• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to survey vegetation characteristics of Jeopdo (island) for the construction of a database. We installed and analyzed 52 plots with 100㎡ quadrat to investigate the vegetation characteristics. The community classification based on TWINSPAN found seven categories of vegetation communities in the surveyed region: Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community, Carpinus turczaninowii-Quercus variabilis community, Carpinus turczaninowii-Quercus acutissima community, Quercus variabilis-Carpinus turczaninowii community, Castanopsis sieboldii community, and Actinodaphne lancifolia-Camellia japonica community. The vegetation in Jeopdo is largely composed of evergreen conifer trees community (communities I and II), Carpinus turczaninowii-deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Quercus spp. community (communities III, IV, and V), and evergreen broad-leaved trees community (communities VI and VII). The evergreen conifer tree (Quercus serrata) community is currently competing with Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii. The current state is expected to continue due to the lack of forces, such as Castanopsis sieboldii and Actinodaphne lancifolia, in the succession middle stage and climax stage. The current state of Carpinus turczaninowii-deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Quercus spp. community is expected to last for a long time due to slow vegetation development because of soil conditions. The evergreen broad-leaved trees community is transforming from the initial stage of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii through the stage in Quercus serrata to Castanopsis sieboldii and Actinodaphne lancifolia. The overall ages of the specimens were similar, and the oldest tree was the 59-year old Castanopsis sieboldii. The correlation analysis of major species showed a high positive correlation between Pinus thunbergii and Eurya japonica, Pinus densiflora and Fraxinus sieboldiana, and Actinodaphne lancifolia and Camellia japonica and a high negative correlation between Pinus densiflora and Carpinus turczaninowii and Carpinus turczaninowii and Eurya japonica.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.700-708
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• 2019

To verify the possibility of using resistograph to estimate the age of big old living trees, we selected three Zelkova serrata and seven Pinus densiflora in Goesan. The mean diameters at breast height of Z. serrata and P. densiflora were 102 (92-116) cm and 80 (65-110) cm, respectively. The heights measured from the ground using a resistograph ranged at 1.2-4.3 m and 0.6-1.1 m for Z. serrata and P. Densiflora, respectively. The most appropriate needle speed to determine tree-ring boundaries for measuring ring width was 1500 r/min for both tree species. Alternatively, the suitable feed speeds for Z. serrata and P. densiflora were 50 cm/min and 150 cm/min, respectively. From the measured data, the mean numbers of tree rings of Z. serrata and P. densiflora were 57 (43-68) and 104 (93-124), respectively, and the mean tree-ring widths were 4.27 mm (3.18-5.09 mm) and 2.93 mm (2.32-3.34 mm), respectively. A comparison between the time series of tree-ring widths by resistograph and that from the local master chronologies tallied for the heartwood part. Finally, this study showed that resistograph can be used to estimate tree ages when a local master chronology is available.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2014

Pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is a serious pathogenic worm that quickly dry pine trees to death. Recently, PWN has been devastating huge amounts of conifer trees in Korea. As a first step to explore the association and ecological roles of fungi in PWN life cycle in Korea, in this study we first isolated and indentified fungi from PWN-infested Korean pine and Japanese black pine wood sampled in Jinju, Sacheon, Pocheon, Chuncheon, Gwangju, and Hoengseong in Korea. A total of 144 fungal isolates were obtained from Japanese black pine wood and 264 fungal isolates from Korean pine wood. Their morphology and nucleotide sequences of the ITS rDNA and ♌-tubulin gene were examined for species identification. Ophiostoma ips, Botrytis anthophila, Penicillium sp., Hypocrea lixii, Trichoderma atroviride, O. galeiforme, Fusarium proliferatum were identified from Japanese black pine wood. Leptographium koreanum, L. pini-densiflorae, Ophiostoma ips, Penicillium raistrick, Trichoderma sp. were isolated from Korean pine wood. O. ips and L. koreanum were the major species on the two different PWN-infected pine tree. The cultivation of PWN on fungal mat of the identified species did some enhance PWN reproduction. The ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is a serious pest of oak trees in Korea. In this study we investigated filamentous fungi present in the body of the beetle. Fourteen genera of filamentous fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were isolated. All the obtained genera were isolated in the mitosporic state. The identified fungi were classified in 11 distinct orders including the Ascomycota (Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Microascales, Ophiostomatales, Pleosporales, and Sordiales) and Basidiomycota (Agaricales, Corticiales, Polyporales, and Russulales Xylariales). Within Ascomycota, 13 species were found. Meanwhile five species were found within Basidiomycota. The results showed the presence of diverse fungi in P. koryoensis. Among the isolated fungi, some were able to produce wood degrading enzymes. Further fungal isolation was performed with P. koryoensis infested Quercus mongolica trees sampled at Kumdan mountain in Hanam-Si, Gyeonggi province from June of 2009 to June of 2010. Penicillin spp. and Trichoderma spp. were the major species of mold fungi group. Pichia guilliermondii was the major species of mold yeast group. Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae was also isolated, but its isolation frequency was not high. Other species identified were Ambrosiella xylebori, Fusarium solani, Cryphonectria nitschke, Chaetomium globosum, and Gliocladium viride, Candida kashinagacola, C. maritima, C. vanderkliftii, Saccharomycopsis crataegensis.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.544-549
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• 2013

