• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.430-437
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• 2018

Ultrasonic attenuation is an important parameter in Quantitative Ultrasound and many algorithms have been proposed to improve estimation accuracy and repeatability for multiple independent estimates. In this work, we propose an improved algorithm for estimating ultrasonic attenuation utilizing the optimal frequency compounding technique based on stochastic noise model. We formulate mathematical compounding equations in the AWGN channel model and solve optimization problems to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio for multiple frequency components. Individual estimates are calculated by the reference phantom method which provides very stable results in uniformly attenuating regions. We also propose the guideline to select frequency ranges of reflected RF signals. Simulation results using numerical phantoms show that the proposed optimal frequency compounding method provides improved accuracy while minimizing estimation bias. The estimation variance is reduced by only 16% for the un-compounding case, whereas it is reduced by 68% for the uniformly compounding case. The frequency range corresponding to the half-power for reflected signals also provides robust and efficient estimation performance.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-37
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• 1972

We have studied the blending effects of Diene NF 35R and Turfdene 1000R at various blending ratios 100/0, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 0/100, and of carbon black NAF and ISAF at various compounding ratios of 55 PHR, 65PHR, 75PHR for tyre tread rubber. As the results, it was found that; 1. For tyre tread rubber, as the blending ratio, Diene NF 35R/Turfdene 1000R, indicated 30/70, the physical properties we examined were most excellent. 2. Excellent result was obtained in case of carbon black compounding ratio of 63PHR. The compounding of ISAF made better result than that of HAF for tensile strength, tearing strength, and abrasion quantity. 3. Heat buildup obtained from compounding carbon black HAF indicated low temperature than that from compounding carbon black ISAF. As the compounding amount of carbon black increased, the heat buildup improved, and as the blending amount of Diene NF 35R decreased, the heat buildup dropped. 4. Carbon black was more efficient to Turfdene 1000R than to Diene NF 35R. 5. In this pysical properties, mooney viscosity, and mooney scorch time, as the compounding amount of carbon black increased, the values of mooney viscosity increased, but that of mooney scorch time dropped.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.53-70
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• 1971

We have studied the blending effects of cis-1,4-polybutadiene (CBR) and styrene-tutadiene rubber at various blending ratios of 100 : 0, 70 30, 50 : 50, 30 : 70, 0 : 100, and of carbon black ISAF and HAP at various compounding ratios of 45 PHR, 55 PHR, 65 PHR, for tyre tread rubber. The results obtained are summerized as follows; 1. For tyre tread rubber, it was found to increased efficiency to use SBR polymer only than to use the blending ratio CB/SBR=30/70 below. But it was observed that the latter was adapted for the bus or truck tyre and the former for the passenger tyre. 2. Excellent efficiency was obtained in case of carbon black compounding ratio of 55%, and also the compounding of ISAF made better efficiency than that of HAF. 3. Carbon black was more efficient to SBR than to CB. 4. For the aging ratio, the compounding rubber of NR was the highest, and the ratio was decreased in order of the compounding rubber of oil-extended SBR or CB polymer only, the compounding rubber of non oil-extended SBR or CB polymer only, and the blending rubber.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.47-63
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• 1971

We have studied the blending effects of Diene 33R and styrenebutadiene rubber at various blending ratios of 100/0, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 0/100, and of carbon black HAF and ISAF at various compounding ratios of 55 PHR, 65 PHR, 75 PHR for tyre tread rubber. As the results, it was found that ; 1. For tyre tread rubber, when the blending ratio, Diene NF 35R/SBR 1778, indicated 30/70, the physical properties we examined were most excellent. 2. Excellent result was obtained in case of carbon black compounding ratio of 65 PHR. The compounding of ISAF made better result than that of HAF for abrasion quantity, tearing strength, and tensile strength. 3. Heat buildup obtained from compounding carbon black HAF indicated low temperature than that from compounding carbon black ISAF. As the compounding amount of carbon black increased, the heat buildup improved. And as the blending amount of Diene NF 35R decreased, the heat buildup dropped. 4. Carbon black was more efficient to SBR than to Diene Rubber. 5. It is a shortage that elongation revealed low price.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.33-51
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• 1973

