• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

Recently, ex-situ remediation technologies has been emerging to clean up contaminated soils mainly because the in-situ techniques have limited applicability and technical difficulties in relatively small contaminated sites. Accordingly, implementation of off-site treatment and disposal have been continuously increased in soil remediation and restoration projects in Korea. However, in many cases, reclaimed soil is still not properly recycled or reused. Therefore, there is an urgent need to document the current status of soil management practices in soil remediation projects in the nation. This study presents a survey of soil contamination status and remedial approaches in Korea based on soil cleanup projects completed in 2015 - 2019, and proposes the possible options of the recycling or reusing the reclaimed soils under compliance with related regulations. The results of the soil survey showed soil contamination was most severe in gas stations, industrial facilities, and military areas. The major types of pollution were related to the petroleum-contaminated site (TPH and BTEX) with 77.0% occurrence in all the contaminated sites. The reclaimed soils were mostly reused as a ground filling-up soils in industrial facilities (60.0%) and warehouses (37.0%).

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2020

About 90% of groundwater wells in Jeju Island are reported to be under the threat of contamination by infiltration of the surface pollutants. Most of those wells have improperly grouted annulus which is an empty space between the well and the inner casing. As a remedy to this problem, some of the wells were re-grouted by filling the annulus with cement without lifting an inner casing. In order to evaluate whether this method is appropriate for the geological structure of Jeju Island, two wells (W1 and W2) were selected and this method was applied. The water holding capacity did not decrease while the nitrate levels decreased from 16.8 and 20.2 to 6.8 and 13.8 mg/L in W1 and W2, respectively. The higher nitrate level in W2 is deemed to be influenced by the livestock farms located in the upper area of the well. In addition, transmissivity of the vedose zone was higher in W2 than W1, potentially facilitating the transport of nitrate to the groundwater. The overall result of this study suggests re-grouting of wells for the purpose of protecting water quality of goundwater should take into account geological structure of vadose zone as well as appropriate source control of the contaminants.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.176-193
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• 2007

The ability to measure groundwater contaminant flux is increasingly being recognized as crucial in order to prioritize contaminated site cleanups, estimate the efficiency of remediation technologies, measure rates of natural attenuation, and apply proper source terms to model groundwater contaminant transport. Recently, a number of methods have been developed and subsequently applied to measure contaminant mass flux in groundwater in the field. Flux measurement methods can be categorized as either point methods or integral methods. As the name suggests, point methods measure flux at a specific point or points in the subsurface. To increase confidence in the accuracy of the measurement, it is necessary to increase the number of points (and therefore, the cost) of the sampling network. Integral methods avoid this disadvantage by using pumping wells to interrogate large volumes of the subsurface. Unfortunately, integral methods are expensive because they require that large volumes of contaminated water be extracted and managed. Recent work has investigated the development of an integral method that does not require extraction of contaminated water from the subsurface. We begin with a review of the significance and importance of measuring groundwater contaminant mass flux. We then review groundwater contaminant flux measurement methods that are either currently in use or under development. Finally, we conclude with a qualitative comparison of the various flux measurement methods.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.105-121
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• 1995

지하수의 질산오염 문제는 한국을 포함한 세계의 여러나라에서 보고되어 왔다. 질산염은 청색증 유발물질로서 뿐만 아니라 발암물질일 가능성도 동물실험을 통해 제기되고 있다. 대부분의 경우에 지하수 질산염의 주요 오염원은 농작물 생산량의 향상을 위해 사용하는 비료이다. 그밖에 가축의 분뇨, 산업폐기물 및 생활하수도 지역에 띠라 질산염 오염원이 될 시기는 언제인가를 결정하기 위하여 의사결정권자는 여러가지의 작물경작방법에 따라 지하수 질산오염이 어떻게 변하는지를 시계열로 예측할 필요성이 있다. 그러나 직물경작방법에 따른 지하수 질산오염을 예측하는데 필요한 토질특성, 비료의 사용량, 작물의 종류 같은 자료의 대부분은 불확실성을 내포하고 있다. 이러한 불확실성은 경제성 때문에 자료의 불충분한 조사와 인간지식의 부족으로 인해 발생한다. 본 논문에서는 불확실성을 고려하면서 작물경작방법에 따른 지하수 질산오염의 변화를 예측하는 방법을 실제적인 사례를 통해 보여준다. 그리고 자료의 불확실성을 표현하기 위해 퍼지집합이론(fuzzy set theory)은 본 논문에서 응용되었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.44-52
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• 2007