We studied the habitat sites of Siberian flying squirrel in Guhak-ri, Sillim-myeon, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do from March to April in 2009. We were found total 30 points of inhabitation trace types; nests 15 points(Tree nest types were 13 points, used Tree hole types hole types were 2 points) and droppings 15 points. We observed 3 individuals of Siberian flying squirrels and founded that 2 individuals of them used tree holes, and another individual used tree nest which were located in branches of Pinus densiflora. Most utilized nest trees of Siberian flying squirrel were Larix leptolepis, and also used Pinus densiflora, Betula davurica, Styrax japonica, Cornus controversa, Acer mono. Droppings trees were Prunus sargentii, Cornus controversa, Quercus xmccormickii, Acer palmatum, Acer palmatum, Betula davurica. Through the observation, we defined that flying squirrels mainly used Conifer trees as nest sites, and decideous trees as droppings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.2
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• pp.160-169
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• 2007

The data used to develop distance-independent individual models for natural mixed forests were collected from 712 remeasured permanent sample plots (25,526 trees) of 10-year periodic from 1990 to 2000 in Baihe Forest Bureau of Changbai Mountains, northeast China. Based on analyzing relationship between diameter increment of individual trees with tree size, competitive status, and site condition, the diameter growth models for individual trees of 15 species growing in mixed-species uneven-aged forest stands, that have simple form, good predicting precision, and easily applicable, were developed using stepwise regression method. The main variables influencing on diameter increment of individual trees were tree size and competition, however, the site conditions were not significantly related with diameter increment. The tree size variables (lnDBH and $DBH^2$) were the most significant and important predictors of diameter growth existing in all 15 growth models. The diameter increment was directly proportional to tree diameter for each species. For the competitive factors in growth model, the relative diameter (RD), canopy closure (P), and the ratio of diameter of subject tree with maximum diameter (DDM) were contributed to the diameter increment at a certain extent. Other measures of stand density, such as basal area of stand (G) and stand density index (SDI), were not significantly influenced on diameter increment. Site factors, such as site index, slope and aspect were not important to diameter increment and excluded in the final models. The total variance explained by the final models of squared diameter increment ($R^2$) for all 15 species ranged from 35% to 72% and these results compared quit closely with those of Wykoff (1990) for mixed conifer stands. Using independent data set, validation measures were evaluated for predicting models of diameter increment developed in this study. The result indicated that the estimated precision was all greater than 94% and the models were suitable to describe diameter increment.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.627-637
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• 2010

Emission rate of monoterpene and isoprene was measured in five commonly growing tree species of conifers(Pinus thunbergii, Abies koreana, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora, Chamaecyparis obtusa) at the Halla mountain sites. Dynamic flow enclosure technique was used and gas samples were collected into Tenax tube. The highest and lowest hourly emission rate was observed in Abies koreana (1.86 ${\mu}g$/gdw/hr) and Chamaecyparis obtusa (0.52 ${\mu}g$/gdw/hr), respectively. The major species of monoterpene from pine trees were ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, myrcene. Particularly, d-limonene was abundant in Abies koreana but ${\alpha}$-pinene, $d^3$-carene and sabinene was in Cryptomeria japonica. Emission rates of isoprene show less significant than those of monoterpene. And also seasonal emission rates of monoterpene were dependent on environmental factors such as temperature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 2022

