• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.912-921
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• 2020

We examined the rates of pathogenic bacterial cross-contamination from gloves to meat and from meat to gloves during pork processing under meat-handling scenarios in transfer rate experiments of inoculated pathogens. The inoculated pork contained ~5-6 Log10 CFU/g pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (Sal. enteritidis). On cotton gloves, after cutting the pork, the cutting board, knife, and cotton gloves showed 3.07-3.50, 3.29-3.92 and 4.48-4.86 Log10 CFU/g bacteria. However, when using polyethylene gloves, fewer bacteria (3.12-3.75, 3.20-3.33, and 3.07-3.97 Log10 CFU/g, respectively) were transferred. When four pathogens (6 Log10 CFU/g) were inoculated onto the gloves, polyethylene gloves showed a lower transition rate (cutting board 2.47-3.40, knife 2.01-3.98, and polyethylene glove 2.40-2.98 Log10 CFU/g) than cotton gloves. For cotton gloves, these values were 3.46-3.96, 3.37-4.06, and 3.55-4.00 Log10 CFU/g, respectively. Use of cotton gloves, polyethylene gloves, knives and cutting boards for up to 10 hours in a meat butchering environment has not exceeded HACCP regulations. However, after 10 h of use, 3.09, 3.27, and 2.94 Log10 CFU/g of plate count bacteria were detected on the cotton gloves, cutting board, and knives but polyethylene gloves showed no bacterial count. Our results reveal the transfer efficiency of pathogenic bacteria and that gloved hands may act as a transfer route of pathogenic bacteria between meat and hands. The best hand hygiene was achieved when wearing polyethylene gloves. Thus, use of polyethylene rather than cotton gloves reduces cross-contamination during meat processing.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.95-99
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• 2000

The microbial contamination rate of contact lens cases in multi-purpose solution(MPS) care systems of 80 asymptomatic soft contact lens wearers was investigated. In caring for their lenses 72 patients (90%) used chemical disinfection(include MPS), six patients(7%) used hydrogen peroxide, and two patients(3%) used heat. Fifty-nine percent of patients used MPS in their care systems. Of 80 contact lens cases, contamination was found in 68%(54) of cases. There is a significant relationship between the ages of lens cases and contamination: older cases being more frequently contaminated. Of the contaminated 31 lens cases(57%) in MPS care systems, four contact lens cases(13%) were contaminated by single organism, 15 cases(48%) by two kinds of organisms, and 12 cases(39%) by more than three kinds of organisms. Of the organisms that were contaminated lens cases, Pseudomonas. Serratia, Bacillus, E. coli and Aspergillus were frequently isolated. When considering the high contamination rate of soft contact lens cases in MPS care systems more effective and hygienical lens care system is important, especially frequent and regular disposal of lens cases may prove to prevent the build-up of microbial colonisation in containers.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2002

Combined with deposition model onto the ground of radionuclides, the influence of radioactive contamination to agricultural products was analyzed due to wet deposition as well as dry deposition from radioactive air concentration during a nuclear emergency. The previous dynamic food chain model, in which initial input parameter is only radionuclide concentrations on the ground, was improved for the evaluating of radioactive contamination to agricultural products from either radionuclide concentrations in air or radionuclide concentrations on the ground. As the results, in case of deposition onto the ground, wet deposition was more dominant process than thy deposition. While the contamination levels of agricultural products were dependent on the a variety of factors such as radionuclides and rainfall rate. It means that the contamination levels of agricultural products are determined from which is more dominant process between deposition on the ground and interception onto agricultural plants.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 2001

