• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.55-67
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• 2007

A reference to natural prolongation appeared for the first time in the North Sea Judgement. Although it was not suggested that the concept of natural prolongation would automatically allow for the fixing of a continental shelf boundary, that concept encouraged States to request international tribunals to determine continental shelf boundaries on the basis of the geological and geomorphological features of the seabed. In the Libya v. Malta Case, however, the rejection of geological and geomorphological factors was total. Especially, Natural prolongation was the then checkmated as a relevant fact in delimitation between coasts situated less than 400 nm. apart. There can be no doubt that, in several disputed cases, prominent geomorphological variations are simply ignored ; nevertheless, there are also a few agreements where geological and geomorphological characteristics come into play and, to a certain extent, affect maritime boundaries. Physical characteristics of sea-bed are generally given serious consideration in the boundary delimitation such as the final negotiated boundary of the Australia-Indonesia Continental Shelf boundary Agreement(Timor and Arafura seas) which follows the continental slope bordering the Timor Trench.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1259-1265
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• 2004

Railway is an important transportation tool for nation's industrial development and public daily life. These days the concern about railway has remarkably been rising due to the April 2004 opening of KTX, Korea High Speed Rail, together with Trans-Continental Railways linking North Korea, China, Russia, through European countries. In the meantime, the issues of train safety and efficiency, arising from the different on-board signaling systems installed on different kinds of trains, have been raised incessantly. In this paper CTCS(Continental Train Control System) is suggested, which can accommodate such various signaling functions as ATP, ATC, ATS, etc. into one single type of on-board signaling system and operate without changing ground signaling systems on the junctions of the Trans-Continental Railways. The development of this CTCS would cause speed-up of exiting lines and possession of railway core solutions for establishing Northeast Asia logistics center bases, which could be an important cornerstone for domestic railway improvements and Korea's role of Northeast Hub.

• Asian review of World Histories
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.201-218
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• 2015

World history today has been greatly influenced by the fact that it was the revolution in naval power during the past two centuries that made the world truly global. This has led to a new master narrative that re-framed five millennia of recorded history in order to explain the ultimate triumph of the maritime economies. The result of such revision is to underestimate and distort the role of continental Eurasia in the shaping of the three key civilizations that developed independently and remain distinct: the Mediterranean, the Indic and the Sinic. Only by a fuller reappraisal of the linkages of trade and war dominated by the Eurasian central forces for most of history can we understand the global pressures perennially at work. By setting the continental and the maritime in their total historical context and recognizing their importance today, we can better explain what is happening and what is likely to continue to influence the course of world history.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.311-321
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• 2009

Three categories (freshwater, amphidromous, and marine fishes) of Taiwanese fishes are analyzed on the basis of zoogeographic elements, viz. China element, Indo-China element, Indo-West Pacific element, Indo-Pacific element, North-Pacific element, Japan-Oregon element, and circumtropical element. Freshwater fishes, which include the China and Indo-China elements, are distributed on part of the boundary area between the Palaearctic and Oriental regions of Wallace (1876). Diadromous fishes include the North-Pacific, Indo-China and Indo-West Pacific elements. Taiwanese salmon, a landlocked (initially diadromous) species that became established in Taiwan between 0.5 my B.P. and the early Pleistocene, is recognized as a distinct taxon included within the Oncorhynchus masou complex, which comprises here three species and two subspecies, viz. Oncorhynchus masou masou (Sancheoneo, Songeo, Sakura-masu or Yamame), O. masou ishikawae (Satsuki-masu or Amago), O. sp. (Biwa-masu), and O. formosanus (Taiwanese salmon), based on molecular, morphological and biological studies. Marine fishes are discussed under the following headings, brackish-water fishes (fishes of brackish waters and seas adjacent to continental coastlines, North Pacific and Indo-West Pacific elements; fishes of brackish waters and seas primarily around islands, Indo-West Pacific element), reef fishes (fishes of inshore reefs along continental coastlines from 0 to ca.100 m depth, Indo-West Pacific element; fishes of inshore reefs primarily around islands from 0 to ca.100 m depth, Indo-West Pacific element; fishes of offshore reefs along continental shelf edges from ca.150 to 300 m depth, circumtropical and Indo-Pacific elements; fishes of offshore reefs primarily around islands from ca.150 to 300 m depth, Indo-Pacific element), demersal fishes (fishes on continental shelves shallower than ca.150 m depth, Indo-West Pacific and Japan-Oregon elements; fishes on edges and upper continental slopes from ca.150 m to 500 m depth, Indo-West Pacific, Indo-Pacific, and circumtropical elements; fishes on lower continental slopes to abyssal plains from ca.500 m to 6,000 m depth, circumtropical element and rarely Indo-Pacific element), pelagic fishes (epipelagic fishes from 0 to ca.150 m depth, Indo-West Pacific, Indo-Pacific or circumtropical elements; meso- and bathypelagic fishes from ca.150 to 3,000 m depth, circumtropical element). The distribution of Taiwanese marine fishes are influenced by the Kuroshio Current, low-salinity and low-temperature waters from mainland China, and sea-bottom topography.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.65-88
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• 1982