다공질매체를 통한 미세 입자의 이동은 고함수비 오염준설토의 탈수 및 오염물질의 제거와 같은 지반의 안정화 처리 및 토양의 정화에 있어서 중요한 메커니즘이 되고 있다. 일반적으로 음전하를 갖는 미세 입자들은 동전기영동의 영향으로 양극(+)방향으로 이동하게 된다. 그러나 중금속과 같은 양전하를 띈 오염물질로 흡착된 미세 입자의 경우 중금속의 종류 및 오염도에 따라 동전기영동에 의한 움직임은 제약을 받을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 자연상태의 미세토립자의 침강거동 및 직류전류의 영향 하에서 발생되는 동전기영동에 의한 침강 거동에 대하여 조사하였다.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.39-67
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• 2005

토양오염에 관련된 토양환경보전법의 주요 용어인 토양, 토양오염, 토양오염부지, 정화에 대해 미국, 영국, 네덜란드, 독일, 덴마크의 주요 법에서 나타난 용어와 비교 분석하였다. 토양오염에 관련된 주요 용어의 정의는 국가별로 내용과 수준이 다르다. 이는 각국에서의 토양오염이 실태가 다르고 또한 사회적 문제에서 이들이 차지하는 비중이 동일하지 않으며, 국가별로 토양오염을 방지하고 토양오염의 위해성을 저감하기 위한 이들 국가들의 법과 사회의 발전 배경, 추구하는 토양환경보전정책의 목표와 접근방법이 같지 아니하기 때문일 것이다. 우리나라의 실정과 외국의 관련법, 이들 법의 마련 배경 등을 종합적으로 고려할 때, 토양환경보전법에서 다루는 토양의 정의는 신설되어야 할 것이고, 토양의 정의에는 토양화 과정을 거쳐 생성된 자연적인 지표층을 포함하고 지하수와 하수층을 제외하는 토양의 범위가 제시되는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 토양오염의 정의에는 위해성 평가의 개념(토양오염물질, 경로, 수용체), 토지 이용, 경제적 개념, 토양오염의 인정한계가 포함되어야 할 것이다. 토양오염의 발생주체에 따라 대상 부지의 토양오염여부가 결정될 수 있는 토양환경보전법 제2조 제1호는 대상 부지의 위해성에 의해서 토양오염여부가 결정되는 내용으로 변경해야 할 것이다. 토양오염부지의 정의는 i) 토양오염물질 등을 포함한 토양오염, ii) 위해성에 근거한 토양오염부지의 설정, iii) 토지 이용, iv) 토양오염부지 설정의 한계에 관한 개념을 적절하게 혼합하여 마련할 수 있을 것이다. 토양오염지역 정화의 정의에는 정화의 목표, 목적, 행위, 방법과 범위, 정화의 한계가 포함되어야 할 것이다. 금번 연구에서 제안하고 있는 용어의 정의는 우리 나라 토양오염지역의 조사, 복원, 해제에 관한 법, 제도의 효율성을 제고할 것이다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2010

Oil contamination soil has been one of the most environmental social issues for decades in the inside and outside of country. The law of soil environmental preservation was carried out in the 1990s and the government controlled not only soil environment management and the remediation of contaminated soil but also promoted the development of remedial technology and cleanup business of contaminated soil by national policy. In addition to agriculture areas, the main oil contaminated sites are a gas station, oil reservoir, petro-chemical complex, site of railway carriage base and military camp. The contamination-frequency of agriculture area and effect sites are low but it has significantly important area on account of producing food for human beings. Therefore, we should be concerned about oil contamination damage of agriculture area. The oil contamination damage of agriculture area influenced drop of birth and breeding since the oil directly adheres to seeds and farm products even diffusion of contaminated soil to cultivation area. The studies of the crops and the food vegetation has not enough detailed data caused by the incident of oil contamination. This study investigated the effect of oil in germination and growth of selected plant seeds. In this study, we try to verify whether the oil contamination by accidents on farmland influenced the damage of farm produce and the mutual relation both oil contaminated soil or the vegetation of crops. The impact of oil on plant development was followed by phytotoxicity assessments. The plants exhibited visual symptoms of stress, growth reduction and perturbations in developmental parameters. The increase of the degree of pollution induced more marked effects in plants, likely because of the physical effects of oil. The relationships between the phytotoxicity contents of plants and growth reduction suggest a chemical toxicity of fuel oil. In addition, while cleaned up the contaminated soil under the standard of contaminated soil we examined it was suitable for region standard and it may have practical possibility for fill material of construction of afforestation and molding soil of landfill.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.45-69
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• 2014