Song stream is located in the upstream of the Namhan River. Normal times, the stream flows down to the east sea through the drainage pipe but at rainy season, it flows to the Namhan River. There are large stock farm, leisure town and cultivated land in this basin. The pollutants from these contamination source cause eutrophication at lake Doam and deterioration of water quality in namdai stream. In this case, this study was carried out to evaluate water quality and environmental capacity as well as economical efficiency of each industry. The basin shape factor of subject stream was 0.315, slope is higher than usual basin. The BOD, T-N and T-P productive contamination loading from each contamination source was 2,690, 974 and 194 kg/day, respectively, and major contamination source was stock farm and cultivated land. Annual BOD, T-N, T-P distribution(median value) of Song stream showed 1.0~2.2 mg/L, 3.16~5.85 mg/L and 0.024~0.197 mg/L Doam lake showed 1.1~1.9, 2.51~3.89 and 0.042~0.114 mg/L, respectively. Being compared of water quality at main stream between past and present, it showed that the water quality has improved since last five years. BOD improvement rate was 8~50%. Run off loading of BOD, T-N, T-P was 366, 1129, 17.2 kg/day, and run off rate was 13.6%, 86.2%, 11.3% respectively. Finally, the result of productivity survey of each industry, leisure town, cultivated land and large stock farm was 118, 46, 50 billion won, per T-P 1kg productive, and productivity portion was 100, 39, 42% respectively, and the highest economical efficiency industry was leisure facilities.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate the bacterial contamination of Ice Tea sold on the l street in Seoul area. For this, study 81 samples were collected on the street from July to September, 1985 and were examined on the following items. 1. Degree of bacterial contamination. 2. The relation of the occurrence of fecal coliform and salmonella. 3. The change of bacterial contamination in Ice Tea against temperature. As the results of this study, the following conclusion were obtained. 1. The mean count of total viable bacteria by standard plate count was $6.5{\times}10^3$/ml, the mean count of total coliform and fecal coliform by MPN method were $3.4{\times}10^2$/100ml, 5.5/100ml and those of fecal streptococci was $3.2{\times}10^2$/100ml. 2. The mean count of Staphylococcus aureus was 10.5/ml, the isolated rate of salmonella was 7.41%. 3. In relation to the occurrence of fecal colfform and salmonella, salmonella isolated that for values above $10^2$ fecal coliform 100ml. 4. In the change of bacterial contamination in Ice Tea against temperature, the number of total coliform and fecal coliform increased at $25{\circ}$C, decreased at $4{\circ}$C, but fecal streptococci increased at $25{\circ}$C and $4{\circ}$C.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.43 no.2 s.134
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• pp.47-50
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• 2005

A survey was carried out from August to December 2004 in Pusan, Korea to document the presence of free-living amoeba (FLA), including the genus Acanthamoeba, in both contact lens storage cases and domestic tap water. Acanthamoeba was isolated from $5(4.2\%)$ in 120 contact lens storage cases. Four house tap water samples from residents, whose contact lens storage cases had been contaminated by Acanthamoeba, were also found to be contaminated with Acanthamoeba. Therefore, the contamination rate of FLA and Acanthamoeba in domestic tap water was investigated in order to examine the role of domestic tap water in Acanthamoeba contamination of contact lens storage cases. FLA and Acanthamoeba were identified in $97(46.8\%)\;and\;16(7.7\%)$ of the 207 domestic tap water samples, respectively. There were no significant differences between the contamination rates of FLA in tap water according to the filtration plant of origin. No FLA was detected in the tap water directly supplied by the water purification plants. Water storage tanks appear to promote FLA colonization, including Acanthamoeba, in domestic tap water. This increases the risk of Acanthamoeba contamination in contact lens storage cases as well as increasing the risk of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.233-238
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to determine microbiological contamination of fresh-red pepper and packaged-red pepper powder commercially available in South Korea. Thirty-seven fresh-red peppers were collected from 5 farms and 31 packaged-red pepper powders were purchased from retail markets in South Korea. Foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), total viable counts, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, yeast and mold, and Aspergillus flavus were determined. Detection percentage of contamination of Bacillus cereus in fresh-red pepper was 8.1%, which was lower than the 39% of detection rate in packaged-red pepper powder. The contamination level of Bacillus cereus was 1～3 log CFU/g in packaged-red pepper powder. Escherichia coli was detected in 5.4% of fresh-red pepper samples and was not detected in packaged-red pepper powder. Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms were detected in both of fresh-red pepper and packaged-red pepper powders. Foodborne pathogens, except Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli, were not detected.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.60-73
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• 2000

