• 한국농공학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.3361-3394
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• 1974

The purpose of this thesis is to disclose some characteristics of water consumption in relation to the quantities of dry matters through the growing period for two statured varieties of paddy rice which are a tall statured variety and a short one, including the water consumption during seedling period, and to find out the various coefficients of evapotranspiration that are applicable for the water use of an expected yield of the two varieties. PAL-TAL, a tall statured variety, and TONG-lL, a short statured variety were chosen for this investigation. Experiments were performed in two consecutive periods, a seedling period and a paddy field period, In the investigation of seedling period, rectangular galvanized iron evapotranspirometers (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$65cm) were set up in a way of two levels (PAL-TAL and TONG-lL varieties) with two replications. A standard fertilization method was applied to all plots. In the experiment of paddy field period, evapotanspiration and evaporation were measured separately. For PAL-TAL variety, the evapotranspiration measurements of 43 plots of rectangular galvanized iron evapotranspirometer (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$65cm) and the evaporation measurements of 25 plots of rectangular galvanized iron evaporimeter (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$15cm) have been taken for seven years (1966 through 1972), and for TONG-IL variety, the evapotranspiration measurements of 19 plots and the evaporation measurements of 12 plots have been collected for two years (1971 through 1972) with five different fertilization levels. The results obtained from this investigation are summarized as follows: 1. Seedling period 1) The pan evaporation and evapotranspiration during seedling period were proved to have a highly significant correlation to solar radiation, sun shine hours and relative humidity. But they had no significant correlation to average temperature, wind velocity and atmospheric pressure, and were appeared to be negatively correlative to average temperature and wind velocity, and positively correlative to the atmospheric pressure, in a certain period. There was the highest significant correlation between the evapotranspiration and the pan evaporation, beyond all other meteorological factors considered. 2) The evapotranpiration and its coefficient for PAL-TAL variety were 194.5mm and 0.94∼1.21(1.05 in average) respectively, while those for TONG-lL variety were 182.8mm and 0.90∼1.10(0.99 in average) respectively. This indicates that the evapotranspiration for TONG-IL variety was 6.2% less than that for PAL-TAL variety during a seedling period. 3) The evapotranspiration ratio (the ratio of the evapotranspiration to the weight of dry matters) during the seedling period was 599 in average for PAL-TAL variety and 643 for TONG-IL variety. Therefore the ratio for TONG-IL was larger by 44 than that for PAL-TAL variety. 4) The K-values of Blaney and Criddle formula for PAL-TAL variety were 0.78∼1.06 (0.92 in average) and for TONG-lL variety 0.75∼0.97 (0.86 in average). 5) The evapotranspiration coefficient and the K-value of B1aney and Criddle formular for both PAL-TAL and TONG-lL varieties showed a tendency to be increasing, but the evapotranspiration ratio decreasing, with the increase in the weight of dry matters. 2. Paddy field period 1) Correlation between the pan evaporation and the meteorological factors and that between the evapotranspiration and the meteorological factors during paddy field period were almost same as that in case of the seedling period (Ref. to table IV-4 and table IV-5). 2) The plant height, in the same level of the weight of dry matters, for PAL-TAL variety was much larger than that for TONG-IL variety, and also the number of tillers per hill for PAL-TAL variety showed a trend to be larger than that for TONG-IL variety from about 40 days after transplanting. 3) Although there was a tendency that peak of leaf-area-index for TONG-IL variety was a little retarded than that for PAL-TAL variety, it appeared about 60∼80 days after transplanting. The peaks of the evapotranspiration coefficient and the weight of dry matters at each growth stage were overlapped at about the same time and especially in the later stage of growth, the leaf-area-index, the evapotranspiration coefficient and the weight of dry matters for TONG-IL variety showed a tendency to be larger then those for PAL-TAL variety. 4) The evaporation coefficient at each growth stage for TONG-IL and PAL-TALvarieties was decreased and increased with the increase and decrease in the leaf-area-index, and the evaporation coefficient of TONG-IL variety had a little larger value than that of PAL-TAL variety. 5) Meteorological factors (especially pan evaporation) had a considerable influence to the evapotranspiration, the evaporation and the transpiration. Under the same meteorological conditions, the evapotranspiration (ET) showed a increasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x), while the evaporation (EV) a decreasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters; 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ET=al+bl logl0x (bl>0) EV=a2+b2 log10x (a2>0 b2<0) At the base of the weight of total dry matters, the evapotranspiration and the evaporation for TONG-IL variety were larger as much as 0.3∼2.5% and 7.5∼8.3% respectively than those of PAL-TAL variety, while the transpiration for PAL-TAL variety was larger as much as 1.9∼2.4% than that for TONG-IL variety on the contrary. At the base of the weight of rough rices the evapotranspiration and the transpiration for TONG-IL variety were less as much as 3.5% and 8.l∼16.9% respectively than those for PAL-TAL variety and the evaporation for TONG-IL was much larger by 11.6∼14.8% than that for PAL-TAL variety. 