• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.421-426
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• 2008

Freshly harvested seed of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.; CMV) was strongly dormant because of hardseedness. Seeds of freshly harvested germinated only 8% while clipping the seed coat completely overcome the innate dormancy, which indicates inhibition of germination of the seed is mainly due to seed coat (87%). The dormant (intact) hard seeds did not imbibe water whereas the non-dormant (clipped) seeds took up rapidly. In natural environment condition, the hard seed coat dormancy was broken only after 5 months after seed harvest. To break such a strong seed coat dormancy, the chemical and heat treatments were effective. Concentrated sulfuric acid was more effective than dry heat and hot water treatments. Hot water treatment improved germination but the germination percentage was less than 41%. Treatments increased germination due to its effect on the seed coat integrity. A scanning electron microscope reveled that disruption of seed coat layers and subsequent development of numerous crack in the hilum region of the seed and on the seed coat surface of concentrated sulfuric acid treatment and formation of cracks in the dry heat treatments, respectively, were observed in the seed coat surface, which served as water entry points.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.356-360
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper was to determine the quantity of selenium in milk by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The sample was digested in teflon vessel containing nitric-hydrogen peroxide acid mixture. After digestion, the sample is treated with additional hydrochloric acid. Total selenium was reduced with sodium borohydride and concentrated hydrochloric acid in a simplified hydride generation(HG) manifold. The optimum conditions of HG are 2 M for HCl, 1.5％ for NaBH$_4$, 1.2 mL/mim for sample flow. Recovery rates by the standard addition method were 88.0％ at 10 ppb and 92.2％ at 10 ppm. The relative standard deviations were 4.8 and 3.2％, respectively. This method showed a good accuracy and precision. And so it was highly suitable for determination of small quantity of selenium in milk.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2006

The waste water from a milk factory was investigated for possibility of use to the production of citric acid by cells of Aspegillus niger ATCC 9142. The addition of $Mn^{2+},\;Fe^{2+}\;and\;Cu^{2+}$ ions to waste increased citric acid production steadily, but addition of metal ion $Mg^{2+}$ decreased the citric acid production. The amount of produced citric acid by Aspegillus niger ATCC 9142 with addition 50 g/1 and 100 g/1 of reducing sugar in milk factory waste water were 7.2 g/1 and 16.5 g/1 respectively. Mathematical model was simulated for their predictability of cell growth, citric acid production and substrate consumption rate and coincided with experimental data.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.873-884
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• 2024

Flunixin is a veterinary nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent whose residues have been investigated in their original form within tissues such as muscle and liver. However, flunixin remains in milk as a metabolite, and 5-hydroxy flunixin has been used as the primary marker for its surveillance. This study aimed to develop a quantitative method for detecting flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin in milk and to strengthen the monitoring system by applying to other livestock and fishery products. Two different methods were compared, and the target compounds were extracted from milk using an organic solvent, purified with C₁₈, concentrated, and reconstituted using a methanol-based solvent. Following filtering, the final sample was analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Method 1 is environmentally friendly due to the low use of reagents and is based on a multi-residue, multi-class analysis method approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The accuracy and precision of both methods were 84.6%-115% and 0.7%-9.3%, respectively. Owing to the low matrix effect in milk and its convenience, Method 1 was evaluated for other matrices (beef, chicken, egg, flatfish, and shrimp) and its recovery and coefficient of variation are sufficient according to the Codex criteria (CAC/GL 71-2009). The limits of detection and quantification were 2-8 and 5-27 ㎍/kg for flunixin and 2-10 and 6-33 ㎍/kg for 5-hydroxy flunixin, respectively. This study can be used as a monitoring method for a positive list system that regulates veterinary drug residues for all livestock and fisheries products.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.907-913
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• 2011

