• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.165-175
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to classify the household financial strategies and investigate major determinants of the household financial strategies and financial performance. The data of 3,994 households is from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Stud?. The major findings were as follows. (1) The classified household financial strategies types were Residual ($44.6\%$), Informal Institutional ($13.3\%$), Financial Assets ($16.7\%$), Real Estate ($13.4\%$), and Diversified Portfolio ($12.0\%$). (2) The criteria of classification of the household financial strategies were relative, not absolute. (3) The household financial strategy types changed largely during a short period(1999-2000). (4) In all households, the variables that affected changes in household financial strategies were education, occupation, number of children, residential location and home ownership. (5) Households that employed a diversified portfolio strategy had the greatest financial performance (2,316,000 won net gain). (6) In all households, the variables that had the greatest influence on financial performance were the number of children, assets and debts. 1'he financial performance was significantly different according to changes in the household financial strategy.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1-26
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• 2014

This study analyzes the effects of the three types of flexible work arrangements (part-time, flexitime, and reduced working hours for childcare) available in Korea on work-family conflict, facilitation, and job satisfaction for married working women ages 15-49. The study employs a panel analysis based on the first to the fourth data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women & Families (KLoWF). The major results are as follows. First, the availability of part-time jobs and reduced working hours to facilitate childcare is significantly related to work-family conflict for married women. If a married woman is employed in a part-time position or if reduced working hours for childcare are available, the conflict within the family caused by the job is reduced. Second, none of the three types of flexible work arrangements have a statistically significant influence on work-family facilitation for married women. Third, the availability of reduced working hours for childcare has a positive effect on the job satisfaction of married women. In conclusion, flexible working hours for women who are raising children are the main factor in reducing the negative effect of a job on a woman's family life as they contribute to work and family compatibility.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.777-784
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• 2021

This study explores the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown policies that are used to tackle the pandemic on stock market returns in Indonesia. This study uses fixed-effects panel-data regression method to evaluate the impact of the growth in COVID-19 total confirmed cases and death as well as the lockdown policies on daily stock returns of 272 firms that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange's main board and operate in the real sector from 2 March 2020 to 27 November 2020. The study confirms the significantly adverse impact of growth in the total of confirmed cases and death due to COVID-19 on Indonesia's daily stock returns. Moreover, the lockdown policies regardless how strict they are, have a positive and significant impact on the Indonesia's daily stock returns. This study further considers the different impact of COVID-19 pandemic on each of eight observed sectors; where the sector of property as well as trade, service and investment have a significantly negative performance; while the sector of basic industry, consumer goods and mining have a significantly better performance. This study suggests that COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown policies have a mixed impact on the Indonesia's stock market returns.

• 급식외식위생학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.78-83
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• 2021

According to the report of the Korea Agro-Fisheries and Food Trade Corporation (2019), the size of the HMR food market in 2019 exceeded 4 trillion won. On the other hand, the consumption of agricultural products continued to decrease. As reported by Woo (2020) who analyzed consumer panel survey data, when the 2010 agricultural product purchase index was 100, the crop purchase index in 2019 was 72 and the vegetable and special crop purchase index was 69. Therefore, the Rural Development Administration promoted the research projects to develop the technologies for producing stably raw materials of HMR and for optimizing local foods as HMR ingredients. Researches on the development of HMR using local agricultural products has been being promoted in Cheonan, Chungju, and Jeju in 2020. In the case of Jeju, it has been prepared and realized the B2B commercialization of Jeju agricultural products in connection with the convenience store ingredients supplier in the province. In the case of Cheonan, development of HMR foods like as Sundae, dumpling, sausage, and Tteokgalbi using willd chive, cherry tomatoes, shiitake mushroom, fortified perilla, and licopene fortified watermelon has been being promoted. Lastly, in the case of Chungju, a diverse HMR foods have been developed using beans, centella asatica, Japanese lady bell, apples and peaches such as blended juices, frozen boiled rice, and tofu kit. In the future, in connection with the regional specialized crop cultivation project promoted by the Rural Development Administration, we intend to support the convergence commercialization of R&D technology based on regional characteristics.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.1-28
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• 2020