6) The evapotranspiration coefficient, the evaporation coefficient and the transpiration coefficient and the transpiration coefficient were affected by the weight of dry matters much more than by the meteorological conditions. The evapotranspiratioa coefficient (ETC) and the evaporation coefficient (EVC) can be related to the weight of dry matters (x) by the following equations: 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ETC=a3+b3 logl0x (b3>0) EVC=a4+b4 log10x (a4>0, b4>0) At the base of the weights of dry matters, 800kg/10a∼2000kg/10a, the evapotranspiration coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.968∼1.474 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.939∼1.470, the evaporation coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.504∼0.331 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.469∼0.308, and the transpiration coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.464∼1.143 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.470∼1.162. 7) The evapotranspiration ratio, the evaporation ratio (the ratio of the evaporation to the weight of dry matters) and the transpiration ratio were highly affected by the meteorological conditions. And under the same meteorological condition, both the evapotranspiration ratio (ETR) and the evaporation ratio (EVR) showed to be a decreasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x) as follows: 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ETR=a5+b5 logl0x (a5>0, b5<0) EVR=a6+b6 log10x (a6>0 b6<0) In comparison between TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties, at the base of the pan evaporation of 343mm and the weight of dry matters of 800∼2000kg/10a, the evapotranspiration ratios for TONG-IL variety were 413∼247, while those for PAL-TAL variety, 404∼250, the evaporation ratios for TONG-IL variety were 197∼38 while those for PAL-TAL variety, 182∼34, and the transpiration ratios for TONG-IL variety were 216∼209 while those for PAL-TAL variety, 222∼216 (Ref. to table IV-23, table IV-25 and table IV-26) 8) The accumulative values of evapotranspiration intensity and transpiration intensity for both PAL-TAL and TONG-IL varieties were almost constant in every climatic year without the affection of the weight of dry matters. Furthermore the evapotranspiration intensity appeared to have more stable at each growth stage. The peaks of the evapotranspiration intensity and transpiration intensity, for both TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties, appeared about 60∼70 days after transplanting, and the peak value of the former was 128.8${\pm}$0.7, for TONG-IL variety while that for PAL-TAL variety, 122.8${\pm}$0.3, and the peak value of the latter was 152.2${\pm}$1.0 for TONG-IL variety while that for PAL-TAL variety, 152.7${\pm}$1.9 (Ref.to table IV-27 and table IV-28) 9) The K-value in Blaney & Criddle formula was changed considerably by the meteorological condition (pan evaporation) and related to be a increasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x) for both PAL-TAL and TONG-L varieties as follows; 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, K=a7+b7 logl0x (b7>0) The K-value for TONG-IL variety was a little larger than that for PAL-TAL variety. 10) The peak values of the evapotranspiration coefficient and k-value at each growth stage for both TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties showed up about 60∼70 days after transplanting. The peak values of the former at the base of the weights of total dry matters, 800∼2000kg/10a, were 1.14∼1.82 for TONG-IL variety and 1.12∼1.80, for PAL-TAL variety, and at the base of the weights of rough rices, 400∼1000 kg/10a, were 1.11∼1.79 for TONG-IL variety and 1.17∼1.85 for PAL-TAL variety. The peak values of the latter, at the base of the weights of total dry matters, 800∼2000kg/10a, were 0.83∼1.39 for TONG-IL variety and 0.86∼1.36 for PAL-TAL variety and at the base of the weights of rough rices, 400∼1000kg/10a, 0.85∼1.38 for TONG-IL variety and 0.87∼1.40 for PAL-TAL variety (Ref. to table IV-18 and table IV-32) 11) The reasonable and practicable methods that are applicable for calculating the evapotranspiration of paddy rice in our country are to be followed the following priority a) Using the evapotranspiration coefficients based on an expected yield (Ref. to table IV-13 and table IV-18 or Fig. IV-13). b) Making use of the combination method of seasonal evapotranspiration coefficient and evapotranspiration intensity (Ref. to table IV-13 and table IV-27) c) Adopting the combination method of evapotranspiration ratio and evapotranspiration intensity, under the conditions of paddy field having a higher level of expected yield (Ref. to table IV-23 and table IV-27). d) Applying the k-values calculated by Blaney-Criddle formula. only within the limits of the drought year having the pan evaporation of about 450mm during paddy field period as the design year (Ref. to table IV-32 or Fig. IV-22).