The purpose of the study was to analyze the feasibility of the alluvial deposit deposited on upper terrace in Han River as a substitute for conventional plant soil. For this purpose, the soil characteristics were analyzed, and germination and growth rate of pansy and marigold for 75 days were investigated. Soil contamination level of all the samples, except mineral oil, was analysed under the legal contamination level, while some mineral oil was detected in almost samples at 2.0~32mg/kg. The measures of the soil texture (sandy loam or loam), organic matter (2.5~5.5%), available phosphate (22~98mg/kg), exchangeable cation of K (0.5~1.1cmol/kg), Ca (0.9~9.6cmol/kg), Mg (0.1~0.7cmol/kg), Na (0.7~3.1cmol/kg), CEC (3.1~24.3cmol/kg) were identified as not worse than those of conventional planting soil. But the pH (5.1~5.3) was detected slightly lower than the range (5.5~6.9) of average domestic field soil. The germination rate of pansy in alluvial deposit was lower than that of fertile field or paddy field soil, while the growth rate of pansy for 75 days in alluvial deposit was as good as that of the compared fertile soils. But the germination rate and growth rate of marigold in alluvial deposit were much poorer than those of marigold in compared fertile soils. Consequently, the feasibility of alluvial deposit as a substitute for planting soil was evaluated to be high.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2000

Recently it was reported that the life of Al Sacrifical anode is being used in port piers has been significantly shortened compared with the original design life (e.g. average life shortened from 20 years to 13-15 year) Those factors involving these problems mentioned above were seemed to be a quality of anode material and diverse environmental factors such as pH flow rate temperature Dissolved oxygen Chemical oxygen demand and resistivity etcm In this study flow rate and contamination degree(pH) of sea water affecting to sacrificial anode life hve been investigated in terms of electrochemical characteristics of Al alloy sacrificial anode It was known that the lifetime of Al alloy anode was shortened not only by increasing of self-corrosion quantity by varying flow rate of sea water but also by increasing corrosion current density due to the potential difference increment between Al anode and steel structure cathode by varying contamination degree of sea water. Especially when anode current density is from 1mA/cm2 to 3mA/cm2 and flow rate of sea water is under 2m/s anode current efficiency is 90% above However flow rate is over 2m/s anode current efficiency fell down sharply due to erosion corrosion as well as galvanic corrosion.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.146-155
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• 2016

As the probability of exposure to radiation increases due to an increase in the use of radioisotopes and radiation generators, the importance of a radiation safety management field is being highlighted. We intend to help radiation workers with exposure management by identifying the degree of radiation exposure and contamination to determine an efficient method of radiation safety management. The personal exposure doses of the radiation workers at the Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences measured every quarter during a five-year period from Jan. 1, 2011 till Dec. 31, 2015 were analyzed using a TLD (thermoluminescence dosimeter). The spatial dose rates of radiation-controlled areas were measured using a portable radioscope, and the level of surface contamination was measured at weekly intervals using a piece of smear paper and a low background alpha/beta counter. Though the averages of the depth doses and the surface doses in 2012 increased from those in 2011 by about 14%, the averages were shown to have decreased every year after that. The exposure dose of 27 mSv in 2012 increased from that in 2011 in radiopharmaceutical laboratories and, in the case of the spatial dose rate, the rate of decrease in 2012 was shown to be similar to the annual trend of the whole institute. In the case of the surface contamination level, as the remaining radiation-controlled area with the exception of the I-131 treatment ward showed a low value less than $1.0kBq/m^2$, the annual trend of the I-131 treatment ward was shown to be similar to that of the entire institute. In conclusion, continuous attention should be paid to dose monitoring of the radiation-controlled areas where unsealed sources are handled and the workers therein.