We have studied the blending effects of Diene NF 35 R and Alfin 1530 at various blending ratios, 100/0, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 0/100, and of carbon black HAF-HS and ISAF-HS at various compounding ratios of 45 PHR, 55 PHR, 65 PHR, for tyre tread rubber. As the results, it was found that; 1. For tyre tread rubber, as the blending ratio, AR 1530/Diene NF 35R, indicated 70/30, the physical properties we examined were most excellent. 2. Excellent result was obtained in the case of carbon black compounding ratio of 55 PHR. The compounding of ISAF-HS made better result than that of HAF-HS for tensile strength, but the compounding of HAF-HS made better result than that of ISAF-HS for tearing strength and best result for abrasion quantity. 3. Heat buildup obtained from compounding carbon black HAF-HS indicated low temperature than that from compounding carbon black HAP-HS. As the compounding amount of carbon black increased, and as the blending amount of AR 1530 decreased, the heat buildup increased. 4. Carbon black was more efficient to AR 1630 than io Diene NF 35 R. 5. In the physical properties, mooney viscosity and mooney scorch time, as the compounding amount of carbon black increased, the values of mooney viscosity increased, but that of mooney scorch time had a max. point at the compoundiug amount of carbon black, 55 PHR.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.101-118
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• 2023

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to find out how a company can do reasonable cost calculations in a simple way and establish profitability improvement strategies based on the results. Design/methodology/approach - In this study, a case that compounding company K applied TDABC was studied. A case study was conducted on the process of company K reviewing and applying TDABC and the process of implementing the cost calculation for each product by applying TDABC, and establishing a profitability improvement strategy for each product based on the results. Findings - Company K rearranged the production standard information of the compounding industry such as productivity and batch size of each product to apply TDABC. Cost calculation was performed for each product according to the revised production standard information. After the cost calculation for each product was carried out, Company K established a strategy to improve profitability of each product. The profitability improvement strategy was implemented in two ways: a cost reduction strategy and a product price increase strategy. As a result of the final strategy execution, the profitability of each product was improved. Research implications or Originality - This study found a reasonable costing standard in consideration of the specificity of the research target company, and applied it to cost calculation cost for each product. It contains the process of establishing production and sales strategies for each product based on the cost calculation results. It is expected that this case study will serve as a good reference material for establishing cost calculation and profitability improvement strategies in similar businesses.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.41-53
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• 2013

Undoubtedly, the basic sinking fund formula gives the future value of a series of equal installments. The main underlying assumption for using this formula is that installment and compounding frequency must be in equal interval. But when installment for a deposit scheme or any other savings scheme and compounding frequency do not occur in an equal interval, which is treated as the complex annuity problems in Finance Literature, the basic sinking fund formula does not give the accurate result. As a result, the obtainable amount from different deposit schemes offered by different banks and financial institutions does not match with the amount of future value calculated through the basic sinking fund formula by the investors or savers. This study focuses the concealed facts for such type of mismatches in values and at the same time it provides a solution through developing a new formula by extending the basic formula intended not only to remove those mismatches but also get the accurate future value from a sinking fund provision in case of complex annuity. Besides, since banks and financial institutions calculate the interest on the average amount of equal installments deposited within a period of time due to complex annuity, the study also formulates an arithmetic formula for calculating the average amount of installment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.114-122
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• 2004

In statistical process control applications, variable sample size (VSS) $\bar{X}$ chart is often used to detect the assignable cause quickly. However, it is usually assumed that only one assignable cause results in the out-of-control in the process. In this paper, we propose the algorithm to minimize the function of cost per unit time and compare the economic design and the statistical design by use of the value of cost per unit time. We consider double assignable causes to occur with compound in the process and adopt the Markov chain approach to investigate the statistical properties of VSS $\bar{X}$ chart. A procedure that can calculate the control chart's parameters is proposed by the economic design.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.6 no.9
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• pp.27-33
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• 1983

This Paper represents time-dependent stochastic variations of common discounted cash flow formulae with explicit consideration given to inflation. The cash flow, the ratio of discounting or compounding, and the rate of inflation are allowed to vary with time in a random fashion in equations for the compound amount of a single payment, present worth of a single payment, amount of an annuity, periodic deposits to accumulate a future amounts, present worth of an annuity and capital recovery And all formulae are derived for the case of discrete random variations.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.233-240
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• 2009

Using a spatial compound imaging technique in a medical ultrasound imaging system, the average speed of sound in a medium of interest is measured, and imaging of its distribution is implemented. When the brightness reaches the highest level in an ultrasonic image obtained as the speed of sound used in focusing is varied, it turns out that the focusing has been accomplished satisfactorily and that the speed of sound which has been adopted becomes the sought-after average speed of sound. Because spatial compound imaging provides many different views of the same object, the adverse effect of erroneous speed-of-sound estimation tends to be more severe in compound imaging than in plain B-mode imaging. Thus, in compound imaging, the average speed of sound even in the case of speckled images can be accurately estimated by observing the brightness change due to different speeds of sound employed. Using this new method that offers spatial diversity, we can construct an image of the speed of sound distribution in a phantom embedded with a 10-mm diameter plastic cylinder whose speed of sound is different from that of the background. The speed of sound in the cylinder is found to be different from that of the surrounding medium.