• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2000

Although microorganisms play an important role in composting process, researches on the effective microorganism (EM) in composting process are rarely reported. In this study, three stages of work performed 1) investigation of composting facility 2) sample collection and isolation of the EM 3) lab-scale composting by seeding the isolated EM. For this, purpose, physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, such as temperature, moisture content, organic matter, pH population of microorganism, etc., were investigated during the process and the results were compared with those of a control(non-seeded). In the composting facility, the most active degradation of food waste was suppsed to occur in 10-11th day of composting by observing the temperature and CO2 emission. The population of bacterial and fungi was highest in thermophilic stage. Meanwhile that of actinomycetes and yeast was relatively uniform during the process. In the lab-scale test, the thermophilic stage was maintained longer(more than 9 days in 17 days of experiment) in the seeded which was favored for the high reduction of organic matter and moisture. Reduction rates of lipids and salinity were also increased in the seeded. It confirmed these results that the population of microorganisms in the seeded was observed higher in several orders than the control. However, pH of the seeded was maintained as low as about 4.5 throughout the experiment except the final period of the process. Meanwhile, pH of the control rose in the early stage of the experiment. This was probably due that the seeded microorganisms collected from the composting facility was adapted to the low pH environment.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.623-633
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• 2017

Food waste has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize or treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing food waste compost under co-composting with mixture of food and animal waste. The mixing ratio of food and animal waste was 35% as main material, which additionally mixed 30% of sawdust for co-composting. Total days of composting experiment were 84 days and each sub samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Results showed that inner temperature in composting was rapidly increased to $70{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ within 3~5 days depending on mixing animal waste of cattle, pig, and chicken base compared to sole food waste base. Expecially, the CN ratio in the mixture of food and pig water was the highest (16.2) among compost. After finishing composting experiment, maturity was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of the mixture of food and animal waste was ranged between 6~7, but was 3 in sole food waste. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of about 100 irrespectively of mixing of food and animal waste. However, NaCl content and heavy metal as Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents was increased in the mixture of food and animal waste. which was the highest in compost mixed the food and pig waste. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was suitable for fertilizer criteria while sole food waste was not adequate for composting due to composting periods. Overall, mixing the food and animal waste can be utilized for improving compost maturity, but more research should be conducted to make high quality of food waste compost with animal waste in agricultural fields.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1996년도 International Conference on Agricultural Machinery Engineering Proceedings
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• pp.722-727
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• 1996

A simple compost windrow-forming car and a compost tuner were developed at the aim of low cost manure management systems. The developed compost windrow- forming car is possible windrows formation at a short time. In order to be pulverized and mixed by upper and lower beaters at the windrow-forming, the condition of air and the mixing of materials to play a major role in composting is filled. This car can also utilized for a manure spreader by folding the windrow-forming cover. The developed compost turner is a type equipped with tractor rear-right side. Main specifications are 2.5m working width, overall length 3.3m and 45degrees conveyer inclination angle, 2 beaters for mixing and pulverization are equipped in front parts. Windrows of 2.5m width and 1.5m height are turned at the speed of 4.5-5.1m/min. In accordance with the above, by combining the compost windrow-forming car and the compost turner, a simple composting system for each farmer could be constructed by the low c st.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 1998

Cow feces excreted in cold season should be managed and composted properly, because the composted feces is distributed to pasture or cultivated land as a fertilizer in spring. Generally it is admitted that the effect of composting is suppressed by low temperature in cold season. In this study, composting piles were warmed by hot air until temperature of compost piles were reached at 35∼40$^{\circ}C$, to compare composting effect of experimental compost pile to control pile exposed in cold air. Some results obtained from the experiment during composting of cow feces mixed with bulking agent provide a possibility of active composting of organic matters in cold season. The biodegradation ratios of organic matter during composting in four types of composts were 10.2% for the rice straw, 7.7% for the rice hull, 6.4% for the sawdust and 4.3% for the control. The highest temperatures of compost piles during composting period were 76$^{\circ}C$ in sawdust, 80$^{\circ}C$ in rice hull, 68$^{\circ}C$ in rice straw, 45$^{\circ}C$ in control. Moisture content, pH, C/N, volume of compost were decreased during composting period, but EC value was increased with ionization of organic molecular by fermentation.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.258-265
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• 2020