In the last ten years, marine geological and geophysical survey and research were conducted by Japanese, Russian and American scientists in the East Sea of Korea (Japan Sea). Many research results were published. However, regional research of the geology of the continental margin of the Korean Peninsula was not conducted. This study has made on attempt to classify submarine strata and stratigraphic boundaries. The study has revealed characters of submarine geology and structure. Isopach maps of each identified stratigraphic unit have been constructed as the results of this study. The study was conducted on the basis of analyses of marine seismic surveys carried out in the continental margin of the East Sea between Kangneung and Pohang. Three depositional basins were identified in the study area and they were named as, Mukho Basin, Hupo Basin and Pohang Basin. The Mukho Basin is developed in continental slope and shelf in the area between Kangneung and Samcheog. Quaternary and Pliocene sediments attain a maximum thickness of 900 m. Basement rocks are interpreted as granite and gneiss. They are correlated with granite-gneiss of the Taebaecksan Series of Pre-cambrian age and the Daebo granite of Jurassic age. The Hupo Basin is developed in the continental shelf between Uljin and Youngdeok. Quaternary and Pliocene sediments attain a maximum thickness of 600 m. Basement rocks were interpreted as granite and gneiss and they are correlated with metamorphic rocks of Pre-cambrian age and the Daebo granites, comprising the Ryongnam Massif. The Pohang Basin is developed in the area between Pohang and Gangu. This basin contains Miocene and older sediments. Basement rocks are not shown. Many faults are developed within the continental shelf and slope. These faults strike parallel with the coast line. A north-south direction is predominant in the southern study area. However, in the northern study area the faults strike north, and north-west. The faults are parallel to each other and are step faults down-thrown to the east or west, forming horst and graben structures which develop into sedimentary basins. Such faults caused the development of submarine banks along the boundary between the continental shelf and slope. This bank has acted as a barrier for deposition in the Hupo Basin. Paleozoic sedimentary rocks distributed widely in the adjacent land area are absent in the Mukho Basin. This suggests that the area of the basin was situated above the sea level until the Pliocene time. The study area contains Pliocene sediments in general. These sediments overlie the basement complex composed of metamorphic rocks, granites, Cretaceous (Kyongsang System) sedimentary rocks and Miocene sedimentary rocks. These facts lead to a conclusion that the continental shelf and slope of the study area were developed as a result of displacements along faults oriented parallel to the present coast line in the post Miocene time.

• 지구물리
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 중력, 자력자료와 기존 탄성파 연구결과를 이용한 역산 및 모델링을 통하여 모호면의 심도 변화 및 대륙붕에서 울릉분지로 이어지는 지역의 지각구조를 연구하는데 목적이 있다. 연구지역의 후리에어중력이상은 해저지형 효과를 잘 반영하며 나타나고 있다. 부게중력이상은 울릉분지 중심부로 갈수록 증가하고 있는데 이는 울릉분지 하부의 모호면이 상승되어 있다는 것을 암시한다. 자기이상의 특징은 대륙주변부를 따라서 북동방향으로 양의 자기이상이 존재하며 울릉분지로 가면서 감쇠한다. 아날니틱 신호를 보면 후포뱅크에서 소규모의 이상이 존재하고 대륙사면 지역에서는 강한 이상대가 분포되어 있다. 후포뱅크에서 나타나는 이상은 이곳이 화산관입으로 융기된 지역인 것을 암시한다. 대륙사면에서 양의 자기이상은 SDR(seaward dipping reflectors)의 존재를 지시하며 탄성파 단면에서 나타나는 SDR의 위치와 일치한다. 부게중력이상에 대한 역산과 2차원 중력 모델링 결과에서 나타난 모호면의 변화는 대륙주변부에서 울릉분지쪽으로 갈수록 모호면의 깊이가 상승하였으며 OBS 속도구조에서 나온 결과와 좋은 일치를 보인다. 2차원 중력 모델링 결과 대륙지각 하부에는 magmatic underplating zone이 존재를 암시하며 이는 이 지역에서 리프팅이 일어났을 가능성을 지시한다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.131-146
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• 2014