Low-fat and full-fat Mozzarella cheeses were manufactured using ultraflterated-concentrated cow milk with a bacterial cell count of 100, 000 CFU/mL to study the properties of browning, oiling-off, stretchability, and meltability of the cheeses during 3 mon of refrigerated storage. The properties of browning, oiling-off, and stretchability of UF-Mozzarella cheese were affected by fat content, addition of starter and rennet (add 50, 65, and 80% compared with the control, respectively), and baking temperature (280, 300, and $320^{\circ}C$) (p<0.05). The browning and oiling-off scores increased with an increase in baking temperature and lengthen of storage time, but some undesirable results also occurred. The stretchability score improved with an increase in baking temperature, but the gradient decreased with the length of storage time (p<0.05). The meltability score was affected by fat content, concentration factor, and storage period (p<0.05). The result of this study demonstrated the applicability of UF-milk in making Mozzarella cheese with high quality and good palatability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 1994

432 samples of raw goat milk were analyzed for sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, and ashes content. The samples came from 16 pure breed goats, 2 to 4 years of age kept in semi-feedlots. They were basically fed soy bran, cotton bran, triturated Guandu hay and disintegrated corn with its straw and corncob (according to requirements for due preservation and production). The mean values found were: sodium, $45{\pm}10.2mg%$ (24.5-65.6 mg%); potassium, $206{\pm}44.7mg%$ (116.6-295 mg%); calcium, $111{\pm}22mg%$ (66.5-155.4 mg %); ashes, $0.82{\pm}0.06mg%$ (0.68-0.95%); chloride, $235{\pm}39mg%$ (157-313 mg%). Results were related to: a) breed, the Brown and the Saanen revealed superior values for calcium and ashes, b) climate, which in the rain season led to higher contents of sodium, potassium, and calcium when compared to the local dry season, c) time of lactation which increasingly affected the contents of calcium, sodium and ashes, and d) the time between milking, when higher concentration of chloride and ashes were mostly concentrated in the evening and calcium in the morning. These results have important implications in the handling and management of the goat herd.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.9
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• pp.912-918
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• 2007

Purpose : Breast milk contains several components that provide specific immunity and affect the maturation of the infant's immune system. Allergic disease (AD), including atopic eczema, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy is characterized by an imbalance between cytokines produced by distinct T-helper cell subtypes. The aim of the study was to investigate the concentrations of cytokines and chemokines that were involved in allergic reactions in breast milk from allergic and nonallergic mothers and then analyse the effect of breastfeeding duration on the prevalence of allergic disease in the age of two. Methods : The breast milk samples were collected from mothers with AD (n=88) and without AD (n=47). Breast milk was collected at the second day (colostrum) and four weeks later (mature milk).The level of Interlukine (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, $TGF-{\beta}1$, $TGF-{\beta}2$, RANTES in breast milk were determined by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits according to the manufacturer's instructions. Results : Mothers with AD had a higher concentration of IL-8 in colostrum compared with those without AD (P=0.021). But, $TGF-{\beta}1$ and $TGF-{\beta}2$ were higher concentrated in colostrum of mother without AD (P=0.013, P=0.001). Whereas concentrations of other cytokines were not significantly different between the two groups. There was no association between levels of cytokines and chemokines in the breast milk and allergic development during the first 2 years of life in the infants. Conclusion : The higher concentration of $TGF-{\beta}1$ and $TGF-{\beta}2$ in colostrum from non-allergic mothers may explain the protective effect. But, the higher concentrations of IL-8 in colostrum from allergic mothers may in part explain the controversial results on the protective effect of breastfeeding against allergic diseases. We conclude that there is no convincing evidence form a relation between cytokines in breast milk and allergic diseases in infants. Longer follow-up are necessary to evaluate the effects of breast milk components on AD.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.358-366
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• 2009

