생합성을 조절하는 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1673-1685
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• 2019

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of treatments based on gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), GnRH-prostaglandin $F2{\alpha}$ ($PGF2{\alpha}$), and/or intense exposure to novel rams to induce fertile estrus without the use of steroid hormones in seasonally anestrous Suffolk ewes. Methods: In the first experiment, ewes were treated with one injection of GnRH, two injections of GnRH administered 7 days apart, or a sequence of GnRH-$PGF2{\alpha}$-GnRH (GPG). In the second experiment anestrous ewes were exposed, for 36 days starting on the day of weaning, to groups of four rams of three different breeds that were alternated every day. Besides exposure to the male effect (ME), the ewes were injected with saline solution (ME group, n = 20), with GnRH (ME-GnRH group, n = 20) or with a sequence of GnRH-$PGF2{\alpha}$-GnRH (ME-GPG group, n = 20). The rams used for male-effect were fitted with aprons to prevent mating, and ewes detected in estrus were bred to selected fertile rams. Ovarian activity was monitored by progesterone determinations in both experiments. Results: In the first experiment sustained induction of ovarian activity was not achieved and no ewe was detected in estrus. In the second experiment induction of sustained ovarian activity was achieved in all groups. Most of the ewes were detected in estrus, 76.7% of the ewes were mated during a 36-d breeding period and 71.7% of all the ewes became pregnant during that period. No significant differences between groups were found for any of these variables. However, estrus detection efficiency was higher in the ME-GnRH group than in the ME group (p<0.05). Conclusion: An intense male-effect, that included the continuous presence and frequent alternation of several rams of different breeds, was sufficient to induce ovarian activity and fertile estrus in Suffolk ewes during the period of deep anestrus without the use of hormones, although addition of GnRH improved the efficiency of estrus detection.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7975-7979
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• 2015

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the value of IHC4 in predicting pathological response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with hormonal receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer (BC). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective exploratory study, data for 68 HR-positive BC patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were recorded. IHC4 scores were calculated based on estrogen receptors/progesterone receptors, Ki-67 and HER2 status. Logistic and ordinal regression analyses in addition to likelihood ratio test were used to explore associations of IHC4 scores and other clinico-pathological parameters with pathological complete response (pCR) and pathological stage. Results: Taking the 25th percentile as the cut-off, a lower IHC4 score was associated with an increased probability of pCR (low; 52.9% vs. High; 21.6%, OR=4.1, 95% CI=1.28-13.16, p=0.018) and a lower pathological stage (OR=3.9, 95% CI=1.34-11.33, p=0.012). When the IHC4 score was treated as a continuous variable, a lower score was again associated with an increased probability of pCR (OR=1.010, 95% CI=1.001-1.018, p=0.025) and lower pathological stage (OR=1.009, 95% CI=1.002-1.017, P=0.008). Lower clinical stage was associated with a better pCR rate that was of borderline significance (P=0.056). When clinical stage and IHC4 score were incorporated together in a logistic model, the likelihood ratio test gave a P-value of 0.004 after removal of the IHC4 score and 0.011 after removal of the stage, indicating a more significant predictive value of the IHC4 score for pCR. Conclusions: This study suggests that the IHC4 score can predict pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in HR-positive BC patients. This finding now needs to be validated in a larger cohort of patients.