• 지능정보연구
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.77-110
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• 2017

최근 인터넷 기반의 웹 및 모바일 기기를 통한 소비 패턴의 다양화와 개성화가 급진전됨에 따라 전통적 유통채널인 오프라인 매장의 효율적 운영이 더욱 중요해졌다. 매장의 매출과 수익 모두를 제고하기 위해 매장은 소비자에게 가장 매력적인 상품을 적시에 공급-판매 해야 하는데 많은 상품들 중에서 어떤 SKU를 취급하는 것이 판매 확률을 높이고 재고 비용을 낮출 수 있는지에 대한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 특히, 여러 지역에 걸쳐 다수의 오프라인 매장을 통해 상품을 판매하는 기업의 경우 고객에게 매력적인 적절한 SKU를 추천 받아 취급할 수 있다면 매장의 매출 및 수익률 제고에 도움이 될 것이다. 본 연구에서는 개인화 추천에 이용되어 왔던 협업 필터링과 하이브리드 필터링 등의 추천 시스템(Recommender System)을 국가별, 지역별로 복수의 판매 매장을 통해 동종 브랜드를 취급하는 유통 기업의 매장 단위 취급 SKU 추천 방식을 제안하였다. 각 매장의 취급 품목별 구매 데이터를 활용하여 각 매장 별 유사성(Similarity)을 계산하고 각 매장의 SKU별 판매 이력에 따라 협업 필터링을 하여 최종적으로 매장에 개별 SKU를 추천하였다. 또한 매장 프로파일 데이터를 활용하여 주변수 분석 (PCA : Principal Component Analysis) 및 군집 분석(Clustering)을 통하여 매장을 4개의 군집으로 분류한 뒤 각 군집 내에서 협업 필터링을 적용한 하이브리드 필터링 방식으로 추천 시스템을 구현하고 실제 판매 데이터를 바탕으로 두 방식의 성능을 측정하였다. 현존하는 대부분의 추천 시스템은 사용자에게 영화, 음악 등의 아이템을 추천하는 방식으로 연구가 진행되어 왔고 실제로 산업계에서의 적용 또한 개인화 추천 시스템이 주류를 이루고 있다. 그 동안 개인화 서비스 영역에서 주로 다루어져 왔던 이러한 추천 시스템을 동종 브랜드를 취급하는 유통 기업의 매장 단위에 적용하여 각 매장의 취급 SKU를 추천하는 방식에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않고 있는 실정이다. 기존 추천 방법론의 추천 적용 대상이 '개인의 영역이었다면 본 연구에서는 국가별, 지역별로 복수의 판매 매장을 통해 개인의 영역을 넘어 매장의 영역으로 확대하여 동종 브랜드를 취급하는 유통 기업의 매장 단위 취급 SKU 추천 방식을 제안하고 있다. 또한 기존의 추천시스템은 온라인에 한정되었다면 이를 오프라인으로 활용 범위를 넓히고, 기존 개인을 기반으로 분석을 하는 것보다 매장영역으로 확대 적용하기에 적합한 알고리즘을 개발하기 위해 데이터마이닝 기법을 적용하여 추천 방법을 제안한다. 본 연구의 결과가 갖는 의의는 개인화 추천 알고리즘을 동일 브랜드를 취급하는 복수의 판매 매장에 적용하여 의미 있는 결과를 도출하고 실제 기업을 대상으로 시스템으로 구축하여 활용할 수 있는 구체적 방법론을 제시했다는 데에 있다. 개인화 영역을 위주로 이루어졌던 기존의 추천 시스템과 관련한 학계의 연구 영역을 동종 브랜드를 취급하는 기업의 판매 매장으로 확장시킨 첫 시도라는 데에도 의미가 있다. 2014년 03주차 ~ 05주차 전(全) 매장 판매 수량 실적 Top 100개 SKU로 추천의 대상을 한정하여 협업 필터링과 하이브리드 필터링 방식으로 52개 매장 별로 취급 SKU를 추천하고, 추천 받은 SKU에 대한 2014년 06주차 매장별 판매 실적을 집계하여 두 추천 방식의 성과를 비교하였다. 두 추천 방식을 비교한 이유는 본 연구의 추천 방법이 기존 추천 방식 보다 높은 성과를 입증하기 위해 단순히 오프라인에 협업필터링을 적용한 것을 기준 모델로 정의하였다. 이 기준 모델에 오프라인 매장 관점의 특성을 잘 반영한 본 연구 모델인 하이브리드 필터링 방법과 비교 함으로써 성과를 입증한다. 연구에서 제안한 방식은 기존 추천 방식보다 높은 성과를 나타냈으며, 이는 국내 대기업 의류업체의 실제 판매데이터를 활용하여 입증하였다. 본 연구는 개인 수준의 추천시스템을 그룹수준으로 확장하여 효율적으로 접근하는 방법을 이론적인 프레임 워크를 만들었을 뿐 아니라 실제 데이터를 기반으로 분석하여 봄으로써 실제 기업들이 적용해 볼 수 있다는 점에서 연구의 가치가 크다.