With the development of information and communication technology and spread of smart devices, online information exchange has become a daily routine. Accordingly, the management and utilization of online word of mouth (WOM) has become an important issue for companies. Numerous studies have examined the impact of online WOM on firm performance. This study analyzes the impact of negative word of mouth (NWOM) on firm value, considering the influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activity and research and development (R&D) investment. Using a hierarchical linear model, we find that 1) NWOM has a negative impact on firm value, 2) CSR activities do not significantly influence this impact, and 3) R&D investment reduces this negative impact. This study contributes by demonstrating the effect of NWOM on firm value, examining the influence of CSR activities and R&D investment on the impact of NWOM, and confirming that the hierarchical linear model can be applied effectively to panel data in empirical studies. As a practical implication, companies must prevent and manage NWOM, whose impact, when caused by an unavoidable incident, can be alleviated by proactively announcing that the company is striving for competitiveness, for instance, by investing in R&D.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2022

The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused serious impacts not only on human health but also on the economies around the world. Enterprises play an important role in the development of every country but it is also one of the most affected sectors during the pandemic. Drawing on panel data of 131 enterprises listed on the Vietnamese stock exchange from 2016Q1 to 2021Q3, this study aims to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on firm performance. Enterprises are classified into seven industries including Agriculture, Material, Industry, Real estate and Construction, Energy, Consumer, and Service. The paper also analyzes the variation of the effects among companies, focusing on differences in revenue and capital structure. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affects business performance. In addition, the empirical findings indicate that revenue and debt decreasing can cause deterioration of firm performance during the pandemic period. The decrease in revenue has a direct impact on firm profitability. The reduction of debt levels affects the corporate leverage leading to adverse effects on firm performance. The negative effect is more pronounced for companies in some specific sectors including industry, real estate, construction, consumption, and services.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.289-302
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• 2022

This study examined the effect of private educational expenditure on adolescent depression and somatic symptoms. The sample comprised 2,589 first-grade middle-school students who completed the 2018 Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (the generalized linear model), multiple regression, and quantile regression analysis. The principal results were as follows. First, 15.15% of adolescents reported depression symptoms, and 15.57% reported somatic symptoms. Second, levels of depression were significantly different among classes with a different level of private educational expenditure. Third, depression level was significantly negatively associated with private educational expenditure, in that the higher the private educational expenditure, the lower the depression level. Fourth, the effect of private educational expenditure on adolescent depression was significant at the 70~90th quantile regression, suggesting that private educational expenditure was associated with a higher level of depression symptoms. The results indicate that private education was viewed as a consumption commodity rather than a complementary educational practice or investment in human capital. Private education as a commodity might induce the highly developed and costly private education market. In turn, there is an increased financial burden for education at one end of the social-economic continuum and depression caused by relative deprivation at the other end.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2019

Purpose - Generally, the consumer's decision-making process for restaurant selection is simple and familiar. However, online information becomes important because the decision-making process of consumers becomes complicated in new restaurants and special situations. Because consumers can search for information online, information retrieval is now possible in selecting new restaurants. In particular, consumers often make decisions based on online information when making restaurant reservations. Research design, data, and methodology - All items were measured based on previous studies. The data were collected from customers who had visited the store by visiting the web page of the food service franchise within the last 3 months for the panel of the online survey institute. The questionnaires were surveyed from July 2 to July 11, 2018 for about 10 days. A mail and a message were sent to 2,000 people, and 310 people were asked to complete the questionnaire. Total of 303 data were used in the questionnaire, excluding 7 insufficient data. Results - The findings of this study are as follows: Consensus, vividness, and neutrality have positive effects on enjoyment. Consensus have positive effect on anxiety, but vividness and neutrality did not have significant effect on anxiety. Also, enjoyment has a positive influence on intention to visit, and anxiety has a negative influence on visit intention. Conclusions - First, franchise companies online advertising in a variety of ways, but they are mixed with other customers' WOM and offered to consumers. In this case, the information provided by the company may be distorted. Therefore, a restaurant franchise company needs to operate an official online channel to provide accurate information to its customers. Second, it is necessary to make contents so that other customers can participate in online channels of food service franchise companies. Third, food service franchise company should produce enough online contents to experience indirectly even if the customer does not visit the store directly. Fourth, food service franchise company needs to prepare a way for many customers to participate in many official contents.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.287-304
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• 2022