Heavy metal removal by using porous mineral adsorbents bears a great potential to decontaminate sludge compost, and natural zeolite (NZ), artificial zeolite (AZ), and expanded perlite (EP) seem to be possible candidates for this purpose. A composting experiment was conducted to compare the efficiency of those adsorbents for removal of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) from sewage sludge compost with no adsorbent amendment. For this purpose, 10 g of NZ and AZ and 5 g of EP was filled in a small bag made from non-biodegradable synthetic textile and was separately mixed in composting piles. The bags were separated from compost samples at the end of the experiment. AZ and NZ exhibited different reduction potentials depending on the type of heavy metal. AZ significantly reduced Cr (43.7%), Mn (35.8%), and Fe (29.9%), while NZ more efficiently reduced Cu (24.5%), Ni (22.2%), Zn (22.1%), and Pb (21.2%). The removal efficiency of EP was smaller than both AZ and NZ. The results of this simultaneous composting and metal removing study suggest that AZ and NZ can efficiently bind metal during composting process.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.361-368
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• 2000

가축분 퇴비제조시 악취발생을 저감하고 부숙을 촉진시킬수 있는 인공제올라이트의 적정 첨가량을 구명하고자 폭 6m, 길이 70m, 높이 1.5m인 퇴비제조장에서 에스컬레이터식 교반기로 원료 대비 인공제올라이트를 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5% (V/V)첨가 후 1일 1.2m씩 전진하면서 1차발효 과정중 온도, 수분함량, 단위 시간당 가스발생 농도, 그리고 비료성분함량의 변화를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 가축분 퇴비원료에 인공제올라이트를 첨가하면 무처리 대비 최고온도가 $2{\sim}11^{\circ}C$높았고 후기에도 온도상승효과가 있었으며, 퇴비더미중 함수율도 낮아졌다. 퇴비더미에서 발생되는 암모니아 가스 농도는 퇴비화 개시6일째 최고치를 나타내고 이후 점차 낮아졌으며, 메탄가스는 퇴적 초기에 발생이 많다가 이후 점차 낮아졌다. 인공제올라이트 첨가량이 많을수록 퇴비더미에서 발생되는 암모니아와 메탄가스 발생량이 적었다. 인공제올라이트 처리로 퇴비중 질소함량은 증가되고 유기물 함량은 낮아져 유기물 대비 질소함량비가 30이하로 낮아지는 소요일수가 무처리 대비 7일 이상 단축되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.588-597
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• 2017

Food waste has been recognized as a critical problem in Korea and many research was conducted to efficiently reutilize or treat food waste. Main purpose of this research was to evaluate a feasibility for producing fermented organic fertilizer with mixture of earthworm cast (EC). Four different treatments were mixed with food waste and EC at the rate of 0, 10, 20, and 30%, respectively. Total days of composting experiment were 84 days and each sub samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Results showed that inner temperature in composting was increased to $70{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ within 5~10 days depending on mixing ratio of EC. Among different treatment, the highest increase of inner temperature was observed in treatment mixed with food waste and EC 30%. After finishing composting experiment, maturity was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of each treatment was ranged between 5~7 indicating that manufactured fertilizer was curing or finished stage. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of 104~116 depending on mixing ratio of EC. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was suitable for fertilizer criteria while control (FW only) was not adequate for composting. Overall, earthworm cast can be utilized for improving compost maturity by mixing with food waste and more research should be conducted to make high quality of food waste compost with earthworm cast in agricultural fields.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2007