The groundwater has been a major source of water supply throughout the ages. Around 50% of the rural as well as urban population in the developing countries like India depends on groundwater for drinking. The groundwater is also an important source in the agriculture and industrial sector. In many parts of the world, groundwater resources are under increasing threat from growing demands, wasteful use and contamination. A good planning and management practices are needed to face this challenge. A key to the management of groundwater is the ability to model the movement of fluids and contaminants in the subsurface environment. It is obvious that the contaminant source activities cannot be completely eliminated and perhaps our water bodies will continue to serve as receptors of vast quantities of waste. In such a scenario, the goal of water quality protection efforts must necessarily be the control and management of these sources to ensure that released pollutants will be sufficiently attenuated within the region of interest and the quality of water at points of withdrawal is not impaired. In order to understand the behaviour of contaminant transport through different types of media, several researchers are carrying out experimental investigations through laboratory and field studies. Many of them are working on the analytical and numerical studies to simulate the movement of contaminants in soil and groundwater of the contaminant transport. With the advent of high power computers especially, a numerical modelling has gained popularity and is indeed of particular relevance in this regard. This paper provides the state of the art of contaminant transport and reviews the allied research works carried out through experimental investigation or using the analytical solution and numerical method. The review involves the investigation in respect of both, saturated and unsaturated, porous media.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.3-10
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• 2003

Soil and groundwater contamination by petroleum hydrocarbon products is only one of many environmental problems in Korea. However, many environmental consulting companies have been targeted their business on this subject because the petroleum-oil-lubricant (POL) products have been widely used product and accidental releases of the products from storages resulted numerous small and large contaminated sites throughout Korea. Therefore, many small and large companies are actively participating in environmental assessment and remediation projects for the POL contaminated sites. Remedial technologies for the POL contaminated sites have been developed for many years by government and private institutions throughout the world. Development of a new decontamination technology for the POL contaminated sites is no longer attractive issue in research community because scientific bases of most cost-effective remedial technologies are well understood and have been used in the field by commercial sector. Numerous sites contaminated by underground tanks at gas stations have been remediated by relatively small companies in this country. We should appreciate their noticeable contributions as a frontier under very difficult market environment in Korea. We heard many successful stories as well as a few failure stories. Soil-groundwater remediation of POL contaminated site is not a simple task as shown in the text books or protocols. Therefore, failure risk is always with us, which requires continuous efforts for improvement of the technologies by the users and developers. In this presentation, author will discuss technical problems encountered and improvement made during implementation of several remedial technologies applied by Samsung Environmental Team. This is not a presentation about research or case study. We want to share our thought and experience with environmental engineers actively engaged in soil and groundwater remediation projects in Korea.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 임시총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.207-210
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• 2004

Effect of electron accepters on anaerobic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by an anaerobic sludge taken from a sludge digestion tank in a soil artificially contaminated with 10,000 mg/kg soil of diesel fuel was tested. Treatments of soil with 30 mL of the digestion sludge (2,000 mg/L of vss (volatile suspended solids)) were incubated under several anaerobic conditions including nitrate reducing, sulfate reducing, methanogenic, and mixed electron accepters conditions for 120 days. Treatments with the digested sludge showed significant degradation of diesel fuel under all anaerobic conditions compare to control treatments with an autoclaved sludge and without the sludge. The amount of TPH degradation after 120days incubation was the largest in the treatment with the sludge and mixed electron accepters (75% removal of TPH) followed in order by sulfate reducing, nitrate reducing, methanegenic condition as 67%, 53％, 43%, respectively. However, the rate of TPH degradation in the nitrate- and sulfate reducing condition within 105 days were comparable with that of the mixed electron accepters condition. Microorganisms in each electron acceptor condition were plated on solid mediums containing nitrate or sulfate as sole electron acceptor and several nitrate- and sulfate reducing bacteria showed effective degradation of diesel fuel within 30 days incubations. These results suggest that anaerobic degradation of diesel fuel in soil with digested sludge is effective for practical remediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.