Purpose: The size of the salad consumption market has expanded since Covid-19, and continuous growth is predicted. Therefore, by extracting influential core purchasers in the salad consumption market and analyzing their purchasing behaviors and consumer types, this study intended to provide basic data for establishing a marketing strategy. Methods: The analysis data is the purchasing data of 576 people who have purchased salads between 2016 and 2020 (panel data of the Rural Development Administration), and in the social network analysis, the centrality structure was analyzed. Results: First, in the results of analyzing the causes of the rapid increase in salad consumption in 2020, it was found that the increase in consumption of new purchasers (n=102) had little effect. The existing consumer type (n = 474), which has been the majority of the salad consumption market so far, were consumers with stable income. However, the results of study indicated that the type of consumers has expanded since low-income class as well as high-income class increased consumption of purchasing salad. Second, in the results of analyzing the types of key purchasers with great influence in the salad consumption market, there was a difference from the results of frequency analysis in age, number of family members, existence/absence of children, and income decile. This suggests that there should be a difference between the type of customers according to the apparent quantitative figure and the actual influential purchasers. Third, in the results of analyzing the salad purchasing behaviors of core purchasers, the purchasing site for existing purchasers was large-scale marts and for new purchasers it was corporate-type supermarkets. Purchases were concentrated on Saturdays for both existing and new purchasers. As for the purchased products, existing purchasers had a high preference for products made of chicken, and new purchasers had a high preference for vegetable/fruit salad. In particular, in the results of purchased products by age group, in the case of 50s and 60s, it was an interesting result that there was a difference between the products purchased by the existing and new purchasers even though they were the same age. Conclusion: When establishing a marketing strategy in the salad consumption market, it is necessary to pay attention to the purchasing behavior of key buyers.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.27-57
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• 2008

Many consumers enjoy the challenge of purchasing a brand that matches well with their own values and personalities (for example, Ko et al., 2008; Ko et al., 2006). Therefore, the personalities of consumers can impact on the final selection of a brand and its brand personality in two ways: first, the consumers may incline to purchase a brand or a product that reflects their own personalities; second, consumers tend to choose a company that has similar brand personalities to those brands that are being promoted. Therefore, the objectives of this study are following: 1. Is there any empirical relationship between a consumer's personality and the personality of a brand that he or she chooses? 2. Can a corporate brand be differentiated by the brand personality? In short, consumers are more likely to hold favorable attitudes towards those brands that match their own personality and will most probably purchase those brands matching well with their personality. For example, Matzler et al. (2006) found that extraversion and openness were positively related to hedonic product value; and that the personality traits directly (openness) and indirectly (extraversion, via hedonic value) influenced brand effects, which in turn droved attitudinal and purchase loyalty. Based on the above discussion, the following hypotheses are proposed: Hypothesis 1: the personality of a consumer is related to the brand personality of a product/corporate that he/she purchases. Kuksov (2007) and Wernerfelt (1990) argued that brands as a symbolic language allowed consumers to communicate their types to each other and postulated that consumers had a certain value of communicating their types to each other. Therefore, how brand meanings are established, and how a firm communicate with consumers about the meanings of the brand are interesting topics for research (for example, Escalas and Bettman, 2005; McCracken, 1989; Moon, 2007). Hence, the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis 2: A corporate brand identity is differentiated by the brand personality. And there are significant differences among companies. A questionnaire was developed for collecting empirical measures of the Big-Five personality traits and brand personality variables. A survey was conducted to the online access panel members through the Internet during December 2007 in Korea. In total, 500 respondents completed the questionnaire, and considered as useable. Personality constructs were measured using the Five-factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) scale and a total of 30 items were actually utilized. Brand personality was measured using the five-dimension scale developed by Aaker (1997). A total of 17 items were actually utilized. The seven-point Likert-type scale was the format of responses, for example, from 1 indicating strongly disagreed to 7 for strongly agreed. The Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) was used for an empirical testing of the model, and the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) was applied to estimate numerical values for the components in the model. To diagnose the presence of distribution problems in the data and to gauge their effects on the parameter estimates, bootstapping method was used. The results of the hypothesis-1 test empirically show that there exit certain causality relationship between a consumer's personality and the brand personality of the consumer's choice. Thus, the consumer's personality has an impact on consumer's final selection of a brand that has a brand personality matches well with their own personalities. In other words, the consumers are inclined to purchase a brand that reflects their own personalities and tend to choose a company that has similar brand personalities to those of the brand being promoted. The results of this study further suggest that certain dimensions of the brand personality cause consumers to have preference to certain (corporate) brands. For example, the conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion of the consumer personality have positively related to a selection of "ruggedness" characteristics of the brand personality. Consumers who possess that personality dimension seek for matching with certain brand personality dimensions. Results of the hypothesis-2 test show that the average "ruggedness" attributes of the brand personality differ significantly among Korean automobile manufacturers. However, the result of ANOVA also indicates that there are no significant differences in the mean values among manufacturers for the "sophistication," "excitement," "competence" and "sincerity" attributes of the corporate brand personality. The tight link between what a firm is and its corporate brand means that there is far less room for marketing communications than there is with products and brands. Consequently, successful corporate brand strategies must position the organization within the boundaries of what is acceptable, while at the same time differentiating the organization from its competitors.