Data from an investigation of vulnerable conifer species in the subalpine zone in Korea obtained by the Korea Forest Service in 2017-2018 and monitoring research conducted by the National Institute of Forest Science since 2014 were used to analyze the status of distribution and growing condition of three major conifer species (Abies nephrolepis, Abies koreana, and Picea jezoensis) in the subalpine zone in the Baekdudaegan protected area. The distribution area of the studied species in the Baekdudaegan protected area was ca. 74% (8,035 ha) of the total distribution area in Korea, indicating that Baekdudaegan is a core area for conservation and restoration of subalpine conifer species. From decline index [A. nephrolepis in Mt. Taebaeksan and Mt. Deogyusan increased by 77.3% and 29.6%, respectively; A. koreana in Mt. Jirisan (Chunwangbong Peak) increased by 45.2% in four years; and P. jezoensis in Mt. Jirisan (Chunwangbong Peak) increased by 47.8% in two years] and seedling frequency (lower frequency of newly recruited seedlings than dead seedlings) results, the studied species are expected to face difficulties in sustainability. In contrast, at Mt. Seseoksan and Chunwangbong Peak in Mt. Jirisan, the health of trees and seedling frequency showed a partial tendency to recover and increase. In addition, we identified the relationship between the decline index and seedling frequency. These results will support the implementation of conservation strategies for vulnerable conifer species in the subalpine zone.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.150-160
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• 2014

In this study, the analysis carried out on characteristic of planting species and planting density of parks and green spaces in downtown city of Haengjeong-dong in Wonju, Gangwon Province. We found that 8,050 coniferous trees (19 species), 6,037 deciduous trees (61 species) and 77,609 shrubs 103 species were planted in the parks and green space in Haengjeong-dong. However, a conifer Pinus strobus is highly concentrated in all four kinds of places which are neighborhood park, children's park, green buffer zone and landscape green space regardless of their period of construction and usage of surrounding land and other trees were planted in order of Pinus koraiensis, Prunus yedoensis, Acer palmatum, Zelkova serrata, Pinus densiflora. Average planting density of parks and green spaces is $0.03tree/m^2$ for a tall tree and $0.18tree/m^2$ for a shrub, which shows low planting density in most parks and green spaces of Wonju. Also, understory vegetation was not planted enough. Since area of lawn is wide in green spaces, planting density is needed to be increased and tall trees should be planted more. Therefore, we suggest planting more trees in an area where trees are not planted, multi-layered vegetation and increasing in planting density through shrub planting etc., by identifying spaces for trees to be planted within parks and green spaces.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.27-38
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• 2012

As the necessity of forest conservation and management has been increased, various forest studies using LIDAR data have been actively performed. These studies often utilize the tree height as an important parameter to measure the forest quantitatively. This study thus attempt to apply two representative methods to estimate tree height from airborne LIDAR data and compare the results. The first method based on the detection of the individual trees using a local maximum filter estimates the number of trees, the position and heights of the individual trees, and the mean tree height. The other method estimates the maximum and mean tree height, and the crown mean height for each grid cell or the entire area from the canopy height model (CHM) and height histogram. In comparison with the field measurements, 76.6% of the individual trees are detected correctly; and the estimated heights of all trees and only conifer trees show the RMSE of 1.91m and 0.75m, respectively. The tree mean heights estimated from CHM retain about 1~2m RMSE, and the histogram method underestimates the tree mean height with about 0.6m. For more accurate derivation of diverse forest information, we should select and integrate the complimentary methods appropriate to the tree types and estimation parameters.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.343-356
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• 2010

Plant micropropagation techniques include bud cultures using apical or axillary buds, organogenesis through callus culture or adventitious bud induction, and somatic embryogenesis. In Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI), the first tissue culture trial in woody plant was initiated from the bud culture of hybrid poplars (Populus alba x P. glandulosa) in 1978. Since then several mass propagation techniques have developed from conifer and hardwood species, resulting in allowing practical application to Poplars, Birches and some oak species. In addition, useful micropropagation and genetic resources conservation techniques were established in some rare and endangered tree species including Abeliophyllum distichum. Among various in vitro propagation techniques, somatic embryogenesis is known to be the most efficient plant regeneration system. Since the first somatic embryo induction was reported in Tilia amurensis by KFRI in 1986, various protocols for direct or indirect somatic embryogenesis systems have developed in conifer and hardwood species including Larix leptolepis, Pinus rigida x P. taeda F1, Kalopanax septemlobus and Liliodendron tulipifera, etc. However, most of these technologies have been developed using juvenile tissues, i.e. immature zygotic embryos or mature embryos. Therefore it has been difficult to directly application to tree breeding program due to their unproven genetic background. Recently remarkable progresses and new approaches have been achieved in mature tree somatic embryogenesis. In this article we reviewed several micropropagation techniques, which have been mainly developed by KFRI and recent international progresses.