축산분뇨와 톱밥을 혼합하여 수분조절을 한 후 발효조에 투입하는 방식이 아닌 발효상에 미리 투입된 톱밥위에 축산분뇨를 살포하면서 교반처리하여 발효증발 처리하는 시스템을 이용하여 퇴비 발효층의 온도, 수분함량, 수분수지, 퇴비의 비료성분을 연구하였다. 1. 본 처리공정은 과다한 수분을 신속하게 침출수 강제배출 방식으로 배출하여 슬러리 투입분뇨의 함수율이 높더라도 수분증발이 이루어지고 발효상 함수율은 $65{\sim}73%$ 전후로 유지되었다. 2. 연속퇴비화 과정에서 시험기간 중에 10.6% 정도의 침출수가 발생되었다. 또한 5개월 가동 기간 동안 톱밥 $1m^3$ 투입 당 $3.16m^3$의 돈분슬러리 처리가 가능하였다. 3. 침출여과액은 오염물질농도가 낮아져 투입분뇨 대비 BOD는 86.5%, SS은 96.2% 저감되었다. 4. 퇴비사의 미기상 분석결과 상대습도는 낮 시간을 제외한 야간시간에는 $80{\sim}100%$로서 높았다. 퇴비사의 습도가 높아지면 퇴비화 과정 중 수분증발 효율이 저하의 원인이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2002

양질의 퇴적식 퇴비생선을 위한 일환으로 돈분과 분쇄왕겨를 동일비율로 혼화 퇴적 후 뒤집기 횟수를 달리하여 퇴적깊이별로 70일동안 부숙시키면서 이화학성 및 미생물상을 조사하였다. 수분함량과 pH는 부숙화가 진행됨에 따라 뒤집기 횟수가 많을수록 감소하였으나 퇴적 깊이가 깊을수록 높은 값을 보였다. C/N율과 $NH_4-N$함량은 부숙화가 진행됨에 따라 감소한 반면 $NO_3-N$함량은 증가하였고 뒤집기 회수에 따라 이들의 값은 각기 다르게 나타났다. 깊이별로는 $NH_4-N$와 $NO_3-N$함량이 대부분 표층일수록 높았고 그 결과 $NH_3$가스 발생도 표층에서 높았으며 부숙화가 진행됨에 따라 점차 감소되었다. 퇴비화 70일째에 있어서 미생물상의 분포중 총 호기성 세균은 $10^7{\sim}10^9CFU\;g^{-1}$로 뒤집기 횟수가 증가할수록 표층에서 높은 편이었으며 사상균은 표층으로부터 60cm 부위까지는 $10^2{\sim}10^4CFU\;g^{-1}$ 유지되었으나 부숙화가 진행됨에 따라 내부에는 거의 생존하지 못하였다. 셀루로스 분해균과 호열성균은 각각 $10^6{\sim}10^8CFU\;g^{-1}$, $10^6{\sim}10^9CFU\;g^{-1}$ 으로써 2회 뒤집기의 30cm이상인 심층일수록 높은 경향이었다. 이상과 같이 깊이별 미생물상 분포의 경향은 뒤집기 횟수가 증가함에 따라 층위별 밀도차이를 줄일수 있어 부숙촉진을 위해서 2~3회 정도 뒤집기를 해야 하나 그 이상을 상회할 경우 수분부족으로 오히려 부숙이 지연될 우려가 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.72-80
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• 2009

The main purpose of this study is as follows : Finding a solution for fresh wood chips to be used as an alternative growing-media through a study of the formation method of a compost base that is applicable on both construction site and composting factory to ferment fresh wood chips produced from construction site as well as a study on adjuvant or secondary materials. The result from the experiment plot using wood chips sized 50mm or less, manure and fertilizer mixed manure as a source of nitrogen to compost fresh wood chips has shown that the temperatures 9days and 3days after the beginning of the experiment reached to $49.0^{\circ}C$ and $40.4^{\circ}C$ respectively, the heating duration was 7days and 4days respectively, and the C/N ratio was 26.5 and 25.3, each satisfying the standard for composted manure (25.0~40.0). Also, the other result from another experiment plot using mixture of sandy soil and microorganism as an inoculation source of microorganism has shown that the temperature 10days after the beginning of the experiment reached to $67.6^{\circ}C$ and lasted 16days. The experiment plot using sandy soil has shown the highest figure of $5.3{\sim}108$ CFU/g in terms of number of microorganism. The result from the experiment plots for on-site composting of fresh wood chips have shown that the experiment plot that used sandy soil with fertilizer due to supply restriction of manure as a nitrogen source in construction site reached the high temperature of $54.7^{\circ}C$ after 3days of experiment beginning and maintained heating state for 17days and reached 30.6 of C/N ratio, satisfying the standard for composted manure.