울릉분지 남서부의 대륙붕-대륙사면 해저지형과 지질 특성을 규명하고, 이들에 영향을 주는 지질학적 요인을 파악하기 위하여 다중빔 음향측심자료와 표층퇴적물 입도를 분석하였다. 연구지역의 대륙붕은 약 ($0.5^{\circ}$의 경사로 수심 100 m 이내에서 나타나는 내대륙붕과 약 $0.2^{\circ}$의 경사로 수심 100-300 m 이내에서 나타나는 외대륙붕으로 구분할 수 있다. 대륙사면에는 다양한 규모(~121 $km^2$)와 경사(최대 $24.3^{\circ}$)를 갖는 8개의 사면붕괴 지형이 관찰된다. 각 사면붕괴 지형은 서로 인접해 있으며, 해저 지진과 전지구적 해수면 변동의 강한 영향 하에서 연속적으로 발생된 해저사태 기원으로 추정된다. 내대륙붕과 대륙사면은 세립질 퇴적물이 우세하지만, 외대륙붕은 조립질 퇴적물이 우세하다. 표층퇴적물 분포양상은 해수면 변동으로 인한 영향을 주로 받은 것으로 해석된다. 외대륙붕은 저해수면 시기 동안 퇴적된 조립질 잔류 퇴적물로, 내대륙붕은 고해수면 시기동안 퇴적된 현생의 세립 퇴적물로 피복되어 있다. 대륙사면의 표층퇴적물은 저해수면 시기에도 깊은 수심에서 반원양성 대류작용으로 공급된 세립퇴적물로 구성된다.

• 지구물리
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2006

The Korea Plateau is a continental fragment rifted and partially segmented from the Korean Peninsulaat the initial stage of the opening of the East Sea (Japan Sea). We interpreted marine seismic profiles from the South Korea Plateau in conjunction with swath bathymetric to investigate processes of con-tjnental rifting and separation of the southwestern Japan Arc. The SouU-i Korea Plateau preserves funda-mental elements of rift architecture comprising a seaward succession of a rift basin and an uplifted rift flank passing into the slope, typical of a passive continental margin. Two distinguished rift basins (Onnuri and Bandal Basins) in the South Korea Plateau are bounded by major synthetic and smaller antithetic faults, creating wide and symmetric profiles. The large-offset border fault zones of these basins have convex dip slopes and demonstrate a zig-zag arrangement along strike. Rifting was primarily controlled by normal faulting resulting from extension orthogonal to the inferred line of breakup along the base ofthe slope rather U-ian strike-slip deformation. Two extension direcdons for rifdng are recog-nized; U-ie Onnuri Basin was rifted in U-ie EW direction; U-ie Bandal Basin in U-ie EW and NW-SE directions, suggesting two rift stages. We interpret that the E-W direction represents initial rifting at the inner margin; while the Japan Basin widened, rifting propagated repeatedly from the Japan Basin to the southeast toward the Korean margin but could not penetrate the strong continental lithosphere of the Korean Shield and changed direction to the south, resulting in E-W extension to create the rift basins at the Korean margin. The Hupo Basin to the south of the Korea Plateau is estimated to have formed in this process. The NW-SE direction probably represents the direction of rifting orthogonal to the inferred line of breakup along the base of the slope of the South Korea Plateau; after breakup the southwestern Japan Arc separated in the SE direction, indicating a response to tensional tectonics associated with the subduction of the Pacific Plate in the NE direction. We suggest that structural evolution of the eastern Korean margin can be explained by the processes occurring at the passive continental margin.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.79-85
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• 1989

대륙붕과 대륙사면을 갖는 직사각형 해양의 북쪽 일부분에서 불어오는 바람에 대한 이 해양의 초기 단계에서의 반응이 수치실험을 통하여 관찰되었으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 전반적으로 보아 대륙붕파와 아주 유사한 파동이 발생되었으며 대륙붕을 따라 반시계방향으로 전파되었다. 2. 가장 먼저 대륙사면 밖에 중심을 두는 반시계방향의 vortex가 서쪽해안에 발생하여 해안을 따라 반시계방향으로 전파하며 그 속도는 $200\~300km/day$이다. 3. 바람응력이 끝날 즈음부터 대륙사면에 중심을 두는 일련의 vortex들이 생기나 해안을 따라 전파하며, 이 vortex들은 이 모델해양의 고유 모드중의 하나와 관련되는 것으로 생각된다. 4. 초기 단계에서의 대륙붕파의 발생은 각 모드별로 시차를 갖고 선택적으로 발달되어 전파되는 것으로 보여진다.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.29-46
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• 1979

The climate of a given region is determined by the combination of the various climatic elements. But among them, the temperature is the most important element to classify the climatic type. The author attempted to classify the climatic types in Korea by making a analysis of the characteristics of temperature distribution. To accomplish the study, the author analyzed the daily and yearly range of temperature, the warmest and coldest months, continentality and oceanicity, thermal anomaly, and relative temperature, etc. The data of 153 weather stations are used for the analysis of the above five criteria. As a result of the study, the climate of Korea can be divided into three types, namely, the continental, coastal and intermediate(or transitional) type. The Pronounced continental type is appeared in the northern part of highland area. And the coastal type is limited to the east and south coast areas, and the southern part of the west coast area. The continentality is larger, and the oceanicity smaller, than those of Siberia, Mongolia and the inland area of China where the continental climate is most remarkable in the world. The reason why the west coast area is more continental than the east coast area may be due to the terrain effect and the warm current going north along the east coastline.