Lactic acid bacteria worked positively on gastrointestinal tract and oral environment. So I selected commercial five fermented milks and milk, and then I evaluated their effect of growth inhibition and biofilm formation of cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans. And also calculated the acidity, buffering capacity, concentration of Ca and P ion and pH change of those drinks. After adding S. mutans to fermented milks viable cell count of S. mutans in milk was not statistically different but those in all fermented milks were decreased as concentration of fermented milk increased. When I measured the amount of formed biofilm in 10% fermented milks and milk with S. mutans and compared with those without S. mutans, the amount was decreased in Active GG and Bulgaris while being increased in Tootee, Ace and milk(P<0.05). The fermented milk with the lowest pH value was E5(3.48${\pm}$0.01), and the highest was Bulgaris(4.19${\pm}$0.02). pH change of the fermented milks and milk with S. mutans was measured. The highest acid producing fermented milk was Bulgaris, and followed by Active GG, Ace, Tootee, E5, Milk. These results indicated that fermented milks had caries activity due to the value of initial acidity and acid producing capacity. But, concentrated fermented milks had the inhibitory effect against S. mutans, and also had high volume of Ca and P ion that protected teeth. So I suggest that they have positive effect on teeth.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.393-405
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• 1983

The demand for livestock and poultry products including beef, pork, chicken, egg and milk whose income elasticities are relatively higher than other staple foods, has been increased significantly during the past two decades in response to the remarkable increase in per capita GNP. This trend will be continued during the fifth and the sixth five year economic development plan period beginning with 1982. The annual GNP growth rate will be 7.5% on the average during the next 10 years. It is greatly needed to estimate the demand for beef, pork, chicken egg and milk and to study the feasibilities of domestic production of livestock products for the formulation of adequate policies in order to equate the consumption and the production during the 1980s. So this study reviewed the possible changes in the food consumption patterns during the 1980s, estimated the demand for beef, pork, chicken, egg and milk by using empirical demand functions and finally made suggestions for the formulation of long term price stabilization policies for each livestock, poultry and dairy products through the equilibrium of the quantity of demand for and supply of the products. There are many factors affecting the demand for meats, but this study considered own price, prices of supplements and substitutes and per capita income as the independent variables in the demand equations. It was found that it's own price and income were most significantly affecting factors among others and the degree of substitution effects were remarkably different among the products. According to the meat demand derived in this study, per capita consumption of beef, pork and chicken in the base year 1982 was 11.2kg for total meat, 2.5kg beef, 6.0kg pork and 2.5kg chicken, 106 pieces egg, 15.1kg milk respectively, while those in 1991 were 19.3kg for total meat, 4.8kg beef, 9.6kg pork, 4.9kg chicken, 133pieces egg and 44.1kg milk. It is also predicted through this study that, when the level of production costs be maintained, the domestic production of pork and chicken will meet the demand for them during the fifth and sixth five year economic plan period. However, there will be chronic shortage of beef supply during the coming years. The annual import requirement will be 30,000tons to 40,000tons during the period. In order to stabilize the domestic livestock and poultry and dairy products market, the government should introduce measures to curb the increase in beef consumption by encouraging the consumption of pork and chicken. For this, the livestock production policy measures should be concentrated on : 1) the improvement of infrastructures of beef production by introducing advanced feeding and management technology, subsidies for the establishment of facilities and price support programs for farmers : 2) the development of dairy beef : 3) the reinforcement of the forecast systems for pork and chicken production and consumption.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.227-232
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• 2000

Fresh pine needles were collected and extracted with 95% methanol and the extract was concentrated to determine its antimicrobial activity. The methanol extract had a considerable inhibitory effect on the tested bacteria, such as Esherichia coli 0157;H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. The methanol extract of pine needles was further fractionated to chloroform, ethylacetate, butanal, and water fractions. Among these four fractions, the butanol and water fractions, which showed a relatively strong inhibitory effect on all of the tested bacteria, were purified and the minimum ingibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for each microorganism. The MIC raged between 25 mg/ml and 45 mg/ml depending on the microorganism. the purified active fractions were applied to sterilized milk as a model food system to define the antimicrobial effectiveness and it was found that the antimicrobial activities in the water fractions were stronger than those in the butanol fractions.